履承諾 保成果 創(chuàng)未來
——二十國集團(tuán)多倫多峰會(huì)圓滿閉幕

在當(dāng)代世界經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系中，6月27日閉幕的二十國集團(tuán)多倫多峰會(huì)將會(huì)成為一個(gè)有意義的節(jié)點(diǎn)。作為二十國集團(tuán)被確定為國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作主要平臺(tái)后的首次會(huì)議，此次峰會(huì)的成果令人鼓舞。

但同時(shí)也應(yīng)看到，要確保二十國集團(tuán)多倫多峰會(huì)新計(jì)劃落到實(shí)處，一個(gè)規(guī)范、合理、高效的機(jī)制不可或缺。如何加強(qiáng)機(jī)制建設(shè)，完成從國際金融危機(jī)“救火隊(duì)”到世界經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)的角色轉(zhuǎn)換，二十國集團(tuán)還有很長的路要走。

履責(zé)保成果

此次峰會(huì)是在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)脆弱復(fù)蘇的背景下召開的，與會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人主要討論了世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)、歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)危機(jī)、“強(qiáng)勁、可持續(xù)和平衡增長框架”、國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)改革、國際貿(mào)易和金融監(jiān)管等問題。

履責(zé)，是本次峰會(huì)的核心要義所在，確保了本次峰會(huì)取得成果，證明了二十國集團(tuán)峰會(huì)機(jī)制在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中的協(xié)調(diào)能力。

會(huì)議召開之前，輿論熱議各成員國的分歧，許多人懷疑二十國集團(tuán)峰會(huì)繼續(xù)存在的可能性，甚至預(yù)言多倫多峰會(huì)將不歡而散。

但實(shí)際情況是，多倫多峰會(huì)確定了增長的主調(diào)，信守并履行了“強(qiáng)勁、可持續(xù)和平衡增長框架”和金融監(jiān)管改革等主要日程，在發(fā)達(dá)國家削減財(cái)政赤字、國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)治理改革、反對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義等問題上提出了一些具體的時(shí)間表，并強(qiáng)調(diào)了二十國集團(tuán)的首要任務(wù)是確保和加強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。

會(huì)議發(fā)表了《二十國集團(tuán)多倫多峰會(huì)宣言》，強(qiáng)調(diào)采取下一步行動(dòng)，推動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)勁、可持續(xù)和平衡增長。

加拿大國際貿(mào)易部長范洛安表示，多倫多峰會(huì)上，履責(zé)比做出新承諾更重要。而在下一次二十國集團(tuán)峰會(huì)東道國韓國總統(tǒng)李明博看來，多倫多峰會(huì)的成功之處在于能夠忠實(shí)地履行前幾次峰會(huì)的承諾。這也是二十國集團(tuán)保持合法性和發(fā)展勢(shì)頭的動(dòng)能所在。

新機(jī)制新作用

從當(dāng)代世界經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)的歷史來看，多倫多峰會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了從八國集團(tuán)向二十國集團(tuán)的轉(zhuǎn)換，強(qiáng)調(diào)要在二十國集團(tuán)峰會(huì)框架下協(xié)調(diào)各主要國際經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融組織的運(yùn)作。這一轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)诋?dāng)代國際經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系中具有重大意義。

二十國集團(tuán)峰會(huì)問世之前，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制主要在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)三大組織的框架下運(yùn)行。世界貿(mào)易組織、國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行，分別負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)調(diào)國際間的貿(mào)易流、資金流和支持發(fā)展援助。

上世紀(jì)70年代，布雷頓森林體系崩潰后，以美國為核心、以發(fā)達(dá)國家利益為主導(dǎo)的國際經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)模式開始無法適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的新要求。此時(shí)誕生的西方七國首腦會(huì)議，后因俄羅斯加入演變?yōu)榘藝瘓F(tuán)首腦會(huì)議。八國集團(tuán)首腦會(huì)議從20世紀(jì)70年代中期起在國際經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)中逐漸發(fā)揮了重要作用。

但隨著新興市場(chǎng)和發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中權(quán)重的增加，原有的治理結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)不符合世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實(shí)，八國集團(tuán)協(xié)調(diào)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的能力日漸勢(shì)微。

2008年爆發(fā)的國際金融危機(jī)加快了國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作機(jī)制的轉(zhuǎn)換。二十國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人當(dāng)年11月在華盛頓舉行首次峰會(huì)，之后于2009年4月和9月分別在倫敦和匹茲堡舉行第二次和第三次峰會(huì)。

在匹茲堡會(huì)議上，二十國集團(tuán)峰會(huì)被宣布為國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的主要平臺(tái)，這標(biāo)志著承認(rèn)發(fā)展中國家力量、強(qiáng)調(diào)合作共贏的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)新機(jī)制的誕生。

夯實(shí)合作前景

在前三次峰會(huì)舉行時(shí)，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)仍未走出危機(jī)，各國強(qiáng)調(diào)協(xié)同應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)。隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇勢(shì)頭的發(fā)展以及歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)危機(jī)等新因素的出現(xiàn)，二十國集團(tuán)成員各自面對(duì)的情況發(fā)生了不同變化，出現(xiàn)了不同的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策主張，這是本次會(huì)議面臨的協(xié)調(diào)難題。

美國依然認(rèn)為當(dāng)務(wù)之急還是“促就業(yè)、保增長”；為財(cái)政赤字所困的歐洲則不得不開始“削債務(wù)、渡危機(jī)”；而新興和發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體認(rèn)為保持經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的勢(shì)頭仍是首要任務(wù)。

因此，有分析認(rèn)為，本次峰會(huì)上不同成員國合作的政治意愿有所下降。正是為適應(yīng)這一變化，多倫多峰會(huì)為各國留下了按照各自節(jié)奏采取“有差別與酌情而定的”經(jīng)濟(jì)政策空間。

不過，國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的基礎(chǔ)并未動(dòng)搖。正如中國國家主席胡錦濤在多倫多峰會(huì)上所言：“國際金融危機(jī)深層次影響尚未消除，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)性和結(jié)構(gòu)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍十分突出。我們要深刻認(rèn)識(shí)國際金融危機(jī)深層次影響的嚴(yán)重性和復(fù)雜性，繼續(xù)發(fā)揚(yáng)同舟共濟(jì)、合作共贏的精神?！?/p>

在推動(dòng)二十國集團(tuán)機(jī)制化方面，多倫多峰會(huì)又邁出了新的一步：決定第六次峰會(huì)將于2011年在法國舉辦，2012年峰會(huì)將在墨西哥舉辦。在未來幾次峰會(huì)舉辦國中不難發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)展中國家的身影。在今后世界經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中，發(fā)展中國家必將發(fā)揮更大的影響。

In tod ay's econom ic re la tions, the G-20 Summ it was he ld in To ron to on June 27 and was a ve ry m eaning fu l no te. We a re encou raged fo r the resu lts o f th is summ it, as the first m ee ting a fte r the G-20 id en tified as the m ain p la tfo rm fo r the in te rna tiona l econom ic coope ra tion.

Bu t m eanwhile, to ensu re the new p lan o f this summ it im p lem en t, a sp e c ific a tion, reasonab le, e ffic ien t m echan ism is ind ispensab le. The re is still a long way to go fo r the G-20, abou t how to streng then the m echanism s, how to finish ro le trans fo rm from the in te rna tiona l financ ia l c risis—“Fire Brigad e” to the coo rd ina tion o f a pe rm anen t estab lishm en t in the wo rld econom y.

The summ it is convened in the backg round o f the wo rld's econom ic frag ile recove ry. Leade rs m ain ly d iscuss these questions abou t the wo rld' s econom ic situation, the crisis of European sovereign deb t,“powerful, sustainab le and ba lance g row th fram ewo rk”, the re fo rm o f in te rna tiona l financ ia l institu tions, in te rna tiona l trad e and financ ia l regu la tion.

The co re m eaning o f this summ it is ob liga tion, ensu ring the suc cess o f the summ it, p roving the m echanism o f G-20 ab ilities o f coo rd ina tion. Be fo re the m ee ting, m any peop le suspec ted the possib ility o f the G-20 Summ it; even som e peop le p red ic ted the summ it w ill b reak up in d isco rd fo r the d iffe rences be tween m em be r sta tes. Howeve r, in fac t, it fixes the m ain schedu le o f the m ain them e o f g row th, fu lfill powe rfu l, susta inab le and ba lance g row th fram ewo rk and the re fo rm o f financ ia l regu la tion. Its p roposes was spec ific schedu les abou t the questions in cu tting deve loped coun tries' fisca l d e fic it, the gove rnance re fo rm o f in te rna tiona l financ ia l institu tions, op posing trade p ro tec tionism. And the p rio rity o f G-20 is to ensu re and streng then econom ic recove ry.

The summ it issued the Dec la ra tion o f the G-20 Summ it in To ron to, which em phasized taking the next step, p ush ing powe rfu l, susta inab le and ba lance g row th o f the w o rld e c onom y. The Canad ian In te rna tiona l Trade M in iste r Fan luoan suggests tha t ob liga tion is m uch m o re im po rtan t than m aking new comm itm en ts in the summ it. Bu t from the host coun ty o f next summ it o f the G-20 -Sou th Ko rean, Presiden t Lee Myung-bak thinks tha t the suc cess o f the summ it lies in devo ted ly pe rfo rm ing the comm itm en t o f p revious summ its. This is a lso the reason tha t G-20 keep s lega lity and m om en tum.

From the h isto ry o f today's econom ic coo rd ina tion re la tion, it fu lfills the change from G-8 to G-20, and stresses to coo rd ina te the th read o f m a jo r in te rna tiona l and financ ia l o rganiza tions unde r the fram ewo rk o f the G-20 Sum m it. Th e c h an g e is s ig n ific a n t in con tem p o ra ry in te rna tiona l econom ic re la tionsh ip. Be fo re the inven tion o f the Summ it, wo rld econom ic coo rd ina tion m echanism is ope ra ting in the wo rld econom ic fram ewo rk o f the th ree o rganiza tions ,WTO, In te rna tiona l M one ta ry Fun d an d W o rld Ban k resp ec tive ly coo rd ina te in te rna tiona l trade flow s, Flow s and sup po rt fo r d eve lopm en t assistance.

In the 70s, a fte r the co llap se o f the Bre tton Wood s system, the in te rna tiona l econom ic coo rd ina tion m od e which was the United Sta tes as the co re and the in te rests o f deve loped coun tries cou ldn't m ee t the new requ irem en ts o f econom ic g loba liza tion.G-8 Summ it, inc reasing ly, p layed an im po rtan t ro le in in te rna tiona l econom ic coo rd ina tion since m id-20 th cen tu ry, 70.

W ith the we igh t inc reasing o f the em e rg ing m a rke ts and the deve lop ing econom ic system, the existing gove rnance struc tu re hasn't m e t the deve lopm en t o f the wo rld econom y. So the sta tus o f G-8 has been d ec lin ing. The 2008 in te rna tiona l financ ia l c risis ac ce le ra ted the change o f in te rna tiona l econom ic coope ra tion m echanism. The leade rs o f G-20 he ld the first m ee ting in Novem be r, 2008 and he ld the second m ee ting in Ap ril, 2009, in London, and third m ee ting in which the summ it o f the G-20 was dec la red the m ain p la tfo rm o f in te rna tiona l econom ic coope ra tion, w hich ind ica ted tha t the new m echanism fo r coo rd ina tion o f the wo rld econom y was bo rn, acknow ledg ing the streng th o f deve lop ing coun tries and em phasizing w inw in coop e ra tion in Sep te rm be r, 2009 in Pittsbu rgh.

Am ong the th ree m ee tings, the wo rld econom y is s till in c ris is, so e ve ry c ou n try em p ha s ize s co llabo ra tive ly to ad d ress the g loba l cha llenges. W ith the deve lopm en t o f wo rld econom ic recove ry and the em e rgence o f new fac to rs o f Eu ropean sove reign deb t c rises, the coo rd ina tive cha llenges o f th is m ee ting is tha t the resp ec tive situa tion o f eve ry m em be r fac ing and the em e rg en ce o f d iffe ren t m ac roe conom ic po lic ies and p roposa ls.

Am e rica still th inks tha t the u rgen t p rio rity is “to p rom o te em p loym en t and cap ita l g row th”, howeve r, the d e fic it-rid den Eu rope has to sta rt “cu tting deb t and transition c risis”. Bu t em e rg ing and deve lop ing econom ies conside r tha t the m ain task is econom ic recove ry. So som e exp e rts be lieve tha t d iffe ren t m em be r sta tes' coope ra tive po litica l w ill is dec lin ing. In o rde r to adap t the cha llenge, To ron to Summ it le ft econom ic po licy sp ace which is ac co rdance w ith their rhythm and taken d iffe ren tia l ap p rop ria te fo r the sta tes.

How e ve r, b a s is o f in te rna tion a l e c onom ic coope ra tion isn't shaken. Just as Ch inese Presiden t Hu Jin tao said in To ron to Summ it: “ Financ ia l c risis has no t been e lim ina ted, c risis o f wo rld econom ic system ic and struc tu ra l is still ve ry p rom inen t. We shou ld p ro found ly unde rstand the seve rity and com p lexity o f deep im pac t o f the in te rna tiona l financ ia l c risis, and con tinue to p rom o te so lid a rity, coope ra tion and w inw in sp irit.”

Prom o ting the aspec t o f the G-20 in m echanism s, To ron to Summ it takes a new step: the sixth summ it w ill be he ld in France in 2011, 2012 summ it w ill be he ld in Mexico. It is easy to find tha t deve lop ing coun try in next seve ra l summ its in the host coun tries. In the fu tu re p rocess o f wo rld econom ic ha rm onious d eve lopm en t, the d eve lop ing coun tries w ill achieve g rea te r im p ac t on it.

G-20 Summit of Toronto: Bui lding Mechanism for Re-assumed Responsibi l ity

Translated by Jiang Yongyan