吳 成(綜述),周曉鴻(審校)
(昆明醫(yī)學院第二附屬醫(yī)院皮膚科,昆明650033)
白癜風是一種獲得性、進展性、多因素性的皮膚色素異常性疾病,表現(xiàn)為慢性局限性的皮膚白斑,表皮黑素細胞功能進展性丟失[1]。本病在世界范圍內(nèi)發(fā)病率為1%~2%,我國人群中患病率在0.1%~2.7%,沒有性別及種族的差異性,通常在兒童期或青年期發(fā)病,20歲前發(fā)病者占50%,而發(fā)病早于14歲的占25%[2]。發(fā)病機制主要有遺傳因素、神經(jīng)精神因素、MC自毀、免疫學說、細胞因子因素、自由基因素、微量元素相對缺乏說,但確切機制尚未明確。自身免疫機制為大多數(shù)人認可,大量的研究表明細胞免疫因素在白癜風的發(fā)病機制中起著重要的作用,在此對白癜風發(fā)病過程、相關(guān)治療及應(yīng)用的研究現(xiàn)狀進行綜述。
自身免疫疾病往往和外周T細胞的功能發(fā)揮異常有關(guān),從而可推測在白癜風的發(fā)病機制中外周T細胞起著重要的作用。雖然目前關(guān)于T細胞參與白癜風患者皮膚黑色細胞破壞的確切機制尚不清楚,但眾多研究表明其在白癜風的發(fā)病、發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。
1.3 黑素細胞損傷及凋亡
1.3.1 淋巴細胞皮膚歸巢受體 黑素細胞(melanocyte,MC)是唯一能使皮膚產(chǎn)生色素沉著的細胞,先前研究認為淋巴細胞皮膚歸巢受體在白癜風患者皮膚MC損傷過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,其機制是通過一種皮膚淋巴細胞相關(guān)抗原(cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen,CLA)起作用,CLA可吸引外周CD8+T細胞攻擊皮膚細胞。近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MelanA/MART-1特異性CD8+T細胞也具有淋巴細胞的皮膚歸巢受體的能力,在皮損周圍的皮膚中高密度存在,并發(fā)現(xiàn)這些細胞在體外也具有MC毒性作用,認為這和病情的擴散和嚴重性有關(guān)[10-11]。研究顯示白癜風患者皮損周圍的T細胞分泌的Ⅰ型細胞因子受體和MelanA/MART-1具有相似的作用[12],其基礎(chǔ)是MART-1在gp100的協(xié)助作用下使黑素綜合體產(chǎn)生黑素沉積[13]。在細胞介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)現(xiàn),特異性T淋巴細胞對gp100抗原反應(yīng)明顯高于對其他抗原的反應(yīng),且在白癜風進展期更顯著[14]。Manatovanis等[15]對特異性CT細胞分子的功能基礎(chǔ)研究認為,高親和力的T細胞能特異性破壞正常MC,認為不同類型的白癜風發(fā)展程度的不同可能與這一機制有關(guān)。體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),具有HLA-A2/gp 100280~288抗原表位的CTL浸潤后的表皮及真皮中很少有完整的MC,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)在特異性gp 100280~288刺激后能產(chǎn)生大量的干擾素 γ(interferon γ,IFN-γ),而在缺乏 HLA-A2/gp 100280~288抗原表位時不發(fā)生這種現(xiàn)象[16]。采用酶聯(lián)反應(yīng)技術(shù)對HLA-A2+白癜風患者外周血進行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)絡(luò)氨酸酶、gp100、酪氨酸酶相關(guān)抗原2、特異性T細胞并沒有參與白癜風反應(yīng),先前被認為能表達皮膚歸巢受體的 Melan-A/MART-1也沒有表達[17]。對于這些具有爭論的結(jié)果,還需要更進一步的研究。
動物模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn)C5TBL/6小鼠CTL識別黑素細胞酪氨酸酶相關(guān)抗原2的黑素破壞過程可分為兩個階段。①誘導(dǎo)階段:在擴增的T細胞輔助下酪氨酸酶相關(guān)抗原2特異性T細胞活化和擴增;②效應(yīng)階段:在局部炎性反應(yīng)過程中MC發(fā)生自身免疫的損傷,這一過程依賴于T細胞的皮膚歸巢受體的遷移[18]。采用免疫組化學方法檢測到白癜風患者皮損及非皮損周圍Treg減少并發(fā)現(xiàn)皮膚歸巢細胞因子CCL22分泌的減少,這也許能解釋Treg的循環(huán)障礙及其導(dǎo)致的皮膚歸巢的紊亂,這些都能導(dǎo)致白癜風患者病程的延長及自身MC的破壞。并提出在Treg缺失的情況下會導(dǎo)致進一步的色素脫失這一假說[19]。
2.1 朗格漢斯細胞 朗格漢斯細胞(Langerhans cell,LC)是一種可攝取和處理入侵的抗原并具有抗原遞呈功能的細胞。目前在白癜風患者的皮膚中的含量沒有統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論,同一患者采用不同的研究方法所得到的數(shù)據(jù)也會不同,這可能與白癜風的類型、使用的技術(shù)及不同位置皮膚活檢有關(guān)[22]。在上皮中LC呈遞抗原給T細胞,在白癜風進展期患者發(fā)現(xiàn)LC的密度升高,提示LC參與了白癜風皮膚MC損傷的免疫過程,但LC在白癜風發(fā)病機制中的作用仍不清楚。
2.2 自然殺傷細胞 自然殺傷(natural killer,NK)細胞在固有免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,可通過抗體依賴細胞介導(dǎo)的細胞毒性作用殺傷靶細胞。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),白癜風患者中大量異常NK細胞的存在能使活性受體增加,而抑制性受體
2.3 樹突狀細胞 樹突狀細胞是一種專制抗原呈遞細胞,其廣泛的用于免疫療法中,常用作抗原的結(jié)合體用于誘導(dǎo)目標免疫反應(yīng)。有研究表明,在白癜風的發(fā)病過程中它能促進NK細胞增殖,增強其細胞毒活性,擴大其殺傷效應(yīng)以及刺激NK細胞分泌更多的IFN-γ[25-26]。這些因素都可能加重MC的損傷。
2.4 巨噬細胞 在白癜風皮損處發(fā)現(xiàn)有巨噬細胞的參與,在皮損周圍密度升高[27],這可能與巨噬細胞參與CTL細胞介導(dǎo)的MC損傷過程有關(guān)。
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