史志康
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政府正式文件翻譯中的若干處理策略——談《上海市國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十二個(gè)五年規(guī)劃綱要》英語(yǔ)稿翻譯
史志康
(上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)院,上海 200083)
以《上海市國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十二個(gè)五年規(guī)劃綱要(2011—2015年)》英語(yǔ)譯文為基礎(chǔ)材料,探討了在不同情況下所采用的不同翻譯處理方法,著重討論了特色名詞的翻譯處理、重復(fù)詞或句式的翻譯處理以及其他情況的翻譯處理。
《第十二個(gè)五年規(guī)劃綱要》英語(yǔ)譯文;翻譯處理方法;特色名詞;重復(fù)詞或句式;其他情況
《上海市國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十二個(gè)五年規(guī)劃綱要(2011—2015年)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《綱要》)英語(yǔ)稿The Twelfth “Five-year” Plan of National Economy and Social Development of Shanghai Municipality (2011—2015)日前完稿,即將問(wèn)世。
《綱要》由16章組成,它們分別是:第一章,加快轉(zhuǎn)型的歷史選擇(Chapter One The Historic Choice of Speeding up the Transformation of Deve- lopment Mode);第二章,未來(lái)五年的發(fā)展藍(lán)圖(Chapter Two The Developmental Blueprint for the Next Five Years);第三章,邁向“四個(gè)中心”(Chapter Three Marching towards “Four Centers”);第四章,構(gòu)建服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的產(chǎn)業(yè)體系(Chapter Four Developing the Industrial System of the Service Economy Era);第五章,建設(shè)充滿活力的創(chuàng)新型城市(Chapter Five Building a Dynamic and Innovative City);第六章,構(gòu)筑城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調(diào)的發(fā)展格局(Chapter Six Achieving Balanced and Coordinated Urban and Rural Development);第七章,創(chuàng)建面向未來(lái)的智慧城市(Chapter Seven Building a Future-oriented Smart City);第八章,建設(shè)管理一流的現(xiàn)代都市(Chapter Eight Building a Modern Metropolis with First-class Administration);第九章,營(yíng)造生態(tài)宜居的綠色家園(Chapter Nine The Cultivation of an Eco-friendly and Green Living Environment);第十章,創(chuàng)造安居樂(lè)業(yè)的人民生活(Chapter Ten Raising People’s Living Standards to Ensure That They Live and Work in Peace and Contentment);第十一章,促進(jìn)和諧有序的社會(huì)管理(Chapter Eleven Promoting the Orderly Management of Harmonious Society);第十二章,塑造時(shí)尚魅力的國(guó)際文化大都市(Chapter Twelve Building a Fashionable and Charming International Cultural Metropolis);第十三章,建設(shè)創(chuàng)新開放的新浦東(Chapter Thirteen Building an Innovative and Open New Pudong);第十四章,爭(zhēng)當(dāng)改革攻堅(jiān)的排頭兵(Chapter Fourteen Striving to Be the Avant-garde of Reform);第十五章,形成海納百川的開放格局(Chapter Fifteen Developing an Open and Embracive Development Model);第十六章,行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)的實(shí)施保障(Chapter Sixteen Guara- ntee for Plan Implementation)。
《綱要》是政府文件,具有很高程度的權(quán)威性,使用的是一種正式規(guī)范的文體,在翻譯時(shí),首先要努力做到精確、嚴(yán)密,并在一些地方根據(jù)語(yǔ)境的需要,對(duì)原文作一定翻譯調(diào)整處理。下面主要從3個(gè)方面談?wù)勗诜g《綱要》過(guò)程中所采用的處理策略。
在政府文件中,最為常見的一種情況之一就是具有中國(guó)特色、地方特點(diǎn)的名詞和名詞短語(yǔ),其翻譯策略是盡量亦步亦趨貼著原文走,對(duì)于政治術(shù)語(yǔ)盡量采用中國(guó)對(duì)外宣傳中已經(jīng)使用的短語(yǔ)或句子。
例1 原文:“十二五”期間,要高舉中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義偉大旗幟,以鄧小平理論和“三個(gè)代表”重要思想為指導(dǎo),深入貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀。(第二章第一節(jié))
譯文:During the Twelfth “Five-year” Plan period, Shanghai Municipality shall uphold the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, take Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of the “Three Represents” Theory as its guideline, and further implement the Scientific Concept of Deve- lopment.
例1中的“鄧小平理論”、“‘三個(gè)代表’重要思想”、“科學(xué)發(fā)展觀”都是當(dāng)前中國(guó)改革開放的理論基礎(chǔ)和指導(dǎo)思想,已有固定的英語(yǔ)翻譯。它們分別為“Deng Xiaoping Theory”,“the important thought of ‘the Three Represents’ Theory”和“the Scientific Concept of Development”。特別要注意的是,“三個(gè)代表”不要譯成the“Three Representatives”,而是譯成the“Three Represents”,因?yàn)檫@里的“代表”是由3個(gè)句子中的用作動(dòng)詞的“代表”提取出來(lái)的,所以用英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞“represent”,而不是名詞“representatives”。在翻譯這類具有濃烈中國(guó)特色的名詞、詞組、句子時(shí)的一個(gè)大忌就是苦思冥想,來(lái)一個(gè)“創(chuàng)造性叛逆”,應(yīng)該采取的方法是盡可能使用已有的官方譯文。
在《綱要》中,還有不少是上海特色的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的語(yǔ)言,根據(jù)不同的情況需做不同的 處理。
例2 原文:在對(duì)于在新的起點(diǎn)上推動(dòng)科學(xué)發(fā)展、加快實(shí)現(xiàn)“四個(gè)率先”、加快建設(shè)“四個(gè)中心”和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)際大都市,具有十分重要的意義。(引言部分)
譯文:It is of tremendous significance for the promotion of scientific development from a fresh starting point, the acceleration of the realization of the “Four Initiatives,” and the speeding up of the construction of the “Four Centres” and a modernized socialist cosmopolis.
例3 原文:著力打造東西軸線、黃浦江和中環(huán)三條具有國(guó)際影響力的現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)集聚帶。(第四章第五節(jié))
譯文:Three modern service cluster belts with international influence shall be built along its east-west axis, the Huangpu River and the Middle Ring Road.
例2中的“四個(gè)率先”和“四個(gè)中心”是上海今后一段時(shí)期發(fā)展的目標(biāo),可以直接譯為“Four Initiatives”,和“Four Centres”;例3中“東西軸線、黃浦江和中環(huán)(的)……現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)集聚帶”英語(yǔ)中用一個(gè)介詞along連接,整個(gè)短語(yǔ)譯成three modern service cluster belts…along its east-west axis,the Huangpu River and the Middle Ring Road。在翻譯地方色彩的名詞、詞組、句子的基本原則與翻譯中國(guó)特色的名詞、詞組、句子的原則相似,若還有現(xiàn)存的譯文,有時(shí)則可以根據(jù)原文的意義,作一定的翻譯技巧處理。
這里所說(shuō)的特色名詞還包括其他一些短語(yǔ),一般情況下,它們都有比較固定的譯文。
例4 原文:城市和農(nóng)村居民家庭人均可支配收入年均增長(zhǎng)率分別達(dá)到11.3%和10.5%。(第一章第一節(jié))
譯文:The growth rates of the average disposable incomes of both urban and rural residents have reached 11.3% and 10.5% respectively.
例5 原文:研究設(shè)立免稅商品購(gòu)物區(qū)(店),發(fā)展一批國(guó)際品牌和國(guó)貨精品店。(第三章第三節(jié))
譯文:The city shall conduct researches and establish duty-free shopping zones (stores), and develop a series of international brand stores and boutique stores of domestically produced commo- dities.
例6 原文:探索基層工會(huì)“公推直選”制度 和建立專業(yè)工會(huì)干部隊(duì)伍,切實(shí)維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者權(quán)益。加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)保護(hù),注重對(duì)新成長(zhǎng)勞動(dòng)者的人文關(guān)懷。(第十章第一節(jié))
譯文:(The city shall) explore ways of imple- menting the system of “recommendation by general acclaim and direct election” in basic-level trade unions.
例7 原文:堅(jiān)持“拆、改、留、修”并舉,全 面實(shí)施舊區(qū)改造新機(jī)制和政策,繼續(xù)推進(jìn)舊區(qū)改造和舊住房綜合改造。(第十章第四節(jié))
譯文:Shanghai shall adopt and implement new policies to further advance the reconstruction of old areas and houses through tearing down, transforming, preserving and repairing.
例4中的“可支配收入”一般譯為“disposable incomes”,例5中的“國(guó)貨精品店”可以譯為“bou- tique stores of domestically produced commodities”,這兩例的譯文相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)處理比較簡(jiǎn)單。但是,對(duì)于例6中的“公推直選”和例7中的“拆、改、留、修”的翻譯則采用了解釋性翻譯處理,分別譯為“recommendation by general acclaim and direct election”和“through tearing down, transforming, preserving and repairing”。從以上翻譯處理中可以看到,這類情況的翻譯較之中國(guó)特色、翻譯地方色彩的名詞、詞組、句子的翻譯多了一點(diǎn)“創(chuàng)作”的余地,翻譯的手段可以多樣化些。
中國(guó)正式文件中專用名詞中還有一個(gè)比較獨(dú)特的現(xiàn)象,即常常含有數(shù)字。這種譯文處理相對(duì)比較復(fù)雜。
例8 原文:探索完善居民區(qū)黨組織、居委 會(huì)、業(yè)委會(huì)和物業(yè)服務(wù)企業(yè)“四位一體”的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制,加快完善住房產(chǎn)權(quán)和物業(yè)管理。(第十一章第 二節(jié))
譯文:Besides, the city shall try to enhance the “quaternary” negotiation mechanism between reside- ntial Party organizations, neighborhood committees, owners committees and property management compa- nies, so as to improve housing property right and property management.
例9 原文:實(shí)施“百姓健身設(shè)施工程”,公共運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)社區(qū)全覆蓋。新建健身步道300公里。建設(shè)“一村一場(chǎng)”、“一鎮(zhèn)一池”、“一街一中心”。(第十二章第七節(jié))
譯文:The city shall carry out its Citizens Fitness Facilities Development Plan, and one of its aims is that every community shall have access to public sports grounds. According to the Plan, a total of 300 kilometers of fitness trails shall be built, and “every village shall have a sports ground, a town shall have a swimming pool, and every street shall have a fitness center”.
例10 原文:依托區(qū)域資源稟賦,形成“一圈四區(qū)三帶一島”總體布局。中心城區(qū)形成集商務(wù)會(huì)展、都市觀光、美食購(gòu)物、休閑娛樂(lè)、文化創(chuàng)意為一體的都市旅游中心圈。東部形成主題游樂(lè)與會(huì)議展覽旅游區(qū),西部形成山水游憩與休閑度假旅游區(qū),南部形成鄉(xiāng)村度假與濱海娛樂(lè)旅游區(qū),北部形成生態(tài)休閑與產(chǎn)業(yè)體驗(yàn)旅游區(qū)。打造黃浦江、蘇州河、杭州灣北岸三條水上旅游帶。打造農(nóng)業(yè)體驗(yàn)與生態(tài)觀光為一體的崇明生態(tài)休閑度假島。(第十二章第六節(jié))
譯文:Depending on its advantageous geogra- phical resources, the city shall develop a general pattern composed of “ONE Circle, FOUR Zones, THREE Belts and ONE Island”. In the inner city, there shall form One Urban Tour Circle that provides convention and exhibition, urban sightseeing, gourmet and shopping, recreation and entertainment, culture and creative services. There will be ONE tour zone in the east of the city that offers theme entertainment and convention and exhibition services; ONE in its west that features beautiful landscape and offering recreation and leisure travel services; ONE in its south that provides vacation villages and seaside recreation facilities; and ONE in the north that offers bio-friendly and recreational experience and industrial experience. Three waterborne tourism belts will be developed along the Huangpu River, the Suzhou River and the Northern Coast of Hangzhou Bay. And Chongming Island, the ONE Island, will be developed into a bio-friendly and recreational island that offers agricultural experience and green sightseeing.
對(duì)于例8中的“四位一體”的翻譯處理就簡(jiǎn)單用一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞“quaternary”,其基本意思為“由四要素構(gòu)成的”;對(duì)于例9中“一村一場(chǎng)”、“一鎮(zhèn)一池”、“一街一中心”的翻譯,采取了“挖掘隱含意義,使之顯豁”的策略,譯成“every village shall have a sports ground, a town shall have a swimming pool, and every street shall have a fitness center”;對(duì)于例10中的“一圈四區(qū)三帶一島”的翻譯處理,則隨著原文,先給一個(gè)比較籠統(tǒng)的譯文“ONE Circle, FOUR Zones, THREE Belts and ONE Island”,而后慢慢展開,賦予具體內(nèi)容。值得注意的是,譯文對(duì)于某些關(guān)鍵的數(shù)字用大寫字母,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。因此,對(duì)于含有數(shù)字的原文的翻譯,未必一定要一板一眼地采用與原文相同短語(yǔ)或句式進(jìn)行翻譯處理,而是應(yīng)該根據(jù)實(shí)際情況采用比較靈活的翻譯處理方法。
中國(guó)正式文件中常常使用重復(fù)詞或句式,在英語(yǔ)中常常稱為parallelism,使句子看上去整齊劃一。對(duì)于這樣的句子或結(jié)構(gòu),翻譯處理一般采用兩種方式,一是結(jié)構(gòu)跟著中文原文“依瓢畫葫蘆”;二是根據(jù)英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,在翻譯時(shí)對(duì)原文的結(jié)構(gòu)做適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。在下面8個(gè)例句中,中文原文都是重復(fù)的并行結(jié)構(gòu),但是譯文處理卻采用3種策略。
例11 原文:著力推進(jìn)制度創(chuàng)新、科技創(chuàng)新、 管理創(chuàng)新和文化創(chuàng)新。(第二章第一節(jié))
譯文:So Shanghai shall endeavour to promote system innovation, science and technology innovation, management innovation and culture innovation.
例12 原文:大力發(fā)展水上旅游、郵輪旅游、購(gòu)物旅游、商務(wù)旅游、會(huì)展旅游、醫(yī)療旅游、紅色旅游,促進(jìn)旅游與相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)聯(lián)動(dòng)發(fā)展。(第十二章第 六節(jié))
譯文:The city shall make greater efforts to promote waterborne tourism, cruise tourism, shopping tourism, business tourism, MICE tourism, medical tourism and Red tourism, and achieve joint and synchronic development of tourism and other related industries.
例13 原文:建設(shè)服務(wù)全國(guó)的貿(mào)易促進(jìn)和服務(wù)平臺(tái),打造集多種媒體、多領(lǐng)域、多語(yǔ)種于一體的財(cái)經(jīng)信息綜合服務(wù)平臺(tái)。(第三章第三節(jié))
譯文:The city shall strive to construct the trade promotion and service platform serving the whole nation, and forge a multi-media, multi-field, and multi-language comprehensive business information service platform.
以上3例都是并行結(jié)構(gòu),翻譯處理都是跟著原文結(jié)構(gòu)亦步亦趨。例11的原文中連續(xù)用了4個(gè)“修飾語(yǔ)+創(chuàng)新”的名詞短語(yǔ),英語(yǔ)譯文也用4個(gè)“修飾語(yǔ)+innovation”的名詞短語(yǔ);例12中原文連續(xù)用了6個(gè)“修飾語(yǔ)+旅游”的短語(yǔ),英語(yǔ)譯文也照樣6個(gè)“修飾語(yǔ)+tourism”的結(jié)構(gòu);例13中連續(xù)用了3個(gè)“多”字作為前置修飾語(yǔ),英語(yǔ)譯文中也用3個(gè)“multi-”來(lái)做前置修飾語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),翻譯處理 時(shí)也采用原文的并行結(jié)構(gòu),能夠比較好地向英語(yǔ) 讀者傳達(dá)原文的語(yǔ)言特色,而英語(yǔ)讀者也會(huì)欣然接受這樣的譯文,因?yàn)椴⑿薪Y(jié)構(gòu)也是英語(yǔ)的一種修辭手段。
例14 原文:面對(duì)新機(jī)遇、新挑戰(zhàn),我們必須 增強(qiáng)機(jī)遇意識(shí)、憂患意識(shí)、使命意識(shí)和創(chuàng)新意識(shí)。(第一章第二節(jié))
譯文:In the situation where new opportunities and new challenges co-exist, Shanghai shall heighten its awareness of opportunities, of unexpected crisis, of mission, and of innovation.
例15 原文:加快建立有利于轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的體制機(jī)制,著力提高開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)水平、文化軟實(shí)力和城市國(guó)際化程度,充分利用國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)、兩種資源,更好地服務(wù)長(zhǎng)三角、服務(wù)長(zhǎng)江流域、服務(wù)全國(guó)。(第二章第二節(jié))
譯文:The city shall quicken the pace of establishing institutional mechanisms favourable to the transition of the mode of economic development, raise levels of open economy, soft cultural power, and urban internationalization, and make full use of both domestic and international markets and resources, so as to better serve the Yangtze River Delta, the Yangtze River valley, and the whole country at large.
以上兩個(gè)例子雖然中文原文都是并行結(jié)構(gòu),但是它們的翻譯處理卻不盡相同。例14中,中文原文有4個(gè)作為名詞的“意識(shí)”,但是英語(yǔ)譯文卻用一個(gè)“awareness”,后面再跟4個(gè)介詞“of”,來(lái)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)4個(gè)不同的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ);在例15中,有連續(xù)用作動(dòng)詞的“服務(wù)”,但是在英語(yǔ)譯文處理中,卻只用了一個(gè)作為動(dòng)詞的“serve”,后面跟著3個(gè)做賓語(yǔ)的名詞短語(yǔ)。這樣的翻譯處理也有其優(yōu)點(diǎn),即整個(gè)句子看上去更加緊湊。
例16 原文:我國(guó)發(fā)展中長(zhǎng)期積累的矛盾還沒(méi)有根本解決,不平衡、不協(xié)調(diào)、不可持續(xù)問(wèn)題依然突出,上海發(fā)展環(huán)境的不穩(wěn)定、不確定因素明顯增多。(第一章第二節(jié))
譯文:The contradiction long accumulated in China’s development remains fundamentally unsettled; the problems such as disproportion, incongruence, and unsustainability in development are unquestionably acute. So there are still many unstable elements in the environments and increasing uncertainties, which might constitute obstacles to the city's development.
例17 原文:積極發(fā)展農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社,扶持家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)和農(nóng)業(yè)龍頭企業(yè),大力培育農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品牌,促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)?;图s化。推動(dòng)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)建設(shè)。(第四章第四節(jié))
譯文:…actively develop farmer cooperatives, cultivate household farms and agricultural captains, and foster agricultural brands to promote specialized, standard, scale and intensive agricultural operations. The city shall also promote the development of its agricultural market.
例18 原文:推進(jìn)人性化服務(wù)、網(wǎng)格化覆蓋、智能化應(yīng)用、精細(xì)化管理,努力形成整潔、有序、高效、安全的城市現(xiàn)代化管理格局。(第八章引言部分)
譯文:The city shall try to develop law-based long-acting mechanisms of administration, promote and strengthen humanistic services, grid coverage, IT-based applications and lean management, in order to build up a modern urban administration system that is clean, orderly, efficient and safe.
以上3例中雖然中文原文都有并行結(jié)構(gòu),但在英語(yǔ)翻譯處理中卻沒(méi)有采用并行結(jié)構(gòu)。在例16中有5個(gè)表示否定意義的“不”字,但在英語(yǔ)譯文中卻分別連續(xù)用了3個(gè)名詞:disproportion, incongruence, and unsustainability,接著又用一個(gè)形容詞unstable和一個(gè)名詞uncertainties。這樣的翻譯處理隱沒(méi)了原文的并行結(jié)構(gòu),而是靠英語(yǔ)詞匯來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)原文中隱含在并行結(jié)構(gòu)中的意義,是一種翻譯處理手段,但不是一個(gè)翻譯并行結(jié)構(gòu)原文的一個(gè)最有效的手段。
在翻譯政府文件中,常常會(huì)遇到各式各樣的問(wèn)題,有的涉及到一些專業(yè)問(wèn)題,有些是有著行業(yè)特色的,有的中文原文是同一個(gè)詞,英語(yǔ)譯文處理在不同的語(yǔ)境中可能會(huì)采用不完全一樣的詞。另外,英語(yǔ)畢竟是一種不同于漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言,因此,在翻譯過(guò)程中,對(duì)照中文原文,我們常??梢钥吹讲煌Y(jié)構(gòu)處理的英語(yǔ)譯文。
例19 原文:重點(diǎn)發(fā)展純電動(dòng)和混合動(dòng)力等新能源汽車,著力突破電池、電機(jī)、電控等關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù),繼續(xù)開展燃料電池汽車技術(shù)研發(fā)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定。(第四章第二節(jié))
譯文:The city shall put emphasis on alternative-energy automobiles such as pure electric and hybrid motor vehicles, aiming at breakthroughs in key and core technologies such as fuel cells, electric motor, electronic control, and stay committed to technological and standard establishment for fuel cell automobiles.
例20 原文:增強(qiáng)自主設(shè)計(jì)能力,大力發(fā)展液化天然氣船、科學(xué)考察船等高技術(shù)船舶及其關(guān)鍵系統(tǒng)和配套設(shè)備,形成一批具有國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的自主品牌船型。(第四章第三節(jié))
譯文:Efforts shall also be made to strengthen its independent designing capability and boost the development of high-tech vessels such as LNG-powered ships and science research ships and their key systems and supporting equipment, building up a number of proprietary ship brands with international competitiveness.
例21 原文:實(shí)施信息化無(wú)障礙工程,縮小不同人群和區(qū)域之間的“數(shù)字差距”。(第七章第三節(jié))
譯文:Barrier-free ICT access shall be provided to narrow down the digital divide between different groups and areas.
以上3例中都涉及專業(yè)名詞問(wèn)題,它們的譯文沒(méi)有任何可以創(chuàng)作的余地,只能按照“一對(duì)一”的對(duì)應(yīng)專業(yè)的英語(yǔ)名詞來(lái)進(jìn)行翻譯。比如,例19中的原文“(燃料)電池、電機(jī)、電控”譯成對(duì)應(yīng)的英語(yǔ)專業(yè)名詞“fuel cells, electric motor, electronic control”,例20中的原文“液化天然氣船”譯成對(duì)應(yīng)的英語(yǔ) 專業(yè)名詞“LNG-powered ships”,例21中的原文 “數(shù)字差距”譯成對(duì)應(yīng)的英語(yǔ)專業(yè)名詞“digital divide”,等。遇到這一類的專業(yè)名詞,只能老老實(shí)實(shí),不能外行裝內(nèi)行,應(yīng)仔細(xì)尋查對(duì)應(yīng)詞,否則就會(huì)犯錯(cuò)。
有時(shí),在原文是同一的詞或短語(yǔ),在譯文中則可以在不同的語(yǔ)境中采用不同的詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行翻譯。例22~25對(duì)原文中“以人為本”進(jìn)行不同的翻譯處理就是一個(gè)很好的實(shí)例。
例22 原文:堅(jiān)持以人為本、全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,(第二章第一節(jié))
譯文:…to the fundamental principle of the interests of the common people. The city shall also stick to the path of overall coordinated sustainable development,
例23 原文:必須更加注重以人為本的社會(huì)建設(shè)和管理。(第二章第一節(jié))
譯文:The people-oriented social construction and management must be more stressed.
例24 原文:根據(jù)上述指導(dǎo)思想和基本要求,要進(jìn)一步明確發(fā)展導(dǎo)向,推動(dòng)發(fā)展理念向以人為本轉(zhuǎn)變,推動(dòng)發(fā)展動(dòng)力向創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變,推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)向服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變,推動(dòng)生產(chǎn)生活向綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)變,推動(dòng)發(fā)展布局向城鄉(xiāng)一體轉(zhuǎn)變,推動(dòng)開放格局向內(nèi)外并重轉(zhuǎn)變,努力實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的率先轉(zhuǎn)變。(第二章第一節(jié))
譯文:In light of the aforesaid guidelines and basic requirements, Shanghai shall further nail down the direction for its development, and push forward the shift of development concept toward the people’s livelihood, the shift of motive force of development toward innovation-driven development, the shift of industrial structure toward serving economy, the shift of production and living toward the low-carbon ways of life, the shift of development layout toward urban and rural integration, and the shift of the mode of opening-up toward equal stress on both internal and external markets. By so doing, Shanghai shall endeavor to realize the initiative transformation of the mode of economic development.
例25 原文:堅(jiān)持以人為本、管建并舉、管理為重、安全為先,積極推廣世博城市管理經(jīng)驗(yàn),加強(qiáng)依法和長(zhǎng)效管理,推進(jìn)人性化服務(wù)、網(wǎng)格化覆蓋、智能化應(yīng)用、精細(xì)化管理,努力形成整潔、有序、高效、安全的城市現(xiàn)代化管理格局。(第八章引言)
譯文:According to the principle of holding the people’s well-being first, attaching equal importance to construction and development, focusing on manage- ment and safety, and on the basis of the expertise and experience accumulated during Expo 2010, the city shall try to develop law-based long-acting mecha- nisms of administration, promote and strengthen humanistic services, grid coverage, IT-based applica- tions and lean management, in order to build up a modern urban administration system that is clean, orderly, efficient and safe.
以上4個(gè)例子中的中文原文都含有同一的短語(yǔ)“以人為本”,但它們的譯文卻各不相同。例22中譯成“the fundamental principle of the interests of the common people”,例23中譯成“the people-oriented”,例24中譯成“the people’s livelihood”,而在例25中則譯成“holding the people’s well-being first”。以上譯文告訴我們,在很多情況下,翻譯不是機(jī)械的,出色的翻譯離不開對(duì)應(yīng)上下文的語(yǔ)境,同樣一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)短語(yǔ)、一個(gè)句式,在不同的語(yǔ)境中,就應(yīng)該做不同的翻譯處理。
為了讓英語(yǔ)譯文更加優(yōu)雅,有時(shí)可借用一些英語(yǔ)修辭格來(lái)進(jìn)行翻譯,其中最常見的修辭格是頭韻。
例26 原文:保持城市面貌文明整潔。(第八 章第三節(jié))
譯文:Maintaining a Clean and Civilized Urban Environment
例27 原文:增強(qiáng)應(yīng)急救援保障能力。(第八 章第五節(jié))
譯文:Enhancing support for emergency rescue and relief.
例28 原文:維護(hù)社會(huì)安全穩(wěn)定。(第十一章 第四節(jié))
譯文:Maintaining Social Security and Stability.
例29 原文:按照弘揚(yáng)主旋律、提倡多樣化的要求,鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)作更多思想性、藝術(shù)性、觀賞性相統(tǒng)一的精品力作,努力成為優(yōu)秀文藝作品的發(fā)源地。(第十二章第二節(jié))
譯文:In accordance with the requirement for advocating the “Main Melody”, or mainstream culture, and promote cultural diversity at the same time, Shanghai shall provide incentives for creating masterpieces of ideological profundity, high artistic and aesthetic quality and entertaining value, and therefore make itself a provenance or cradle of excellent arts.
以上4個(gè)例子中的英語(yǔ)譯文都借用了頭韻的修辭格手段。具體來(lái)說(shuō),例26中英語(yǔ)譯文的兩個(gè)形容詞“Clean and Civilized”,例27中英語(yǔ)譯文的兩個(gè)名詞“rescue and relief”,例28的英語(yǔ)譯文中一個(gè)名詞詞組“Social Security and Stability”以及例29中的一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)“Main Melody”等,都是運(yùn)用頭韻的實(shí)例。筆者認(rèn)為,學(xué)好英語(yǔ),運(yùn)用好英語(yǔ),單單學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,我們還應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)修辭,掌握了一些基本修辭手段,可以使英語(yǔ)寫作、英語(yǔ)翻譯更加生動(dòng)、優(yōu)雅,更加出彩。
以上是我們?cè)诜g《上海市國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十二個(gè)五年規(guī)劃綱要(2011—2015年)》實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)對(duì)一些感性認(rèn)識(shí)的提煉,歸納了幾條可資參考的翻譯方法。筆者認(rèn)為,翻譯是一個(gè)既要講究“科學(xué)”,又要講究“藝術(shù)”的學(xué)科,它既要求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、精確,又要求生動(dòng)、優(yōu)雅。但是,不同的文體則應(yīng)該采取不同的翻譯策略。政府文件往往是正式文體,翻譯時(shí)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)為上,精確為要。有時(shí)為了表達(dá)我們中國(guó)一個(gè)獨(dú)特觀點(diǎn)、描述中國(guó)一種獨(dú)特現(xiàn)象,我們甚至?xí)靡粋€(gè)讀起來(lái)有點(diǎn)拗口的詞,因?yàn)槲┯心窃~才能最為準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)那個(gè)獨(dú)特意義。然而,在表達(dá)的意義非常精確,不會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義的前提下,我們還是盡量使用優(yōu)雅、生動(dòng)、地道的英語(yǔ),高雅的英語(yǔ)更容易給文件增色,傳達(dá)的意義也更容易猶如春雨潤(rùn)土,滲入到英語(yǔ)讀者的心田。但究竟怎樣做到在合適的地方說(shuō)合適的話呢?筆者認(rèn)為,一個(gè)合格的譯者需要大量閱讀,需要大量的“輸入”,而后再需要大量實(shí)踐,善于總結(jié)翻譯過(guò)程中的“得”與“失”,不斷摸索經(jīng)驗(yàn),努力抓到缺一分“不到位”過(guò)一分“越位”的那個(gè)點(diǎn),把握分寸,注意在新的厚實(shí)基礎(chǔ)上不斷向前邁進(jìn)。
Some Rendering Methods Adopted in Translating—“-”
Shi Zhikang
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Based on the English translation of(2011—2015), the paper deals with different rendering methods adopted according to various features of the original text in the translating process, with focus on the rendering of the nouns with Chinese characteristics, of paralleled words, sentences and patterns and of other sorts of peculiar words and expressions.
“”;;;;
H059
A
1009-895X(2011)02-0100-07
2011-05-29
史志康(1957-),男,教授。研究方向:英美文學(xué),翻譯。E-mail: s_zhikang@yahoo.com.cn