梁 冰
1.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞,可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。例如:
His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.
他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
2.判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
這是我去年呆過的山村。
Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.
我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記與你共事的日子。
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where, when聯(lián)系在一起。
方法二: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所作的成分,先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時(shí),選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中作狀語時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where地點(diǎn)狀語,when時(shí)間狀語,why原因狀語)。
3.限制性和非限制性定語從句
1)定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。例如:
This is the house which we bought last month.
這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)
2)當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或被物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理?史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
這本小說很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3)非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說明:關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
4.介詞+關(guān)系詞
1) 介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3) 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的“介詞+關(guān)系詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when和where互換。例如:
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
這是我兩年前住過的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
5.as, which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句
由as, which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個(gè)主句,相當(dāng)于and this或and that。as一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:
As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.
如我們所知,吸煙有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太陽使地球暖起來,這對(duì)我們?nèi)祟惡苤匾?/p>
as和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn):
(1)as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2)as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí),從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞;若為行為動(dòng)詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。
6.先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever可以用 anyone who代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what可以用all that代替)
7.what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1)what=the thing which;whatever=anything例如:
What you want has been sent here. 你要的東西都送來了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
不管你要什么,跟我沒什么關(guān)系。
2)who=the person that, whoever=anyone who.
3)that和what
當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),通常用作關(guān)系代詞,而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),是個(gè)不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that??墒÷?。what只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,用作連接代詞,作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。例如:
I think (that) you will like the stamps. 我想你會(huì)喜歡這些郵票的。
What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。
8.關(guān)系代詞that的用法
1)不用that的情況
a)引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。例如:
(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介詞后不能用。例如:
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
我們依賴土地獲得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。
There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken.
在那個(gè)角落還有一個(gè)空座位。
b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
c)先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí),只用that。
Innovation was the only thing that interested her most.
創(chuàng)新是她惟一感興趣的。
d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只用that。
This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city.
這是這座城市到目前為止所放過的最好的電影。
e)先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)。例如:
She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.
她把她所感興趣的人和物全拍攝了下來。