張修彥,詹純列
(廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院 動物實驗中心,廣東 510010)
肺癌是世界各國常見的惡性腫瘤之一,它嚴重威脅人類健康,近20年發(fā)病率逐年上升。估計到2030年,全球?qū)⒂?30萬人死于吸煙有關(guān)的疾病,其中肺癌占3.1%[1-3]。目前,肺癌為我國惡性腫瘤的頭號殺手。肺癌實驗動物模型選用的動物包括小鼠[4]、大鼠[5]、地鼠[6]、羊[7]、狗[8]、兔[9]、雪貂[10]等。選用的方法包括吸入、口服、灌注或注射致癌物,原位或異位移植腫瘤細胞或組織塊以及轉(zhuǎn)基因方法。轉(zhuǎn)基因肺癌模型具有可遺傳、模型可靠的特點。本文就轉(zhuǎn)基因肺癌動物模型做一綜述。
KRAS是第一個被確定的原癌基因。Ras蛋白又稱p21蛋白,參與的信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路主要包括有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶 (mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)通路及磷酸肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)通路[11,12]。P21蛋白位于細胞膜內(nèi)表面,其活性形式為p21-GTP,非活性形式為p21-GDP。它可以接受和傳遞細胞表面信號,如生長因子、激素、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)等。從而影響細胞內(nèi)核酶等的合成,對細胞生長和分化進行調(diào)控[13]。K-ras基因最常見的激活方式是點突變,當K-ras基因發(fā)生異常時,p21與 GTP牢固結(jié)合,一直處于激活狀態(tài),持續(xù)刺激細胞生長、發(fā)育、增值,引起細胞惡化。25%~40%非典型性腺瘤樣增生檢測到KRAS突變,老年A/J小鼠肺腫瘤80%檢測出K-ras突變[14]。
Erica L.Johnson等[15]通過同源重組構(gòu)建了 K-rasLA轉(zhuǎn)基因模型,K-rasLA小鼠可以發(fā)展出多種腫瘤包括肺惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。由于早期肺惡化導致K-rasLA小鼠早期死亡影響腫瘤進展的研究。為了改進模型,Erica L.Johnson等[16]在K-rasG12D編碼區(qū)放置一個Loxp-stop-Loxp盒子,通過去除終止元件來進行調(diào)節(jié),這樣可以控制腫瘤發(fā)生的時間、位置和多樣性。這種模型被廣泛用于腫瘤研究特別是腫瘤激活和發(fā)展過程[17-19]。
Phuoc T.Tran等[20]構(gòu)建了聯(lián)合轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠CCSP-rtTA/tetO-KrasG12D/Twist1-tetO7-luc(CRT),這種小鼠增加了肺癌腫瘤發(fā)生的數(shù)量和大小。Zuoyan Wang[21]等構(gòu)建了一種雌激素受體條件誘導的轉(zhuǎn)基因模型。利用他莫昔芬激活 K-rasG12D基因可以誘導小鼠肺上皮細胞的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。
p53是第二個被確認的抑癌基因,也是目前所發(fā)現(xiàn)的與腫瘤發(fā)病最相關(guān)的抑癌基因。p53基因的失活在肺癌發(fā)生起非常重要的作用。p53具有調(diào)控細胞周期,凋亡,DNA修復、重組等功能[22]。當P53基因發(fā)生突變、缺失或滅活時,上述功能的喪失將導致細胞持續(xù)增殖及惡化。P53在小細胞肺癌(small cell carcinoma,SCLC)SCLC中的突變率是75%,非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中的突變率為50%,肺腺癌中的突變率比SCC或其他非腫瘤的低[23]。
Ronald A.lubet[24]等構(gòu)建了 p53,Ink 4A聯(lián)合突變轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠。利用苯并(a)芘處理 p53+/+Ink4a/Arf+/-,p53+/-Ink4a/Arf+/+,p53+/-Ink4a/Arf+/-小鼠,7星期后發(fā)現(xiàn)全部發(fā)生肺癌。
Thaddeus Allen等[25]構(gòu)建了過表達 Grg1的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠Grg1hPLAP,這種小鼠在1個月的時候就激發(fā)肺部壞死增生,3~5月時就可以在胸腔表面看到腫瘤結(jié)節(jié),5~6月這些壞死持續(xù)增加達到每個老鼠3.2±2.2到8.3±6.0個。等到8個月時,這些壞死融合成為具有侵蝕性的腫瘤塊。
Manabu Soda等[26]在吸煙導致的非小細胞肺癌患者身上篩選到了一個合并原癌基因EML4-ALK,2號染色體短臂的一個小插入導致了EMLA與ALK的連接。由此產(chǎn)生了聯(lián)合蛋白,其具有EML4的氨基末端和ALK酪氨酸激酶的細胞內(nèi)部分。他們構(gòu)建了在肺部上皮細胞表達EML4-ALK的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠。這種小鼠在出生后幾個星期內(nèi)就在肺部發(fā)展處上百個腺癌結(jié)節(jié)。
子宮珠蛋白是支氣管 clara細胞的標志蛋白。Andrea Sandmoller等[27]用啟動子以及兔子宮珠蛋白5’末端指導 SV40T抗原(猴病毒 40T抗原,Sim ian virus 40T antigen)在肺部表達。SV40T抗原與p53蛋白和 Rb蛋白結(jié)合,導致細胞惡性增值。通過這種方式建立的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠 UT7.1發(fā)展出多灶性細支氣管腺癌。
c-myc是一種調(diào)節(jié)細胞周期進展及分化的蛋白,TGFα屬于 EGF家族,它可以激活 EGF受體。經(jīng)常在人肺癌中過量表達。A Ehrhardt等[28]利用SPC啟動子構(gòu)建過表達 c-myc和分泌型 EGF (IgEGF)的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠。雜合子 SP-C/myc轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的平均壽命是14.25個月,純合子的平均壽命是9.2個月。75%的雜合子和80%的純合子診斷出細支氣管肺泡腺癌。SPC/IgEGF肺泡增生發(fā)生在19個月。SP-C/myc/IgEGF雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠平均壽命9個月,100%檢出細支氣管肺泡腺癌。
RON(recepteur d’origine nantais)酪氨酸激酶受體屬于MET原癌基因家族。激活的RON磷酸化不同的細胞內(nèi)蛋白并激活多種調(diào)節(jié)上皮細胞生長、遷移、分化以及存活的信號通路。研究表明[29-31],RON在上皮類癌癥比如肺癌、結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌都有過量表達,表明其在上皮類癌癥進程中可能起作用。Yi-Qing Chen[32]等用 SPC啟動子指導 RON在肺上皮細胞表達,這種轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠出生時肺部沒有形態(tài)上的損傷,但是有肺腺癌。到2個月時,發(fā)展成單個腫瘤塊。先是沿著肺泡壁生長最后進到肺泡隔內(nèi)。
人類小細胞肺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)高頻率腫瘤抑癌基因Rb1和 Trp53突變[33-34]。Ralph Meuwissen等[35]構(gòu)建了條件抑制Rb1和Trp53基因的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠。這種小鼠肺癌發(fā)病率很高,并卻在形態(tài)學和免疫學上與小細胞肺癌相似。
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