王志濱,李毅
(福州大學土木工程學院,福建福州 350116)
鋼管混凝土由于強度高、抗震性能良好、經(jīng)濟性和施工速度快等優(yōu)點,已被廣泛的應用于大跨、高聳的建筑和結構中.其截面形式主要包括圓形、方形和矩形三種.國內外研究者針對以上三種鋼管混凝土軸壓短柱進行了大量的試驗研究.但僅有試驗研究是不夠的,有限元法作為一種有效的補充可進一步擴大研究的參數(shù)范圍,同時還可較為深入的分析鋼管混凝土中應力、應變和約束力的大小和變化規(guī)律.而有限元軟件ABAQUS由于其強大的非線性功能,正受到越來越多研究者的青睞.研究者們建議了多種適合該軟件使用的鋼管混凝土軸壓短柱的有限元模型.其中文獻[1]和文獻[2]中建議的模型被許多研究者所采用.
本文分析了340個圓形、方形和矩形鋼管混凝土軸壓短柱的試驗數(shù)據(jù)[3-23],并利用以上試驗數(shù)據(jù)驗證文獻[1]和文獻[2]中建議的有限元模型的精度,給出以上兩個模型適用范圍的建議.
混凝土采用C3D8R單元,鋼管采用SR4單元.混凝土和鋼管的切線接觸采用庫倫摩擦,摩擦系數(shù)統(tǒng)一取為0.6;法線接觸采用硬接觸.
對鋼材,文獻[1]采用理想彈塑性模型.對于混凝土,文獻[1]采用ABAQUS軟件中的“Drucker Prager”模型,其摩擦角取為20°;雙軸等壓抗壓強度和等三軸抗壓強度的比值取為0.8;并建議了如下混凝土單軸受壓應力(σ)-應變(ε)關系模型:
圓形截面:
方形截面:
圓形截面:
方形截面:
其中:r為文獻[24]建議的考慮混凝土強度影響的折減系數(shù),當fcu等于30和100 MPa時該值分別取為1和0.5,其余情況可采用插值求得.
文獻[2]中鋼材單軸應力-應變關系采用考慮二次塑流的五段式模型.對于混凝土,文獻[2]采用ABAQUS中混凝土塑性損傷模型,其膨脹角取為30°;雙軸等壓抗壓強度和單軸抗壓強度的比值取為2/3;并建議了如下混凝土單軸受壓應力(σ)-應變(ε)關系模型:
式中:x=ε/εcc;y=σ/fc';εcc=εc0+800ξ0.2×10-6;εc0=(1 300+12.5fc')×10-6;ξ為鋼管約束效應系數(shù)(ξ=fyAs/(fckAc),其中:fy和fck分別為鋼材屈服強度和混凝土軸心抗壓強度標準值;As和Ac分別為鋼管和核心混凝土的橫截面積);η和β0的計算詳見文獻[2].
采用模型1和模型2對現(xiàn)有的340個試驗數(shù)據(jù)進行模擬,有限元計算的極限承載力和試驗實測結果的對比列于圖1和圖2中.圖中:Nue和Nuc分別代表鋼管混凝土軸壓構件的試驗實測承載力和有限元模擬的承載力.兩個模型計算求得的Nue/Nuc的均值和方差均列于表1中.由圖1、圖2和表1可發(fā)現(xiàn):兩個模型均可很好預測鋼管混凝土軸壓短柱的極限承載力.對于圓鋼管混凝土構件,當約束效應系數(shù)(ξ)介于0.5~2.5之間時,兩個模型預測極限承載力的精度均較高;當ξ小于0.5時,兩個有限元模型預測的極限承載力均偏低;當ξ大于2.5時,兩個有限元模型預測的極限承載力均偏高.
同時,圖3中給出了部分實測鋼管混凝土軸壓短柱荷載-變形關系曲線和有限元模擬結果的比較.可見,采用模型2模擬的荷載-變形關系曲線和試驗實測曲線吻合的更好;采用模型1求得的荷載-變形關系曲線的后期承載力要高于試驗實測值.
圖1 采用模型1預測的極限承載力和試驗實測極限承載力的比較Fig.1 Comparison between measured strength and predicted strength using model 1
圖2 采用模型2預測的極限承載力和試驗實測極限承載力的比較Fig.2 Comparison between measured strength and predicted strength using model 2
表1 有限元預測極限承載力和試驗實測值的比較Tab.1 Comparison results of FE predictions with measured ultimate strength
圖3 鋼管混凝土構件N-ε計算曲線和試驗實測曲線的比較Fig.3 Comparison between predicted and measured N - ε curves for CFST specimens
1)兩個模型均可很好的預測鋼管混凝土軸壓短柱的極限承載力.
2)對于圓鋼管混凝土構件,當約束效應系數(shù)(ξ)介于0.5~2.5之間時,兩個模型預測極限承載力的精度均較高;當ξ小于0.5時,兩個有限元模型預測的極限承載力均偏低;當ξ大于2.5時,兩個有限元模型預測的極限承載力均偏高.
3)采用文獻[2]建議的有限元模型模擬的鋼管混凝土構件的荷載-變形曲線和試驗實測曲線吻合的更好.
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