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      石蒜屬植物生物堿成分研究進(jìn)展

      2012-09-15 04:25:42王躍虎陳麗娟龍春林
      關(guān)鍵詞:加蘭石蒜水仙

      王 歡,王躍虎,陳麗娟,龍春林,3*

      1中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所,昆明 650204;2云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院,昆明,650201;3中央民族大學(xué)生命與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,北京,100081

      石蒜屬植物生物堿成分研究進(jìn)展

      王 歡1,2,王躍虎1,陳麗娟2,龍春林1,3*

      1中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所,昆明 650204;2云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院,昆明,650201;3中央民族大學(xué)生命與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,北京,100081

      石蒜屬為東亞特有屬。該屬植物富含生物堿,且此類次生代謝產(chǎn)物具有細(xì)胞毒、抗瘧疾、抗病毒以及對(duì)乙酰膽堿酯酶的抑制作用等活性。本文概述了該屬中生物堿類成分的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、藥理活性及其生源途徑。

      石蒜科;石蒜屬;生物堿

      石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)石蒜屬(LycorisHerb.)為東亞特有屬,是一類兼具觀賞價(jià)值與藥用價(jià)值的經(jīng)濟(jì)植物[1]。該屬植物約有20多種,主要分布于中國和日本,少數(shù)產(chǎn)于緬甸和朝鮮。我國有16種,主要分布在長江以南地區(qū)[2]。民間將其鱗莖搗碎、敷治腫毒[3]。植物化學(xué)成分分析和現(xiàn)代藥理實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,石蒜屬植物含有多種具有藥理活性的生物堿類次生代謝產(chǎn)物。

      1 生物堿類次生代謝產(chǎn)物

      國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)石蒜屬的生物堿類成分進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)性的研究,共從中得到54個(gè)生物堿(見表1及圖1)。根據(jù)這些產(chǎn)物結(jié)構(gòu)的不同,可將其劃分為十種骨架類型(圖2):石蒜堿型(Lycorine-type,Ⅰ),加蘭他敏型(Galanthamine-type,Ⅱ),文殊蘭堿型(Crinine-type,Ⅲ),水仙環(huán)素型(Narciclasine-type,Ⅳ),石蒜寧堿型(Lycorenine-type,Ⅴ),水仙堿型(Tazettine-type,Ⅵ),高山網(wǎng)球花堿型(Montanine-type,Ⅶ),孤挺花定型(Belladine-type,Ⅷ),雪花吲哚堿型(Galanthindole-type,Ⅸ)和艾斯敏型(Ismine-type,Ⅹ)。

      2 藥理活性

      石蒜屬生物堿類次生代謝產(chǎn)物具有多種藥理活性,主要為細(xì)胞毒、抗瘧疾以及對(duì)乙酰膽堿酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE)的抑制作用。

      2.1 細(xì)胞毒活性

      前人對(duì)石蒜堿型、加蘭他敏型、文殊蘭堿型、水仙環(huán)素型、石蒜寧堿型、水仙堿型和艾斯敏型生物堿的細(xì)胞毒活性進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果表明:石蒜堿(1)和偽石蒜堿(3)對(duì)多種癌細(xì)胞系以及人類白血病細(xì)胞系具有較強(qiáng)的抑制活性[4-8],Lamoral-Theys等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)1通過抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長而不是毒殺細(xì)胞發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,且對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的抑制活性是正常細(xì)胞的15倍[7];網(wǎng)球花胺(29)不僅對(duì)Hela和Vero細(xì)胞系具有較強(qiáng)的抑制活性[4,5],其濃度為10 μM時(shí)也能夠誘導(dǎo)人 T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞株(Jurkat cells)凋亡且對(duì)健康細(xì)胞無毒害[9];石蒜西定(32)和水仙環(huán)素(33)對(duì)60多種人類腫瘤細(xì)胞具有強(qiáng)烈的抑制活性,其IC50為0.01~0.41 μM[4,5,10,11];高石蒜堿(40)對(duì)鼠癌細(xì)胞系(L5178)具有弱的活性(IC50=28.5 μM),但能夠提高阿霉素的抗腫瘤活性(Fix為0.63±0.05)[12];小星蒜堿(43)不僅對(duì)Hela和Vero細(xì)胞系具有較強(qiáng)的抑制活性,還可以抑制膠原蛋白Ⅰ的侵染[4,5];漳州水仙堿(46)對(duì)人類癌細(xì)胞系(MCF-7,HeLa和A431)以及鼠淋巴瘤細(xì)胞系(L5178)具有強(qiáng)烈的抗增殖活性(IC50為0.8~8.8 μM)[12];而加蘭他敏型[6]、石蒜寧堿型[4,5]和艾斯敏型[12]生物堿的細(xì)胞毒活性較差。

      表1 石蒜屬植物生物堿成分Table 1 Alkaloids fromLycoris

      30 11-Hydroxyvittatine(O-Demethylhaemanthamine) Ⅲ L.squamigera[43]31 Vittatine(維他廷;Crinine,文殊蘭堿) Ⅲ L.radiata[38,41,49];L.guangxiensis[36]32 Lycoricidine(石蒜西定) Ⅳ L.radiata[22,24];L.sanguinea[48];L.squamigera[43];L.traubii[16]33 Narciclasine(水仙環(huán)素;Lycoricidinol,石蒜西定醇) Ⅳ L.chinensis[35];L.radiata[22,24];L.sanguinea[48];L.squamigera[43];L.traubii[16]34 Arolycoricidine Ⅳ L.sanguinea[48]35 Arolycoricidinol(Narciprimine,水仙明) Ⅳ L.sanguinea[48]36 Lycorenine(石蒜倫堿,石蒜寧堿) Ⅴ L.albiflora[32];L.radiata[40]37 O-Methyllycorenine Ⅴ L.aurea[30];L.radiata[24,41]38 O-Methyllycorenine N-oxide Ⅴ L.radiata[41]39 Radiatine Ⅴ L.radiata[50]40 Homolycorine(高石蒜堿;Narcipoetine) Ⅴ L.aurea[30];L.radiata[38,40,41];L.albiflora[32]41 9-Demethylhomolycorine Ⅴ L.radiata[24,40,41]42 Homolycorine N-oxide Ⅴ L.radiata[41]43 Hippeastrine(小星蒜堿) Ⅴ L.aurea[30];L.radiata[24,38,40,41]44 Hippeastrine N-oxide Ⅴ L.radiata[41]45 Tazettine(水仙堿) Ⅵ L.aurea[34];L.radiata[38,41];L.sanguinea[48];L.squamigera[43]46 Pretazettine(漳州水仙堿) Ⅵ L.radiata[39,40]47 8-O-Methylpretazettine Ⅵ L.squamigera[43]48 3-O-Ethyltazettinol Ⅵ L.aurea[51]49 Squamigine Ⅶ L.squamigera[43]50 Montanine(山小星蒜堿) Ⅶ L.squamigera[43]51 2R-Hydroxy-O,N-dimethylnorbelladine Ⅷ L.squamigera[43]52 Lycosinine A Ⅸ L.aurea[30]53 Lycosinine B Ⅸ L.aurea[30]54 Ismine(艾斯敏) Ⅹ L.squamigera[43]

      2.2 乙酰膽堿酯酶(AChE)抑制活性

      加蘭他敏(15)對(duì)AChE具有長期的競爭性可逆抑制作用(IC50= 1.9 μM)[13],對(duì)老年性癡呆(Alzheimer's disease,AD)具有特殊的療效,其鹽酸鹽Reminyl?已批準(zhǔn)用于治療中早期的老年癡呆癥[14]。López等對(duì)隸屬于石蒜堿型、石蒜寧堿型、文殊蘭堿型、加蘭他敏型以及水仙堿型的22個(gè)生物堿進(jìn)行體外AChE抑制活性篩選,結(jié)果表明僅屬于石蒜堿型和加蘭他敏型的生物堿顯示有活性,其中Sanguinine(17)的活性是陽性對(duì)照加蘭他敏的十倍[15]。

      2.3 抗瘧疾活性

      體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,LT1(2)具有顯著的抗瘧疾活性,對(duì)惡性瘧原蟲(Plasmodium falciparum)K1和FCR3株系的IC50值分別為0.60 μg/mL和0.45 μg/ mL,選擇指數(shù)(SI)分別為13.5和18.0[16]。Sener等對(duì)石蒜堿型、文殊蘭堿型、水仙堿型和加蘭他敏型生物堿的抗瘧疾活性進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),石蒜堿(1)和網(wǎng)球花胺(29)對(duì)惡性瘧原蟲(P.falciparum)T9.96和K1株系的活性最高,其IC50值為0.38~1.03 μg/ mL;除加蘭他敏(15)外,其它生物堿的活性均高于陽性對(duì)照氯喹(IC50=6.06 μg/mL)和甲氟喹(IC50=3.94 μg/mL)[17]。Campbell等的研究也證實(shí)石蒜堿(1)具有很好的抗瘧疾活性[18]。

      2.4 作用于心血管系統(tǒng)

      Schmeda-Hirschmann等研究了隸屬于石蒜堿型、石蒜寧堿型、加蘭他敏型和文殊蘭堿型的20個(gè)生物堿對(duì)正常小鼠血壓的影響。在15 mg/kg的劑量下,加蘭他敏(15)、石蒜寧堿(36)、高石蒜堿(40)、9-O-去甲高石蒜堿(41)和艾斯敏(54)對(duì)血壓的降低率超過20%,持續(xù)時(shí)間為2.0~36.0 min[19]。

      2.5 抗病毒活性

      Szlávik等研究了石蒜堿(1)、網(wǎng)球花定(28)、網(wǎng)球花胺(29)、高石蒜堿(40)和水仙堿(45)對(duì)反轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒HIV的抑制活性,結(jié)果表明1、29和40具有較強(qiáng)的抗反轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒活性(TC50=0.75~1.0 μg/mL; ID50=0.4~7.3 μg/mL),但治療指數(shù)較低(TI50= 1.3~1.9);而28和45沒有活性[20]。Li等的研究證實(shí)石蒜堿(1)對(duì)SARS冠狀病毒有很好的活性,其EC50為15.7±1.2 nM,CC50為14980.0±912.0 nM,選擇指數(shù)(SI)高達(dá)900[21]。

      2.6 植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑

      Okamoto等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)石蒜(L.radiata)的甲醇提取物對(duì)燕麥生長和水稻種子的萌發(fā)具有強(qiáng)烈的抑制作用,并從中分離得到石蒜西定(32)和水仙環(huán)素(33);這兩個(gè)生物堿在濃度大于1 ppm時(shí)對(duì)燕麥生長和水稻的萌發(fā)具有抑制作用,并強(qiáng)烈抑制煙草愈傷組織的分化[22]。Iqbal等發(fā)現(xiàn)石蒜堿(1)作為化感物質(zhì)對(duì)周圍植物的生長具有抑制作用[23]。

      2.7 昆蟲拒食活性

      Numata等研究表明石蒜堿(1)和9-O-去甲高石蒜堿(41)對(duì)Eurema hecabe mandarina的幼蟲具有較強(qiáng)的拒食活性,濃度為0.05%時(shí)進(jìn)食率小于30%;石蒜寧堿(36)、6-O-甲基石蒜寧堿(37)和小星蒜堿(43)具有微弱的拒食活性[24]。

      2.8 其它活性

      Toriizuka等研究發(fā)現(xiàn) LT1(2)具有殺錐體蟲(Trypanosoma brucei)的活性,其 IC50值為1.9 μg/ mL,選擇指數(shù)(SI)為4.3[16]。Evidente等的研究表明水仙環(huán)素(33)對(duì)抗壞血酸(Ascorbic acid,AA)的生物合成具有強(qiáng)烈的抑制活性,當(dāng)其濃度為5 μM時(shí)抑制率為100%;石蒜堿(1)對(duì)AA的生物合成具有一定的抑制活性,當(dāng)其濃度為20 μM時(shí)抑制率為88%[25]。McNulty等研究了天然和半合成石蒜屬生物堿對(duì)細(xì)胞色素酶CYP450 3A4的抑制活性,結(jié)果表明加蘭他敏(15)和水仙環(huán)素(33)在低濃度(0.21~0.63 μM)時(shí)即對(duì)CYP450 3A4有抑制活性[26]。

      3 生源途徑

      從石蒜屬植物中已分離得到的10種骨架類型均是由苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸的代謝產(chǎn)物經(jīng)過一系列的生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的[27]。2,3-二羥基苯甲醛與酪胺縮合生成孤挺花定型生物堿去甲孤挺花定(Norbelladine),在兒茶酚O-甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的作用下,由S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)提供甲基生成4'-O-methylnorbelladine,再以之為前體進(jìn)行酚-酚偶聯(lián)生成各類石蒜屬生物堿(圖3)[28]。A為對(duì)-鄰位(para-ortho')偶聯(lián),之后由N原子提供電子形成石蒜堿型[28];隨后,C-6與N原子斷開形成雪花吲哚堿型[29],C-6再通過O原子與C-1相連則形成石蒜寧堿型[30];B為對(duì)-對(duì)位(para-para')偶聯(lián),經(jīng)N原子提供電子形成文殊蘭堿型[28];隨后,失去C-11和C-12生成水仙環(huán)素型[11,29],進(jìn)而C-6與N原子斷裂形成艾斯敏型;文殊蘭堿型的C-6與N斷開再通過O與C-11相連形成水仙堿型[31]。C為鄰-對(duì)(ortho-para')偶聯(lián),經(jīng)氧化、親核攻擊和還原等反應(yīng)生成加蘭他敏型[28]。在D中4'-O-methylnorbelladine經(jīng)車瑞靈型(Cheryline-type)轉(zhuǎn)化為高山網(wǎng)球花堿型[29]。因此,石蒜屬生物堿具有相同的起源,其間生源關(guān)系如圖3所示。

      4 展望

      國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)石蒜屬植物中的生物堿成分進(jìn)行了大量的研究,但仍不全面有待進(jìn)一步研究。我國石蒜屬植物資源豐富,應(yīng)充分利用其資源優(yōu)勢從中尋求新的抗癌、抗病毒、抗瘧疾以及能夠治療AD的藥物或前導(dǎo)藥物;同時(shí),深入了解石蒜屬生物堿的生物合成途徑,通過代謝工程提高藥效成分含量降低成本,從而推動(dòng)我國該領(lǐng)域制藥業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展。

      圖3 石蒜屬植物生物堿成分的可能生源途徑[28-31]Fig.3 Proposed biosynthetic pathways for theLycorisalkaloids

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      Research Progress of Alkaloids from Lycoris

      WANG Huan1,2,WANG Yue-hu1,CHEN Li-juan2,LONG Chun-lin1,3*

      1Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Kunming 650204,China;2College of Agronomy and Biotechnology,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650201,China;3College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China

      Lycorisis an endemic genus to East Asia.The genus is rich in alkaoids,and these secondary metabolites have cytotoxic,antimalarial,antiviral,anticholinesterase,and other activities.In this paper,chemical structures,pharmacological activities,and biogenesis of alkaloids fromLycorishave been discussed.

      Amaryllidaceae;Lycoris;Alkaloid

      R282.71

      A

      1001-6880(2012)05-0691-08

      2010-07-05 接受日期:2010-08-25

      *通訊作者 E-mail:long@mail.kib.ac.cn

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