無論做什么事情,掌握正確的方法和技巧是最關(guān)鍵的,做完形填空題也不例外。本文中,筆者將以2013年高考完形填空題為例,全面探討完形填空題的11個(gè)解題方法。只要大家能靈活運(yùn)用這些方法,“完形”便不再可怕。
1.利用文章首句信息進(jìn)行解題
完形填空題中,文章的首句一般不設(shè)空,保持一個(gè)完整的句子,這有助于考生判斷文章體裁,預(yù)測全文主旨大意。有時(shí)第一句就是文章主題句,這就為理解全文及后面的解題提供了很大幫助。
例:When I was 8 years old, I once decided to run away from home. With my suitcase 36(packed) and some sandwiches in a bag, I started for the front door and said to Mom, “I’m leaving.”
“If you want to 37 , that’s all right,” she said. “But you came into this home without anything and you can leave the same way.”(2013年湖南卷)
37.A.drop out B.go by
C.move around D.run away
解析:D。文中首句提到“我曾經(jīng)決定離家出走”,可知媽媽說的是“如你想離家出走,沒有關(guān)系”。drop out意為“退出、輟學(xué)”,go by意為“走過”,move around意為“四處移動”,run away意為“跑走”。
2.利用語法知識進(jìn)行解題
完形填空中純考查語法現(xiàn)象的題目逐漸減少,但仍有些題目要靠語法知識才能解答。針對這種題目,既要對具體語法結(jié)構(gòu)、句式特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,又要理解上下文邏輯關(guān)系。
例1:Still shaky and unsure 36 to do next, my friends and I went to a table and sat there, trying our best to look 37(calm) . A moment later, the man came out of the washroom and 38(approach) our table.(2013年陜西卷)
36.A.how B.who C.what D.which
解析:C。這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可接不定式,但由于to do后缺少賓語,因此要用what;如要選how,那么to do后要加賓語。
例2:“What are you doing?” a voice asked. Diane jumped. She did not know that the man was there 44 he spoke. “I’m going diving,” she answered.(2013年江西卷)
44.A.when B.until C.after D.once
解析:B。句意為“Diane不知道那個(gè)男人在那里,直到他開口說話”,not...until...意為“直到……才……”,符合語境。
3.利用詞語的固定搭配進(jìn)行解題
高中英語中,動詞、形容詞、名詞、介詞等搭配比較豐富,靈活多樣,為完形填空設(shè)題提供了很好的角度。命題者設(shè)題時(shí)往往會抽出固定搭配的某個(gè)詞語,配以若干選項(xiàng)造成意思混淆,或在原固定搭配中插入其他語言結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行干擾。當(dāng)然,若考生能熟記英語中的常用固定搭配,并能做到靈活應(yīng)用的話,這種題目難度就不大了。
例1:37(Or) perhaps you’re interested in the 38 (literature) , films or music of a different country and you know how much it will help to have a 39 of the language.(2013年安徽卷)
39.A.view B.knowledge
C.form D.database
解析:B。本句句意:或許你對另一個(gè)國家的文學(xué)、電影或音樂感興趣,而且你知道掌握該國家的語言會有多大的幫助。have a good knowledge of意為“精通,掌握”。
例2: 48 (As) she got off her bike and put it against the gate post, she focused on the path 49 to the house and then on the house itself. She was very disappointed when she 50(found) that all the windows were 51(plain) and rather dirty.(2013年遼寧卷)
49.A.getting B.introducing
C.leading D.moving
解析:C。本句表達(dá)的是道路和房子的關(guān)系,應(yīng)該是通向那所房子的路,故選C。lead to意為“通向”。
4.利用詞義辨析進(jìn)行解題
完形填空的命題會適當(dāng)考慮在具體語境中對詞義辨析能力的考查。這種詞義辨析通常不設(shè)置在單句中,而是設(shè)在一定的上下文語境中。如不考慮語境,也許這幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)皆可,只有通過閱讀上下文才能確定最佳選項(xiàng)。
例1:On winter days, Mr. Greenberg 26 gloves. During the rest of the year, he 27 gloves. People who have heard about him 28(send) him gloves, and he has many in his apartment.(2013年全國卷Ⅱ)
26.A.searches for B.stores up
C.gives away D.puts on
27.A.borrows B.sells C.returns D.buys
解析:C;D。不考慮語境的話,各個(gè)選項(xiàng)皆可;但根據(jù)句意“他冬天發(fā)手套,一年其他時(shí)候就買手套,以備冬天發(fā)放”,應(yīng)分別選C和D。
例2:I think I am a much 52(better) person today than I used to be, and I hope I will not 53 these experiences. They have 54 me to care about other people more than about myself. I 55(like) who I am today, and I could not say that a few years ago.(2013年山東卷)
53.A.forget B.face C.improve D.analyze
54.A.forced B.preferred
C.ordered D.taught
解析:A;D。如不考慮語境,各個(gè)選項(xiàng)皆可;但根據(jù)語境,顯然作者希望自己不會忘了這些經(jīng)歷,因?yàn)檫@些經(jīng)歷教會作者關(guān)心別人多過關(guān)心自己。
5.利用上文情景進(jìn)行解題
完形填空的設(shè)空原則之一是“前置性設(shè)空”,也就是命題者會根據(jù)空白處所在的本句信息或上句信息進(jìn)行設(shè)空??忌鲱}時(shí)就要從空白處前面的信息入手。
例1:To celebrate the end of our exams, my friends and I went to a fast food restaurant. We 26(order) hamburgers and Coca Cola at the counter. When our 27 came, I started walking towards an empty table.(2013年陜西卷)
27.A.food B.turn C.bill D.menu
解析:A。上文提到點(diǎn)了漢堡和可樂,故此處指我們的“食物”端上來了。
例2:To my surprise, he merely smiled at us, handed us some cash and said, “ 41 yourself new hamburgers.” He then walked 42(away) without even finishing his food.(2013年陜西卷)
41.A.Prepare B.Buy C.Find D.Cook
解析:B。根據(jù)上文提到“他給了我們一些現(xiàn)金”可知,他叫我們?nèi)ベI幾個(gè)新的漢堡。
6.利用下文信息暗示進(jìn)行解題
完形填空的另一設(shè)空原則是“后置性設(shè)空”,也就是命題者會根據(jù)空白處后面的信息進(jìn)行設(shè)空??忌鲱}時(shí)要注意顧及后文。
例:The man had an 8 .He took another man with him to the tower. One man left and the other stayed, but they did not 9 the bird. The crow stayed away until the second man left, too. The experiment was 10(repeated) with three men and then with four men. But the crow did not return to the nest until all the men were 11(gone) . It was not until five men went into the tower and only four left that they were 12(finally) able to fool the crow. (2013年廣東卷)
8.A.appointment B.excuse
C.idea D.explanation
9.A.fool B.hurt C.catch D.kill
解析:C;A。根據(jù)下文的描述可知,對如何騙過烏鴉,這個(gè)人有了個(gè)“主意”,故第8空選idea。根據(jù)第12空后的able to fool the crow可知第9空要選fool。
7.利用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)原則進(jìn)行解題
完形填空試題中,某一詞語或同類詞會反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在語篇之中,命題者常用這種現(xiàn)象設(shè)題。詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)包含原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)和同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。
例1:47(However), the day before Christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a 48(satisfied) smile at the door of his home, he heard the 49(discussion) of the children of the family about what they might get for Christmas. What? A cat? The 50 froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open.(2013年湖北卷)
50.A.blood B.smile C.tear D.sweat
解析:B。根據(jù)上文詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。上文提到小老鼠帶著滿意的笑容喝熱咖啡,因此此處表示他的“笑容”僵住了。
例2:Now, many poor New Yorkers know him and 30 (understand) his behavior. But people who don’t know him are sometimes 31(surprised by) him. They don’t realize that he just wants to make them 32 .
It runs in the 33(family) . Michael’s father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.(2013年新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)
32.A.smart B.rich C.special D.happy
解析:D。根據(jù)下文詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。下文提到Michael的父親幫助窮人是因?yàn)樗嘈胚@會讓他們更快樂,可知此處指他只是想使窮人“快樂”。
8.利用生活常識及文化背景進(jìn)行解題
完形填空是以語篇的形式出現(xiàn),其間滲透著相關(guān)的生活常識及文化背景知識,當(dāng)然,這些常識和文化知識都是中學(xué)生需要了解的??忌诮獯鹜晷翁羁諘r(shí),要充分調(diào)動自己的這些知識。
例:He stops when he 23(sees) someone with no gloves. He gives them a pair and then he 24(moves on) , looking for more people with cold 25 .(2013年新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)
25.A.hands B.ears C.faces D.eyes
解析:A。他要贈送的是手套,根據(jù)生活常識,他要找的是手冷的人。
9.利用語篇標(biāo)志語進(jìn)行解題
語篇是比句子更長的單位,如句群、段落、篇章等。語篇之間進(jìn)行內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的詞語就叫“語篇標(biāo)志語”。例如,表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的語篇標(biāo)志語有yet,and yet,but,while,on the contrary,on the other hand,however,at the same time(然而)等;表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連接詞有not only...but (also),what’s more,what’s worse,besides,in addition,worse still,moreover,above all等。
例1:When Joe was about to start school, all signs pointed to success. Yet things turned out to be 36 .(2013年重慶卷)
36.A.unfair B.boring
C.disappointing D.dangerous
解析:C。句意:在Joe開始上學(xué)前,所有的跡象都表明他會成功,但結(jié)果卻令人失望。由表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的yet可知此處選disappointing。
例2:Michael Greenberg is a very popular New Yorker. He is not famous in sports or the arts, but people in the streets 16 him, especially those 1d06d3470619123272d9499cf240096614b8ea3d749bbacc8926e31d82d18cbawho are 17(poor).(2013年新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)
16.A.know about B.learn from
C.cheer for D.look after
解析:A。由句中but可知上下文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。Michael Greenberg并不出名,但街上的人都知道他?!発now about”意為“知道、了解”。
10.理順上下文的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行解題
文章的邏輯關(guān)系包括因果、對照、補(bǔ)充、舉例、目的、條件、讓步與轉(zhuǎn)折等。完形填空中利用上下文的邏輯關(guān)系所設(shè)的題目有一定的難度,命題者主要是從語篇的邏輯關(guān)系及語境角度來考查考生的判斷能力。因此,考生要弄清語篇的脈絡(luò),理順句、段的起承轉(zhuǎn)合,把握事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展和結(jié)果之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。
例:He could have made what was already an uncomfortable situation worse, 43 he chose a different way and gave us a reason to believe that there is still 44(kindness) in this world. I’ll never 45(forget) his actions.(2013年陜西卷)
43.A.so B.since C.although D.but
解析:D。根據(jù)前半句句意是“他本來可以使這種糟糕的情況變得更糟糕”,而后半句句意是“他選擇了一種不同的方式使我們有理由相信世界上還有仁慈”。前后半句含有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故選D。
11.利用文中隱含信息進(jìn)行推理
完形填空中有些題目需要考生破解文章的隱含信息才能作答。遇到這種題目時(shí),考生要認(rèn)真閱讀語篇,把握核心,掌握層次,領(lǐng)悟寓意,找到與語境吻合的信息進(jìn)行大膽推斷,然后選出最佳答案。
例1:One summer, I remember, a drought(旱災(zāi))hit Ontario, turning it into a 17 desert. On one of those hot mornings I was picking sweet corn with my dad to fill the last 18(order) from the grocery store.(2013年天津卷)
17.A.stormy B.lively
C.disappearing D.burning
解析:D。后文的desert和前文的“旱災(zāi)”告訴我們,此處應(yīng)填上一個(gè)描述干旱沙漠的詞,故選burning(在燃燒的,炙熱的)。
例2:On that afternoon, 39(as) the math teacher started to introduce difficult concepts, dark clouds covered the sky, and the storm set in. Hard though she tried to make the kids 40 , the thunder won the battle for their attention.(2013年重慶卷)
40.A.concentrate B.change C.hide D.sit
解析:根據(jù)前文提到“在一個(gè)暴風(fēng)雨的下午,當(dāng)數(shù)學(xué)老師開始介紹很難理解的概念時(shí),烏云密布,暴風(fēng)雨即將來臨”,隱含的信息就是“孩子們在這種天氣難于集中注意力”,因此選A。本句意為:雖然老師盡力使孩子們集中注意力,但孩子們的注意力還是不能集中在聽課上。