馮永民 綜述 潘慶軍 劉華鋒 審校
(廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院腎臟疾病研究所,湛江524001)
嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞已被認(rèn)知130余年,特別是近年來(lái)隨著動(dòng)物敲除模型的建立、高純度細(xì)胞分選技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,以及單克隆抗體技術(shù)的發(fā)展,對(duì)其表型和功能認(rèn)識(shí)更加的深入和全面,發(fā)現(xiàn)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞不僅參與過(guò)敏反應(yīng),而且在固有性免疫及免疫調(diào)節(jié)方面也發(fā)揮了重要作用[1]。已知,活化是嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞發(fā)揮其生物學(xué)功能的關(guān)鍵步驟,對(duì)其活化機(jī)制的研究,也已從經(jīng)典的IgE介導(dǎo)的活化,發(fā)展到多途徑的活化機(jī)制。本文謹(jǐn)對(duì)目前嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
外周循環(huán)或定植于組織的成熟嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞主要由骨髓CD34+的造血祖細(xì)胞分化而來(lái)。在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平其分化受兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(C/EBPα and GATA2)的調(diào)控[2],IL-3可調(diào)節(jié)這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的表達(dá),從而影響嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的早期生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[3]。如IL-3缺陷在Th2免疫應(yīng)答中明顯導(dǎo)致嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的分化受限,但嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞在IL-3缺陷幼稚小鼠中的分化與野生型小鼠并沒(méi)有差別[4,5],說(shuō)明嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞在穩(wěn)態(tài)時(shí)的分化不依賴于IL-3,而在Th2相關(guān)炎癥反應(yīng)時(shí),IL-3卻明顯促進(jìn)了骨髓中嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的分化。
目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞能被細(xì)胞因子、抗體、蛋白酶、Toll樣受體配體和補(bǔ)體介導(dǎo)的一系列信號(hào)所活化。其活化后,可產(chǎn)生各種效應(yīng)分子,包括組胺、白三烯和抗微生物肽,以及 IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和趨化因子等,此外還會(huì)表達(dá)活化相關(guān)膜標(biāo)記物,如CD203c 和 CD63 等[1]。
2.1 細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)的活化 IL-3不僅能促進(jìn)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的成熟和分化,而且能誘導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分泌相應(yīng)的細(xì)胞因子和表達(dá)膜表面抗原分子。用IL-3處理嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞可明顯增加包括IL-4等細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[6,7]。此外,IL-3 處理能明顯上調(diào)人嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞膜表面抗原的表達(dá),包括CD203c和ST2(IL-33 受體)等[8,9]。除 IL-3 外,目前較受關(guān)注的IL-1家族成員IL-18和IL-33同樣能活化和增強(qiáng)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的功能[9,10]。IL-18主要由巨噬細(xì)胞和肥大細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,能通過(guò)MyD88信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)小鼠骨髓來(lái)源的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分泌Th2型細(xì)胞因子[10]。然而,人嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞雖然表達(dá)IL-18受體,但I(xiàn)L-18并不能活化人嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞[9,11]。IL-33主要由表皮成纖維細(xì)胞、氣道上皮細(xì)胞和支氣管平滑肌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,與IL-18類似,IL-33同樣可通過(guò)MyD88信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)小鼠骨髓來(lái)源的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分泌IL-4和IL-13[10]。此外,IL-33能誘導(dǎo)人外周血來(lái)源的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分泌 IL-4、IL-5、IL-6 和 IL-13[12]。作為IL-17家族成員的IL-25在Th2免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮重要作用[13],可能也參與了嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化[14]。來(lái)源于季節(jié)性過(guò)敏性鼻炎患者的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞高表達(dá)IL-25受體(IL-17RB),在IL-25作用下,嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的凋亡減少和IgE介導(dǎo)的脫顆粒明顯增加[14]。
2.2 免疫球蛋白介導(dǎo)的活化 嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞通過(guò)IgE高親和力受體FcεRl與IgE-抗原復(fù)合物交聯(lián),可激活一系列信號(hào)通路,包括信號(hào)分子Fyn、Syk、Lyn、PI3k和Akt等,共同誘導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞活化進(jìn)而釋放炎性介質(zhì)[15-17]。同時(shí),活化后的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞一系列表面分子表達(dá)上調(diào),如CD203c、CD63和CD11b等[18-20]。最近在一個(gè) Th2主導(dǎo)狼瘡樣小鼠模型(Lyn-/-)中發(fā)現(xiàn):外周血中嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞能被自身反應(yīng)性 IgE 免疫復(fù)合物活化[21]。Tsujimura 等[22]報(bào)道,用三硝基苯酚-BSA(TNP-BSA)攻擊已用TNP特異性IgG1單抗預(yù)致敏的C57BL/6小鼠或肥大細(xì)胞缺失的 C57BL/6小鼠(C57BL/6-KitW-sh/W-sh),可誘發(fā)顯著的過(guò)敏反應(yīng),而IgG1單抗預(yù)致敏前清除嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞則可顯著抑制所誘發(fā)的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。而用TNP特異性IgE單抗預(yù)致敏的C57BL/6小鼠,清除嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞對(duì)所誘發(fā)的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)無(wú)顯著影響。說(shuō)明清除嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞可影響IgG1介導(dǎo)的過(guò)敏反應(yīng),而對(duì)IgE介導(dǎo)者無(wú)影響。同時(shí),青霉素V-BSA(PenV-BSA)和其特異性IgG1單抗形成的復(fù)合物可體外活化脾臟來(lái)源的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生PAF,說(shuō)明特異性IgG1也可介導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化。此外,B細(xì)胞分化早期所產(chǎn)生另一類免疫球蛋白IgD,在上呼吸道感染時(shí)高表達(dá)于上呼吸道,可活化嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生廣譜的抗微生物肽[23],說(shuō)明IgD介導(dǎo)的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞活化在上呼吸道感染中可能發(fā)揮潛在抗感染作用。但有趣的是,IgD介導(dǎo)的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞活化并不影響組胺的釋放[23],提示IgD介導(dǎo)其活化不同于IgE。此外,IgD介導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞活化后可產(chǎn)生IL-4和B細(xì)胞刺激因子等,而且活化的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞可促使B淋巴細(xì)胞分泌免疫球蛋白IgM、IgD和IgA[23]。至于在機(jī)體內(nèi)哪一類免疫球蛋白介導(dǎo)活化為主,可能與致病原種類、數(shù)量和產(chǎn)生的特異性抗體有關(guān)。
2.3 蛋白酶和糖蛋白類介導(dǎo)的活化 房塵螨抗原Der p1是一種活化的蛋白酶,能在缺乏抗原特異性IgE情況下直接誘導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞系KU812細(xì)胞和純化的人嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分泌細(xì)胞因子IL-4、IL-5和IL-13。而使用蛋白酶抑制劑作用于Derp1后,卻明顯消除了上述抗原對(duì)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化作用[24]。此外,鉤蟲所分泌的蛋白酶被證實(shí)同樣能誘導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分泌Th2型細(xì)胞因子[24]。已知,蛋白酶活化受體(PARs)是一類潛在受體家族,它能夠感知蛋白酶類活性,能夠活化固有和獲得性免疫細(xì)胞[25]。然而,目前并沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明人類或小鼠嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)所謂的PARs[26]。因此,蛋白酶類直接活化嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞可能由于嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)其它類似于PARs的受體,或是通過(guò)別的分子機(jī)制。
另外,當(dāng)HIV感染機(jī)體后,gp120通過(guò)結(jié)合免疫球蛋白IgE的VH3區(qū)而活化嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞,并釋放IL-4和IL-13[27],而且血吸蟲來(lái)源的糖蛋白IPSE/alpa-1同樣不依賴于抗原特異性的方式誘導(dǎo)小鼠嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生 IL-4[28]。
2.4 模式識(shí)別受體介導(dǎo)的活化 已知人嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)一系列 Toll like receptor(TLR),包括TLR2、TLR4、TLR9 和 TLR10,其中顯著表達(dá) TLR2和 TLR4[29,30],提示嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞能夠直接識(shí)別各種病原體產(chǎn)生的病原相關(guān)分子模式。如TLR2配體肽聚糖能在體外刺激嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分泌IL-4和IL-13,而 TLR4配體卻對(duì)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞作用不明顯[30,31]。而日本學(xué)者分別用 TLR2和 TLR4配體處理潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者來(lái)源的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種處理后的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞均能分泌大量的IL-4。可見(jiàn)TLR2和TLR4均可能介導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化。
此外,嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞也表達(dá)一系列補(bǔ)體受體,包括CR1、CR2和CR3等。研究表明,補(bǔ)體片段 C5a能誘導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞釋放組胺,而此作用并不依賴于 IgE 的介導(dǎo)[32]。
嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化表現(xiàn)為組胺、白三烯、細(xì)胞因子等活性介質(zhì)的釋放以及相應(yīng)膜抗原的表達(dá)上調(diào)[1]。目前檢測(cè)其活化的方法包括ELISA和生化法檢測(cè)組胺和相應(yīng)細(xì)胞因子的釋放量以及應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞表面膜抗原免疫學(xué)標(biāo)記物,其中流式細(xì)胞術(shù)的應(yīng)用更加廣泛[33,34]。既往CD63被廣泛用于嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞活化檢測(cè),但現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)CD63不是嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的特異性標(biāo)記物,也不是流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)的敏感參數(shù)指標(biāo)[19,35]。目前的研究表明,CD203c是嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的特異性標(biāo)記物,而且是一個(gè)敏感的活化指標(biāo)[20,36]。此外,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)不但可定性檢測(cè)CD203c陽(yáng)性的細(xì)胞數(shù)量,而且同時(shí)可定量檢測(cè)CD203c的平均熒光強(qiáng)度。因此,常用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)CD203c的表達(dá)水平來(lái)評(píng)估嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化程度。
4.1 外周嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的純化 目前公認(rèn)的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞純化技術(shù)包括應(yīng)用特異性單克隆抗體選擇性標(biāo)記目的細(xì)胞群的免疫磁珠負(fù)選(或正選)和流式細(xì)胞分選術(shù)[37-39]。但遺憾的是,雖然上述嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞分離純度高達(dá)95%以上,但獲取率僅有60%左右[39,40],必然需要大量的樣本,這對(duì)以患者為對(duì)象的研究帶來(lái)極大的困擾,而且上述純化技術(shù)費(fèi)用昂貴。
4.2 嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞細(xì)胞系 部分研究使用了細(xì)胞系KU812或KU812F作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象。KU812細(xì)胞是從慢性髓性白血病患者體內(nèi)獲取建立起來(lái)的一種未成熟的嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞。Masuko等[41]對(duì)KU812F細(xì)胞進(jìn)行甲苯胺藍(lán)染色(一種嗜堿性顆粒的特殊染色)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)大約30%KU812F細(xì)胞胞漿內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)異染顆粒,而用IL-3(20 ng/ml)作用3天后,呈現(xiàn)異染顆粒的 KU812F細(xì)胞增加至46%,這表明IL-3能誘導(dǎo)KU812F細(xì)胞分化成熟為嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞。另有報(bào)道,細(xì)胞因子IL-4、TNF-α及IL-6等能誘導(dǎo)KU812細(xì)胞部分呈成熟嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞表型[42,43]。同時(shí),部分學(xué)者直接使用未經(jīng) IL-3誘導(dǎo)的KU812細(xì)胞作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象研究藥物對(duì)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞活性的影響,結(jié)果顯示KU812細(xì)胞和人純化嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞受該藥物作用效應(yīng)類似[44]。但未經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)的KU812細(xì)胞形態(tài)及功能與人成熟嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞差異較大,而且未誘導(dǎo)成熟的KU812細(xì)胞對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的影響無(wú)法評(píng)估。因此,用細(xì)胞系 KU812/KU812F作為嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞研究對(duì)象仍需要進(jìn)一步的斟酌和反復(fù)的驗(yàn)證。
Reimer等[40]用IL-3作用來(lái)源于人臍帶血的白細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞FcεR1和CD203c的表達(dá)上調(diào),但在臍帶血培養(yǎng)的早期,卻發(fā)現(xiàn)約60%CD203c陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞也表達(dá)HLA-DR,而HLADR在正常成熟嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞無(wú)表達(dá)。這表明IL-3雖可誘導(dǎo)人臍帶血細(xì)胞分化成熟為嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞,但是由于HLA-DR陽(yáng)性的前體細(xì)胞沒(méi)有得到有效的分離純化而導(dǎo)致嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的獲得率僅24%左右。
此外,小鼠骨髓細(xì)胞在IL-3作用下培養(yǎng)9~10天可分化為表達(dá)DX5+的成熟嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞,但同樣需要昂貴的免疫磁珠正(負(fù))選分離純化技術(shù)[45,46]。
近年對(duì)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的研究已經(jīng)取得了令人矚目的新進(jìn)展,Karasuyama等[47]撰文稱嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞為“一個(gè)被忽視的小群體重新贏得了尊重”,而嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化是研究其生物學(xué)功能的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。除免疫球蛋白IgE可介導(dǎo)其活化外,非IgE途徑包括IgG1、IgD、細(xì)胞因子以及TLR等介導(dǎo)其活化的途徑也越來(lái)越得到更多的關(guān)注和認(rèn)可。闡明嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的活化機(jī)制,有助于對(duì)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞參與的相關(guān)疾病如變應(yīng)性炎癥和自身免疫疾病等的機(jī)理研究和防治提供新的治療靶點(diǎn)。同時(shí),尋求更經(jīng)濟(jì)和可靠的原代嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞系的獲取手段勢(shì)在必行。
1 Chirumbolo S.State-of-the-art review about basophil research in immunology and allergy:is the time right to treat these cells with the respect they deserve?[J].Blood Transfus,2012;10(2):148-164.
2 Ohmori K,Luo Y,Jia Y et al.IL-3 induces basophil expansion in vivo by directing granulocyte-monocyte progenitors to differentiate into basophil lineage-restricted progenitors in the bone marrow and by increasing the number of basophil/mast cell progenitors in the spleen[J].J Immunol,2009;182(5):2835-2841.
3 Arinobu Y,Iwasaki H,Akashi K.Origin of basophils and mast cells[J].Allergol Int,2009;58(1):21-28.
4 Shen T,Kim S,Do J S et al.T cell-derived IL-3 plays key role in parasite infection-induced basophil production but is dispensable for in vivo basophil survival[J].Int Immunol,2008;20(9):1201-1209.
5 Lantz C S,Boesiger J,Song C H et al.Role for interleukin-3 in mast-cell and basophil development and in immunity to parasites[J].Nature,1998;392(6671):90-93.
6 Lantz C S,Min B,Tsai M et al.IL-3 is required for increases in blood basophils in nematode infection in mice and can enhance IgE-dependent IL-4 production by basophils in vitro[J].Lab Invest,2008;88(11):1134-1142.
7 Hida S,Yamasaki S,Sakamoto Y et al.Fc receptor gamma-chain,a constitutive component of the IL-3 receptor,is required for IL-3-induced IL-4 production in basophils[J].Nat Immunol,2009;10(2):214-222.
8 Hauswirth A W,Sonneck K,F(xiàn)lorian S et al.Interleukin-3 promotes the expression of E-NPP3/CD203C on human blood basophils in healthy subjects and in patients with birch pollen allergy[J].Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol,2007;20(2):267-278.
9 Pecaric-Petkovic T,Didichenko S A,Kaempfer S et al.Human basophils and eosinophils are the direct target leukocytes of the novel IL-1 family member IL-33[J].Blood,2009;113(7):1526-1534.
10 Kroeger K M,Sullivan B M,Locksley R M.IL-18 and IL-33 elicit Th2 cytokines from basophils via a MyD88-and p38alpha-dependent pathway[J].J Leukoc Biol,2009;86(4):769-778.
11 Florian S,Sonneck K,Czerny M et al.Detection of novel leukocyte differentiation antigens on basophils and mast cells by HLDA8 antibodies[J].Allergy,2006;61(9):1054-1062.
12 Smithgall M D,Comeau M R,Yoon B R et al.IL-33 amplifies both Th1-and Th2-type responses through its activity on human basophils,allergen-reactive Th2 cells,iNKT and NK cells[J].Int Immunol,2008;20(8):1019-1030.
13 Fort M M,Cheung J,Yen D et al.IL-25 induces IL-4,IL-5,and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo[J].Immunity,2001;15(6):985-995.
14 Wang H,Mobini R,F(xiàn)ang Y et al.Allergen challenge of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis increases IL-17RB,which regulates basophil apoptosis and degranulation[J].Clin Exp Allergy,2010;40(8):1194-1202.
15 MacGlashan D,Jr.IgE receptor and signal transduction in mast cells and basophils[J].Curr Opin Immunol,2008;20(6):717-723.
16 MacGlashan D W,Jr.Self-termination/anergic mechanisms in human basophils and mast cells[J].Int Arch Allergy Immunol,2009;150(2):109-121.
17 Gilfillan A M,Peavy R D,Metcalfe D D.Amplification mechanisms for the enhancement of antigen-mediated mast cell activation[J].Immunol Res,2009;43(1-3):15-24.
18 Sonneck K,Baumgartner C,Rebuzzi L et al.Recombinant allergens promote expression of aminopeptidase-n(CD13)on basophils in allergic patients[J].Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol,2008;21(1):11-21.
19 Chirumbolo S,Vella A,Ortolani R et al.Differential response of human basophil activation markers:a multi-parameter flow cytometry approach[J].Clin Mol Allergy,2008;6:12.
20 Buhring H J,Streble A,Valent P.The basophil-specific ectoenzyme E-NPP3(CD203c)as a marker for cell activation and allergy diagnosis[J].Int Arch Allergy Immunol,2004;133(4):317-329.
21 Charles N,Hardwick D,Daugas E et al.Basophils and the T helper 2 environment can promote the development of lupus nephritis[J].Nat Med,2010;16(6):701-707.
22 Tsujimura Y,Obata K,Mukai K et al.Basophils play a pivotal role in immunoglobulin-G-mediated but not immunoglobulin-E-mediated systemic anaphylaxis[J].Immunity,2008;28(4):581-589.
23 Chen K,Xu W,Wilson M et al.Immunoglobulin D enhances immune surveillance by activating antimicrobial,proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in basophils[J].Nat Immunol,2009;10(8):889-898.
24 Phillips C,Coward W R,Pritchard D I et al.Basophils express a type 2 cytokine profile on exposure to proteases from helminths and house dust mites[J].J Leukoc Biol,2003;73(1):165-171.
25 Shpacovitch V,F(xiàn)eld M,Hollenberg M D et al.Role of protease-activated receptors in inflammatory responses,innate and adaptive immunity[J].J Leukoc Biol,2008;83(6):1309-1322.
26 Falcone F H,Morroll S,Gibbs B F.Lack of protease activated receptor(PAR)expression in purified human basophils[J].Inflamm Res,2005;54(Suppl 1):S13-S14.
27 Patella V,F(xiàn)lorio G,Petraroli A et al.HIV-1 gp120 induces IL-4 and IL-13 release from human Fc epsilon RI+cells through interaction with the VH3 region of IgE[J].J Immunol,2000;164(2):589-595.
28 Schramm G,Mohrs K,Wodrich M et al.Cutting edge:IPSE/alpha-1,a glycoprotein from Schistosoma mansoni eggs,induces IgE-dependent,antigen-independent IL-4 production by murine basophils in vivo[J].J Immunol,2007;178(10):6023-6027.
29 Komiya A,Nagase H,Okugawa S et al.Expression and function of toll-like receptors in human basophils[J].Int Arch Allergy Immunol,2006;140 Suppl 1:23-27.
30 Sabroe I,Jones E C,Usher L R et al.Toll-like receptor(TLR)2 and TLR4 in human peripheral blood granulocytes:a critical role for monocytes in leukocyte lipopolysaccharide responses[J].J Immunol,2002;168(9):4701-4710.
31 Bieneman A P,Chichester K L,Chen Y H et al.Toll-like receptor 2 ligands activate human basophils for both IgE-dependent and IgE-independent secretion[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2005;115(2):295-301.
32 Siraganian R P,Hook W A.Complement-induced histamine release from human basophils.II.Mechanism of the histamine release reaction[J].J Immunol,1976;116(3):639-646.
33 Verweij M M,De Knop K J,Bridts C H et al.P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction in the diagnosis and follow up of immunotherapy of wasp venom allergy[J].Cytometry B Clin Cytom,2010;78(5):302-307.
34 Wedi B,Kapp A.Cellular in-vitro assays.Applicability in daily routine[J].Hautarzt,2010;61(11):954-960.
35 Sanz M L,Sanchez G,Gamboa P M et al.Allergen-induced basophil activation:CD63 cell expression detected by flow cytometry in patients allergic to dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Lolium perenne[J].Clin Exp Allergy,2001;31(7):1007-1013.
36 Hauswirth A W,Natter S,Ghannadan M et al.Recombinant allergens promote expression of CD203c on basophils in sensitized individuals[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2002;110(1):102-109.
37 Metcalfe D D.Isolation of human basophils[J].Curr Protoc Immunol,2001;7:7-24.
38 Gibbs B F,Papenfuss K,F(xiàn)alcone F H.A comparison of procedures for purifying human basophils to near homogeneity[J].Inflamm Res,2008;57(Suppl 1):S11-S12.
39 Yang L,Xu WG,Xu Y P et al.Method for umbilical cord bloodderived basophils by FCM[J].Hybridoma(Larchmt),2010;29(4):367-370.
40 Reimer J M,Magnusson S,Juremalm M et al.Isolation of transcriptionally active umbilical cord blood-derived basophils expressing Fc epsilon RI,HLA-DR and CD203c[J].Allergy,2006;61(9):1063-1070.
41 Masuko M,Koike T,Toba K et al.Expression of eosinophil peroxidase in the immature basophil cell line KU812-F[J].Leuk Res,1999;23(2):99-104.
42 Nilsson G,Carlsson M,Jones I et al.TNF-alpha and IL-6 induce differentiation in the human basophilic leukaemia cell line KU812[J].Immunology,1994;81(1):73-78.
43 Hara T,Yamada K,Tachibana H.Basophilic differentiation of the human leukemia cell line KU812 upon treatment with interleukin-4[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,1998;247(3):542-548.
44 Blatt K,Herrmann H,Mirkina I et al.The PI3-kinase/mTOR-targeting drug NVP-BEZ235 inhibits growth and IgE-dependent activation of human mast cells and basophils[J].PLoS One,2012;7(1):e29925.
45 Tawara I,Nieves E,Liu C et al.Host basophils are dispensable for induction of donor T helper 2 cell differentiation and severity of experimental graft-versus-host disease[J].Biol Blood Marrow Transplant,2011;17(12):1747-1753.
46 Sokol C L,Chu N Q,Yu S et al.Basophils function as antigenpresenting cells for an allergen-induced T helper type 2 response[J].Nat Immunol,2009;10(7):713-720.
47 Karasuyama H,Mukai K,Tsujimura Y et al.Newly discovered roles for basophils:a neglected minority gains new respect[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2009;9(1):9-13.