許利芬

一、詞語例解

1. advantage

n. (1) 有利條件；優(yōu)點(diǎn)；優(yōu)勢

He had the advantage of a good education.他具備受過良好教育的優(yōu)勢。

Her education gives her certain advantages over the students in her class. 她所受的教育使她在班上有一定優(yōu)勢。

(2) 利益；好處

There is little advantage in buying a dictionary if you cant read. 假如你不識(shí)字，買字典毫無用處。

What is the advantage of using nuclear power?使用核能有何好處?

【搭配】 take advantage of 利用make good use of sb. / sth. 充分利用某人或某事 to ones advantage 對……有利

2. comfort

n. (1) 安逸；舒適

He had to save enough money so that he could live in comfort.他得存足夠的錢才能過上舒適的生活。

(2) 使人舒服的設(shè)備,方便的東西

She longed for the comforts of home.她渴望獲得使家居舒適的各種設(shè)備。

(3) 安慰；慰問

We could give him no comfort.我們無法給他安慰。

Her kindness gave him much comfort.她的慈善給了他很大的慰藉。

(4) 安慰者；給予安慰的東西

She was a great comfort to me when I was ill.我生病時(shí)她給了我極大的安慰。

Its a comfort to be with you.與你在一起使人得到安慰。

v. 安慰；慰問

They tried to comfort her, but what could they say?他們想要安慰她,但能說什么呢?

I tried to comfort Jane after her mothers death.瓊的母親去世以后我盡力勸慰她。

3. conduct

vt. (1) 引導(dǎo)；帶領(lǐng)

I asked the attendant to conduct him to the door. 我請服務(wù)員帶他到門口。

The guide conducted us round the park. 導(dǎo)游帶我們到公園轉(zhuǎn)了一圈。

(2) 實(shí)施；處理；經(jīng)營；管理

Benjamin Franklin conducted a number of experiments in which he showed what electricity is. 富蘭克林做了大量的試驗(yàn)，在這些實(shí)驗(yàn)中展示了什么是電。

They hired agents to conduct their affairs.他們雇請代理人來處理他們的事務(wù)。

（3）為人；表現(xiàn)

How does the new clerk conduct himself? 那個(gè)新職員表現(xiàn)得如何？

He has been conducted himself well. 他表現(xiàn)得很好。

（4） 指揮(軍隊(duì),樂隊(duì)等)

Mr. Green will conduct the orchestra.格林先生將指揮這支管弦樂隊(duì)。

（5）【物】傳導(dǎo)(熱,電等)

Most metals conduct electricity.大多數(shù)金屬能導(dǎo)電。

Copper conducts electricity better than other materials do. 銅的導(dǎo)電性能比其他材料好。

n. （1）行為；品行；舉動(dòng)

She always got the good conduct prize.她總是得到品行優(yōu)良獎(jiǎng)。

The teacher scolded him because his conduct was so bad.老師責(zé)罵他因?yàn)樗憩F(xiàn)不好。

【拓展】 conduction n. 傳導(dǎo)，導(dǎo)電，導(dǎo)熱。conductive adj.導(dǎo)熱的，導(dǎo)電的，能傳導(dǎo)的

conductivity n.傳導(dǎo)性，傳導(dǎo)力

4. electric

adj. （1）電的；導(dǎo)電的

I got an electric shock from the wire.我被這根電線電擊了一下。

（2）用電的；電動(dòng)的

The child likes electric toys. 這孩子喜歡電動(dòng)玩具。

（3）令人震驚的；極其強(qiáng)烈的

His speech had an electric effect on the audience.他的演講令觀眾震驚不已。

【辨析】 electric表示“用電的；電動(dòng)的”，例如： electric fan電扇electric heater電熱爐而electrical表示“與電有關(guān)的；電氣科學(xué)的”。例如：

He is an electrical engineer. 他是個(gè)電氣工程師。

5. charge

vt & vi. (1) 要價(jià)

How much do you charge for mending shoes?修鞋需要多少錢?

This store often charges only 65 US cents a dozen for large eggs.一打大雞蛋在這家店里常常僅索價(jià)六十五美分。

(2)充電

If the light comes on，the battery isnt charging. 燈亮了電池就不充電了。

The battery needs to be charged.這電池需要充電了。

(3)沖向；襲擊

The children charged down the stairs.孩子們沖向樓下。

They charged the enemy three times.他們向敵人發(fā)起過三次襲擊。

n. （1） 費(fèi)用；價(jià)錢；索價(jià)

The charge for admission is US$5. 入場費(fèi)五美元。

（2）照顧；被照顧的人(或事物)

She became her aunts charge after her mother died.母親去世后她由姑媽照管。

（3）控告；指控

He was arrested on the charge of robbery. 他因被控犯有搶劫罪而被捕。

6. shock

n. （1）沖擊；沖撞；震動(dòng)

Earthquake shocks are often felt in Japan.在日本常常感覺到地震引起的震動(dòng)。

（2） 震驚；引起震驚的事件(或東西)；打擊

The news of his death was a shock to us. 他去世的消息令我們震驚。

（3） 電擊；休克；中風(fēng)

The traffic accident sent him into a state of shock. 那次交通事故使他處于休克狀態(tài)。

vt. （1） 使震動(dòng)，使震驚(或憤慨，厭惡等)

They were shocked by her rudeness.他們對她的無禮感到震驚。

His deeds shocked her out of making friends with him. 他的行徑使她大為震驚,不想與他交朋友了。

（2） 使電擊；使休克

She got shocked when she touched the live wire. 她在觸到通電的電線時(shí)受到電擊。

7. doubt

n. 懷疑；疑慮；未確定[(+ about)][+whether / if]

There is no doubt that he is guilty. 毫無疑問，他是有罪的。

I have (my) doubts about whether he is the best man for the job. 我懷疑他是否是做這項(xiàng)工作的最好人選。

The light is out, and it is very early. There is no doubt that he isnt in. 屋里沒點(diǎn)燈，現(xiàn)在時(shí)間還早，毫無疑問，他不在家。

vt. 懷疑；不相信；不能肯定[+ whether / if] [ + that]

I doubt whether Tom has taken my watch.我不太相信湯姆拿了我的手表。

The judge doubted him.法官懷疑他。

I do not doubt that he will succeed.我肯定他會(huì)成功。

vi. 懷疑 [(+ of / about)]

They doubted of the feasibility of the project. 他們對這個(gè)計(jì)劃的可行性表示懷疑。

He doubted about everything. 他對一切都持懷疑態(tài)度。

【拓展】 doubt常見句型：

【搭配】 beyond (all) doubt 毫無疑問；無疑地in doubt懷疑；不肯定；拿不準(zhǔn) no doubt 肯定地；想必；十之八九without(a) doubt 毫無疑問；一定地

二、 短語精析

1. make use of利用

We will make good use of our time.我們將好好利用我們的時(shí)間。

We should make use of water to produce electricity.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)利用水力來發(fā)電。

2. go against 違背；不利于

She went against her father.她違背了她父親。

The war is going against us.戰(zhàn)局對我們不利。

3. take on 穿上；呈現(xiàn)；吸收；承擔(dān)

The insect can take on the color of its surroundings.這種昆蟲能隨環(huán)境改變而變色。

He is unwilling to take on heavy responsibilities.他不愿承擔(dān)重任。

4. tieto把……系在……上

He tied a horse to the tree.他把馬系在樹上。

【拓展】 join A to B把A和B連接起來

You should never join an electric wire to a water pipe.你千萬不要把電線接在水管上。

It is possible to join the island to the mainland by a bridge. 用橋把那座島嶼與大陸連接起來是可能的。

5. add ... to ... 把某物加入某物

If you add 4 to 3 you will get 7.四加三得七。

If the tea is too strong, add some more water to it. 如果茶太濃，再加些水。

【拓展】 add to sth. 是“增加”的意思。

The bad weather added to our difficulties. 壞天氣增加了我們的困難。

add up to是“總計(jì)，共計(jì)”的意思。

These numbers add up to 100.這些數(shù)目合計(jì)為100。

6. test on 在……上做試驗(yàn)；測驗(yàn)

Many people are against new drugs being tested on animals. 很多人反對用動(dòng)物來做新藥試驗(yàn)。

The teacher tested the whole class on the new words.老師對全班進(jìn)行生詞測驗(yàn)。

三、句式點(diǎn)睛

1. Tie the corners of the handkerchief to the points of the cross, and you will have a nice strong kite.將手帕的各角系到十字架的頂部，你就做成了一個(gè)結(jié)實(shí)的風(fēng)箏了。

本句為“祈使句 + and / or + 陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)前后兩部分為承接關(guān)系時(shí)，用and；前后意思為相反關(guān)系時(shí)，用or。例如：

Take more exercise and youll feel healthy. 多鍛煉身體，你就會(huì)身體健康。

Hurry up，or youll be late. 快點(diǎn)，否則會(huì)遲到的。

在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，前面的祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換成由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，但必須將and 或or 去掉。再如：

Use your head and youll find a way. = If you use your head, youll find a way.

Hurry up, or youll be late. = If you dont hurry up, youll be late.

2. Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning, I decide to do an experiment. 在意識(shí)到可以使用風(fēng)箏捕捉閃電之后，我決定做一個(gè)試驗(yàn)。

句中的“Having realized that ...”是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，相當(dāng)于“After I had realized that ...”。注意分詞的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致，即realized的主語也是I。例如：

Having finished his homework, Jack ran out to play basketball. 做完家庭作業(yè)之后，杰克跑出去打籃球。

Having been given such a good chance, he wouldnt give it up to others.大家給了他這么好的一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，他不會(huì)把機(jī)會(huì)讓給別人。

3. The string was getting charged！繩子正在被充電！

get charged意為“被充電”。最基本的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的，但在現(xiàn)代英語中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“get+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這時(shí)get起be動(dòng)詞的作用。作“變得”解，（相當(dāng)于become），用于表示突然發(fā)生,未曾預(yù)料的事態(tài)。例如：

Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic accidents on the roads. 每年在公路交通事故中遇難身亡的人數(shù)以百計(jì)。

My watch got broken while I was playing basketball. 我的手表在打籃球時(shí)給弄壞了。

In the crowd I got separated from my family. 在人群中，我和家人失散了。

注意： get-型被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般不可接介詞短語引出的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，如要表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，則需用“be+過去分詞”。例如：

The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school. 這孩子在他上學(xué)的路上被車傷著了。

4. I had traveled only two hours one day when the winds increased so much that I had to put my tent before the winds became too strong.一天我只走了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，風(fēng)突然加大，我只好趁風(fēng)力還不太大之前豎起帳篷。

句中的before連詞意為“在……以前”，它引導(dǎo)狀語從句。由于漢英表達(dá)習(xí)慣的不同，在將before漢譯時(shí)，其譯法卻多種多樣。常見的有以下幾種：

1. 直譯成“（在）……（以或之）前”。這時(shí)主句與before從句中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作按時(shí)間先后依次發(fā)生。例如：

Before I enter on the subject I have something to say. 在討論這一問題之前，我有些話要說。

They led a miserable life before their hometown was liberated. 他們家鄉(xiāng)解放前生活很苦。

2. 譯成“（后）……才”。例如：

The train had left before he got to the station. 火車開了他才到車站。

It seemed a long time before my turn came. 似乎過了好大一會(huì)兒才輪到我。

3. 譯成“未……就”或“還沒有（來得及）……就”。例如：

The day began to break before we got to the hilltop. 我們還沒有到達(dá)山頂天就開始亮了。

Before I could say a single word, he ran away. 我連一句話也沒來得及說他就跑了。

4. 譯為“趁（著）”。例如：

Study hard before it is too late. 趁早努力學(xué)習(xí)。

Ill do it now before I forget. 趁著還沒忘記，我現(xiàn)在就做。

5. There is no doubt that 100 years ago animal testing was cruel but today animals in experiments are very well taken care of.毫無疑問，100年前的動(dòng)物測試是殘酷的，但如今，試驗(yàn)中的動(dòng)物受到了很好的照料。

句中that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句是對名詞doubt的解釋說明，這種句子稱為同位語從句。同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等，說明這些名詞的具體內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)詞只起引導(dǎo)作用，不在從句中作任何成分，一般不可省略。例如：

The news that he had not pass the exam depressed him a lot. 沒有通過考試的消息讓他很沮喪。

They did not believe the report that the area was dangerous. 他們不相信這一地區(qū)有危險(xiǎn)的報(bào)道。