王宇鳴 韋峰 劉忠軍
年齡與脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤預(yù)后關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
王宇鳴 韋峰 劉忠軍
骨巨細(xì)胞瘤( GCT )是一種有局部侵襲性的良性骨腫瘤。女性較男性多見,并且好發(fā)于 20~40 歲的青壯年[1-3]。骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的生物學(xué)行為較特殊,術(shù)后易復(fù)發(fā)。目前臨床實(shí)踐中常從腫瘤影像或病理等方面來(lái)分析其生物學(xué)行為,并對(duì)其預(yù)后進(jìn)行判斷。而以往骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的研究報(bào)道,不同年齡段患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率存在差異[4-5],提示年齡可能是影響骨巨細(xì)胞瘤生物學(xué)行為及預(yù)后的因素。但由于以往的研究多為全身骨骼骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的病例,并未明確反映出年齡與脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤復(fù)發(fā)之間的關(guān)系。
原發(fā)于除骶骨以外的脊柱病灶僅占全部骨巨細(xì)胞瘤病變的 2%~4%[6],目前尚無(wú)大宗病例報(bào)道[1-14]。本研究試圖以國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有的脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤小宗病例報(bào)道為依據(jù),從術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率、影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)、病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)及細(xì)胞因子水平4 個(gè)方面分析年齡對(duì)脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤預(yù)后的影響。
骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的發(fā)病年齡主要集中在 20~40 歲,近年來(lái),也有學(xué)者提出了年齡可能會(huì)影響預(yù)后的觀點(diǎn),Kivioja等[4]報(bào)道的 294 例骨巨細(xì)胞瘤中,20 歲以下組復(fù)發(fā)率33%,20~40 歲組復(fù)發(fā)率 24%,40 歲以上組 15%,隨年齡增加,復(fù)發(fā)率降低。Klenke 等[5]在 118 例骨巨細(xì)胞瘤病例研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),年輕組術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率更高。但以上病例中腫瘤多位于四肢,尤其以膝關(guān)節(jié)附近病變最多。對(duì)于骨骼尚未發(fā)育成熟的年輕患者,須考慮術(shù)后生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的因素或治療未采用較為徹底的切除方式,這兩者或許是以上兩組年輕患者復(fù)發(fā)率偏高的原因。而脊柱病變不受以上因素制約,對(duì)于青年患者仍然可以采用全椎切除術(shù),甚至是整塊全椎切除術(shù),因此,年齡因素對(duì)預(yù)后的影響可能與四肢骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的規(guī)律不同。目前針對(duì)脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的病例報(bào)道較少[1-14],Sanjay 等[12]報(bào)道的 24 例脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤中,≤25 歲組 10 例,2 例復(fù)發(fā),復(fù)發(fā)率 20%;>25 歲組14 例,8 例復(fù)發(fā),復(fù)發(fā)率 57%。Schutte 等[15]報(bào)道的 49 例包括全身骨骼的青春期及兒童骨巨細(xì)胞瘤,其復(fù)發(fā)率顯著低于成年組,其中病變位于脊柱的 9 例,無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。Borani等[7]報(bào)道的 49 例脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤中,<25 歲組的無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存時(shí)間短于>25 歲組。但該病例報(bào)道中青年組復(fù)發(fā)病例多采用經(jīng)瘤手術(shù)切除方式,而對(duì)于手術(shù)最終切除邊界,文獻(xiàn)并未提及,腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)可能受手術(shù)切除邊界干擾等多種因素影響。腫瘤自身的生物學(xué)特性、機(jī)體局部周圍組織的屏障作用、全身免疫抗腫瘤機(jī)制,以及治療方式的選擇等均有可能影響腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)。年齡對(duì)腫瘤術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的影響可能是腫瘤自身生物學(xué)特性、機(jī)體局部周圍組織的屏障作用及全身免疫抗腫瘤機(jī)制這 3 個(gè)方面隨年齡變化的綜合結(jié)果。當(dāng)前文獻(xiàn)普遍認(rèn)可影響脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤預(yù)后的因素為手術(shù)方式,徹底切除腫瘤,尤其邊界廣泛的切除方式可顯著降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率[16-18]。然而,由于樣本量及原始病例資料的限制,現(xiàn)有的脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的回顧性病例研究一般沒有排除手術(shù)方式這個(gè)混雜因素。因此我們認(rèn)為,在保證一定樣本量的前提下,選取采用相同手術(shù)方式的病例進(jìn)行分析能更好地反映年齡與術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率及預(yù)后的關(guān)系。
1. 年齡與腫瘤累及節(jié)段:目前針對(duì)累及多節(jié)段脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的病例研究多限于個(gè)案,其形成原因還不明確[12-13,19-20]。可能的機(jī)制為原發(fā)病灶突破椎體上下緣的骨皮質(zhì)及骨外膜,并繞過椎間盤,侵犯相鄰椎體。在現(xiàn)有的小宗病例報(bào)道中,累及多節(jié)段的病例多發(fā)生在>25 歲的成年人中。Ma 等[8]報(bào)道的 22 例頸椎骨巨細(xì)胞瘤中,8 例累及多節(jié)段患者全部>25 歲,其中 2 例復(fù)發(fā)。Martin等[6]的研究中,13 例脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤中,2 例成年患者累及多節(jié)段 。Sanjay 等[12]報(bào)道 24 例脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤,2 例成年患者累及多節(jié)段。Fidler[11]報(bào)道了 9 例經(jīng)整塊切除的脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤病例,其中 4 例為多節(jié)段受累,除 1 例年齡為 22 歲外,其余 3 例年齡均>25 歲。我們推測(cè)其原因可能為,<25 歲的青年人在椎體上下緣環(huán)狀骺板尚未完全愈合,存在部分軟骨成分,抵抗腫瘤的侵襲作用更強(qiáng)[21-23]。Yang 等[9]回顧分析了 11 例胸腰椎脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的病例其中 2 例累及多節(jié)段的患者年齡均<25 歲,分別為 21、22 歲,其中 1 例復(fù)發(fā)。因此未來(lái)還需要更大規(guī)模的病例報(bào)道來(lái)研究其中的規(guī)律。
2. 年齡與腫瘤累及脊柱的部位:脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤多累及椎體,并可向附件侵襲。單獨(dú)累及附件的骨巨細(xì)胞瘤較少見。Sanjay 等[12]報(bào)道 3 例僅累及后方附件結(jié)構(gòu)的腫瘤術(shù)后均無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。其中 2 例均<18 歲 。Ma 等報(bào)道的21 例頸椎骨巨細(xì)胞瘤中,1 例 17 歲患者的腫瘤僅累及附件結(jié)構(gòu),WBB 分期 10-2 / A-C,接受整塊切除后,術(shù)后隨訪 93 個(gè)月無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)[8]。Borani 報(bào)道的 49 例脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤中,1 例 21 歲 C7骨巨細(xì)胞瘤,WBB 分期 2-3 / B-C,經(jīng)瘤切除手術(shù)術(shù)后聯(lián)合放療,隨訪 278 個(gè)月無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)[7]。而就腫瘤累及的廣泛程度看,Sanjay[12]報(bào)道,≤25 歲的10 例中 2 例( 20% )同時(shí)侵犯前方椎體及后方附件,而25 歲以上的 14 例中 5 例( 35% )累及前后方結(jié)構(gòu)。Ma 等報(bào)道,>25 歲的 18 例中 9 例( 50% )同時(shí)累及前后方結(jié)構(gòu),即 WBB 分期同時(shí)包含 4-9 及 10-3 的部分扇區(qū)[8]。Borani[7]的研究中,≤25 歲 20 例中 19 例術(shù)前 WBB 分期有記錄,6 例( 31% )同時(shí)累及前后方結(jié)構(gòu),而>25 歲組29 例中 13 例( 44% )同時(shí)累及前后方結(jié)構(gòu)。提示,青年組與成年組相比,單純累及后方附件結(jié)構(gòu)的腫瘤比例較高,而同時(shí)廣泛累及前后方結(jié)構(gòu)的比例較低。其原因可能為,青年患者脊柱尚未發(fā)育完全,椎體與椎弓相連處存在軟骨帶,可抵御腫瘤從椎體向椎弓的侵襲[22]。
骨巨細(xì)胞瘤組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)可能是對(duì)腫瘤自身生物學(xué)特性的反映。目前研究不同年齡患者組織學(xué)差異的文獻(xiàn)較少。Larsson 等[24]回顧分析 53 例全骨骼骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的病例發(fā)現(xiàn),Jaffe 病理分級(jí)為一級(jí)的骨巨細(xì)胞瘤主要分布在青年人群中,提示在青年患者中,病灶內(nèi)梭形基質(zhì)細(xì)胞的異形性、細(xì)胞核的分裂較少。
Masui 等[25]在對(duì)骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的免疫組化研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),梭形單核基質(zhì)細(xì)胞,與多核巨細(xì)胞可能通過眾多細(xì)胞因子以自分泌及旁分泌的方式相互作用,并同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)上述相互作用與骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的侵襲性相關(guān)。因此骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的生物學(xué)行為可能受梭形單核基質(zhì)細(xì)胞與多核巨細(xì)胞共同作用的影響,而單獨(dú)觀察梭形基質(zhì)細(xì)胞顯微鏡下的形態(tài),可能無(wú)法全面反映其生物學(xué)特性[26]。最近,Peacock 等[27]在研究不同部位骨巨細(xì)胞瘤臨床侵襲性與組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系中發(fā)現(xiàn),臨床上侵襲性四肢骨巨細(xì)胞瘤組織學(xué)上表現(xiàn)為巨細(xì)胞體積大,數(shù)量多,同時(shí)腫瘤基質(zhì)內(nèi)含的細(xì)胞成分多。因此,巨核細(xì)胞的形態(tài)特點(diǎn)可能也是值得研究的方向之一,而在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)不同年齡患者組織學(xué)差異的研究可能為進(jìn)一步了解骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的生物學(xué)行為提供線索。
近年來(lái),隨著骨巨細(xì)胞瘤微觀水平上研究地深入,眾多在骨巨細(xì)胞瘤發(fā)生及致病過程中起關(guān)鍵作用的因子也逐漸被發(fā)現(xiàn),包括在趨化組織單核巨噬細(xì)胞系統(tǒng)起作用的 SDF-1( stromal cell-derived factor-1 )、MCP-1( monocyte chemoattractant protein-1)、VEGF( vascular endothelial growth factor );可以刺激梭形基質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖的 M-CSF( macrophage colony-stimulating factor )、IL-34( interleukin-34 );在組織來(lái)源單核細(xì)胞融合過程中起作用的 RANKL、OPG、NFATc1( nuclear factor of activated T cells c1)、DC-STAMP( dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein )、PTHr( Pparathyroid hormone-related protein )等,以及在巨細(xì)胞溶骨過程中發(fā)揮作用的 Cathepsin K、V-ATPase( vacuolar H+-ATPase )、TRAP( tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase )、MMP( matrix metalloproteinases )13、9、2、TGFB1( Transforming growth factor B1 )等[28-29]。核因子κB 受體活化因子( receptor activator of NF-κB,RANK )、核因子 κB 受體活化因子配體( ligand of receptor activator of NF-κB,RANKL )以及骨保護(hù)素( osteoprotegerin,OPG )所組成的信號(hào)系統(tǒng),其在骨巨細(xì)胞瘤發(fā)生過程中的關(guān)鍵作用被廣泛認(rèn)可。RANKL 的單克隆抗體 denosumab 對(duì)骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的控制作用良好,已經(jīng)進(jìn)入二期臨床試驗(yàn)[26,30,44]。RANK 屬于 TNF 受體超家族成員,為 I 型跨膜蛋白,主要分布于單核巨噬細(xì)胞系、破骨細(xì)胞前體等細(xì)胞[31]。RANKL 屬于 II 跨膜蛋白,與 TNF 配體家族的其它成員同源[31]。眾多實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),RANKL 在骨巨細(xì)胞瘤梭形基質(zhì)細(xì)胞上高表達(dá)[32-33]。多核巨細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞表達(dá)的 RANK 通過與梭形基質(zhì)細(xì)胞表達(dá)的 RANKL 結(jié)合啟動(dòng)下游的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,介導(dǎo)前體細(xì)胞之間的融合,形成多核巨細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮溶骨作用[34-36]。OPG 是一種可溶性 RANKL 受體,在梭形基質(zhì)細(xì)胞中表達(dá)。其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地拮抗 RANKL 與 RANK的結(jié)合,阻礙 RANK / RANKL 對(duì)破骨細(xì)胞分化、存活、融合、骨吸收等方面的正向刺激[31]。最近,Yu 等[37]利用免疫組化方法研究骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 OPG 及 RANKL 的分子表達(dá)位置時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),多核巨細(xì)胞中 OPG、RANKL 的表達(dá)率及梭形基質(zhì)細(xì)胞中 RANKL 的表達(dá)率在年齡各分組中存在顯著差異,其中 20~40 歲組的巨細(xì)胞 RANKL 表達(dá)率最低;同時(shí)他們還發(fā)現(xiàn) RANKL 在巨細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)強(qiáng)度與腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)存在正向相關(guān),進(jìn)一步提示不同年齡患者預(yù)后的差異及其分子基礎(chǔ)。目前尚無(wú)其它針對(duì)骨巨細(xì)胞瘤發(fā)生過程中細(xì)胞因子隨年齡變化的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,但在其它領(lǐng)域涉及骨巨細(xì)胞瘤相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子的研究中,仍然能找到間接證據(jù)。Cao等[38]的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明隨年齡的增長(zhǎng),成骨細(xì)胞 RANKL、M-CSF 等因子水平增高,而 OPG 表達(dá)水平下降。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清 RANKL / OPG 的比值在健康青少年人群中隨年齡而增高[39]。Guo 等[40]報(bào)道,女性血清 MMP-1、MMP-2 的水平隨年齡而波動(dòng)。一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MCP-1,VEGF 等細(xì)胞因子水平在不同年齡人群或?qū)嶒?yàn)動(dòng)物中存在差異[41-43]。以上細(xì)胞因子均在骨巨細(xì)胞瘤形成過程中發(fā)揮作用,提示年齡與預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。
原發(fā)于除骶骨以外脊柱的骨巨細(xì)胞瘤較少見,目前對(duì)其生物學(xué)行為及預(yù)后還未形成統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識(shí)。文獻(xiàn)普遍認(rèn)可能影響脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤預(yù)后的因素為手術(shù)方式,但有文獻(xiàn)顯示,年齡很可能也是影響脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤復(fù)發(fā)及預(yù)后的因素,青年患者預(yù)后相對(duì)較好。針對(duì)年齡與脊柱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤預(yù)后的研究,可以進(jìn)一步揭示骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的生物學(xué)行為,并可能為臨床治療骨巨細(xì)胞瘤提供新的依據(jù)。但目前多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)在分析病例數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)并未排除手術(shù)方式的影響,未來(lái)需要在更多采用相同手術(shù)方式的病例研究中尋找答案,如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式下多中心的聯(lián)合病例對(duì)照研究,同時(shí)也需要宏觀的影像學(xué)、病理學(xué)、形態(tài)學(xué)及微觀角度對(duì)骨巨細(xì)胞瘤發(fā)生過程中起重要作用的細(xì)胞因子提供研究線索。
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
Research progress of the relationship between age and prognosis of giant cell tumors of the spine
WANG Yuming, WEI Feng, LIU Zhong-jun. Department of Orthopedics, Peking University third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, PRC
Giant cell tumors( GCT )are benign but locally aggressive with a relatively high recurrence rate. Some previous literatures about GCT reported that the postoperative recurrence rate varied in different age groups of patients and indicated that age might be an important factor affecting the biological behaviour and prognosis of GCT. However, the previous studies mainly focused on the cases of GCT of the whole body, and the relationship between age and prognosis of GCT of the spine was not clearly illustrated. GCT of the spine are relatively rare. So far, there has been no large series of cases documented. The existing small series of cases report about GCT of the spine at home and abroad were reviewed in this article and the effects of age on the prognosis of GCT of the spine were analyzed, including the postoperative recurrence rate, iconography, pathology and micro cytokines. According to the existing literatures, the recurrence rate in young patients is relatively low. Tumors in young patients are less likely to invade more than one vertebral level or to involve both the anterior and posterior structures of the vertebral body. Histologically, cellular atypia and mitosis are less common in spindle-like stromal cells of youth patients. As to the cytokines, the ratios of serum ligand of receptor activator of NF-κB( RANKL )and osteoprotegerin( OPG )are lower in young patients. It is indicated that age appears to be associated with the recurrence rate of GCT of the spine. Young patients tend to have a better prognosis. However, larger series of cases report are needed to demonstrate this conclusion in the future.
Giant cell tumor of bone; Spine; Neoplasms; Giant cell tumors; Age factors; Prognosis; Recurrence
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.05.009
R738.1
100191 北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院骨科
劉忠軍,Email:liuzj@medmail.com.cn
2014-02-18 )
中國(guó)骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志2014年5期