吳婷+李蘭+王洪武+寧琴
華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院感染性疾病研究室、感染科,湖北武漢430030
[摘要]目的 探討TLR4對(duì)3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3)誘導(dǎo)的C3H/He小鼠肝炎轉(zhuǎn)歸的影響。 方法 觀察C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠感染MHV-3后的臨床癥狀(皮毛異常、呼吸加快及身體顫抖)并進(jìn)行評(píng)分。記錄兩亞系小鼠的存活情況并進(jìn)行比較。所有小鼠觀察至感染后40d。 結(jié)果 小鼠品系對(duì)臨床癥狀評(píng)分不起作用(P=0.718)。臨床評(píng)分有隨時(shí)間變化的趨勢(shì)(P<0.001),且時(shí)間因素的作用隨小鼠品系而不同(P=0.004)。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠臨床癥狀評(píng)分僅在感染后第5、6、13天出現(xiàn)差異:(13.071±1.184)和(10.933±4.608) (P<0.001),(8.321±5.048)和(11.304±3.901) (P<0.001),(13.091±1.578)和(10.846±3.671)(P=0.015)。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠存活率分別為26.7%和23.3%,平均存活時(shí)間分別為16.267d和16.433d,無(wú)顯著差異(P=0.922)。 結(jié)論 MHV-3誘導(dǎo)的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎轉(zhuǎn)歸不依賴(lài)于TLR4。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 3型鼠肝炎病毒;TLR4;C3H/HeN小鼠;C3H/HeJ小鼠
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R575.1???[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A???[文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2014)11-26-05
The Effect of TLR4 on the outcomes of MHV-3 induced viral hepatitis for C3H/He mice
WU?Ting??LI?Lan??WANG?Hongwu??NING?Qin
Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of TLR4 on the outcomes of mouse hepatitis virus-3 (MHV-3) induced hepatitis for C3H/He mice. Methods Clinical symptoms (abnormalities of skin and fur, accelerated breathing and tremor) of C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice infected with MHV-3 were observed and scored. Survival of the two mice substrains was recorded and compared. The observation of all mice lasted for 40 days after the infection. Results Different mice substrains did not affect the scores of clinical symptoms (P=0.718). The scores varied according to time (P<0.001), and the effect of time varied according to different mice substrains (P=0.004). The scores of clinical symptoms in C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice only differed on the fifth, sixth and 13th day of the infection: (13.071±1.184) and (10.933±4.608)(P<0.001), (8.321±5.048) and (11.304±3.901) (P<0.001), (13.091±1.578) and (10.846±3.671)(P=0.015) respectively. The survival rate of C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice was 26.7% and 23.3% respectively, the average survival time was 16.267 days and 16.433 days, and there was no significant difference (P=0.922). Conclusion Outcomes of MHV-3 induced viral hepatitis for C3H/He mice is not affected by TLR4.
[Key words] Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3); TLR4; C3H/HeN mice; C3H/HeJ mice
TLR4是一種重要的模式識(shí)別受體,參與了機(jī)體針對(duì)多種病原體的天然免疫。早期研究認(rèn)為T(mén)LR4主要是識(shí)別革蘭陰性菌胞壁內(nèi)毒素的主要成份脂多糖(LPS),隨著研究的深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR4還可以識(shí)別病毒蛋白,參與抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答[1]。目前的研究已經(jīng)顯示,TLR4與HCV及HBV相互作
用,促進(jìn)病毒的復(fù)制與擴(kuò)散,引起組織炎癥,繼而增加罹患肝纖維化/肝硬化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2-7]。鼠肝炎病毒(MHV)是一種廣泛存在的冠狀病毒,可以在小鼠中引起病毒性肝炎,目前尚無(wú)研究報(bào)道MHV-3病毒蛋白可以與TLR4相互作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室采用3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3)腹腔注射C3H/HeJ小鼠建立了肝炎病毒持續(xù)感染的模型[8]。C3H/HeJ小鼠的TLR4基因存在自發(fā)性突變,導(dǎo)致該小鼠TLR4缺陷而對(duì)LPS無(wú)反應(yīng)[9-11],但該小鼠其他遺傳背景均與TLR4正常表達(dá)的C3H/HeN小鼠相同。本研究采
表1??小鼠感染MHV-3后臨床癥狀評(píng)分
評(píng)分 皮毛質(zhì)地 呼吸 身體顫抖
5 光澤柔順 約200次/min 正常,無(wú)顫抖
4 無(wú)光澤,較柔順 約230次/min 身體略有顫抖
3 無(wú)光澤,豎毛 230~260次/min 較明顯顫抖,拱背,靜止懶動(dòng)
2 豎毛,粘連 超過(guò)260次/min 較明顯顫抖,拱背,爬行緩慢
1 豎毛,粘連,潮濕 超過(guò)260次/min,伴有胸腹部舒縮 明顯顫抖,拱背,基本不能行動(dòng)
用C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN兩種亞系小鼠建立病毒性肝炎模型,觀察并比較兩種亞系小鼠的臨床癥狀及存活情況,探討TLR4對(duì)MHV-3誘導(dǎo)的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎的影響。
1?材料與方法
1.1?實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
6~7周齡雌性C3H/HeJ 40只,購(gòu)自北京華阜康動(dòng)物生物科技股份有限公司,許可證號(hào)SCXK京2009-0004,6~7周齡雌性C3H/HeN 40只,購(gòu)自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司,許可證號(hào)SCXK京2012-0001。所有小鼠飼養(yǎng)于IVC系統(tǒng)。在12/12h晝夜循環(huán)、恒溫恒濕條件下自由攝取食水,飼養(yǎng)1周后開(kāi)始試驗(yàn)。
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1.2?病毒株
MHV-3為本研究室保存病毒株,在DBT細(xì)胞系空斑純化后于鼠17CL1細(xì)胞系繁殖培養(yǎng),鼠L2細(xì)胞系蝕斑純化和滴度測(cè)定。本研究所用MHV-3滴度為1.0×106 PFU/mL。
1.3?動(dòng)物模型的建立
隨機(jī)取C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠各30只,腹腔注射 100μL MHV-3(0.1 PFU/μL),另取C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠各10只,注射100μL 無(wú)菌PBS作為對(duì)照。注射后的小鼠,繼續(xù)飼養(yǎng)于IVC系統(tǒng)。在12/12h晝夜循環(huán)、恒溫恒濕條件下自由攝取食水。
1.4?小鼠生存狀態(tài)觀察
每天觀察小鼠生理狀況及死亡情況,并對(duì)每只存活小鼠皮毛、呼吸及身體顫抖三項(xiàng)特征進(jìn)行評(píng)分[12]。正常狀態(tài)記為5分,狀態(tài)明顯異常記為1分,綜合評(píng)分滿分為15分,見(jiàn)表1。計(jì)算每組存活小鼠的平均得分,已死亡小鼠不參與計(jì)分。兩組小鼠均觀察至感染后40d。
1.5?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用Sigma Plot12.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包進(jìn)行資料分析,臨床癥狀評(píng)分采用重復(fù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的方差分析進(jìn)行比較,生存率的比較采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2?結(jié)果
2.1?一般情況
C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠均于感染后3d開(kāi)始一般狀態(tài)變差,精神萎靡,毛發(fā)無(wú)光澤,感染2周內(nèi),小鼠癥狀明顯,可見(jiàn)毛發(fā)豎直粘連,呼吸加快,顫抖拱背,肢體無(wú)力,行動(dòng)遲緩,并出現(xiàn)死亡,臨床癥狀綜合評(píng)分均出現(xiàn)明顯下降,感染2周后臨床癥狀開(kāi)始緩解,小鼠狀態(tài)均明顯好轉(zhuǎn),感染3周后,存活小鼠狀態(tài)基本恢復(fù),綜合評(píng)分接近正常水平,見(jiàn)圖1。注射PBS的對(duì)照小鼠,均未出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀。
采用重復(fù)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的方差分析進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),小鼠品系因素對(duì)臨床癥狀評(píng)分不起作用,臨床評(píng)分有隨時(shí)間變化的趨勢(shì),且時(shí)間因素的作用隨小鼠品系而不同,見(jiàn)表2。C3H/HeJ小鼠在感染后第4天,臨床癥狀評(píng)分為(13.267±2.791),較正常水平顯著下降(P=0.014);感染后第25天,臨床癥狀綜合評(píng)分(14.500±0.535),與正常水平無(wú)差異(P=0.077)。而C3H/HeN小鼠在感染后第5天,臨床癥狀評(píng)分為(10.933±4.608),較正常水平顯著下降 (P<0.001);感染后第22天,臨床癥狀綜合評(píng)分(14.429±0.535),與正常水平無(wú)差異(P=0.076)。在感染后第5、6、13天,C3H/HeJ小鼠綜合評(píng)分依次為(13.071±1.184)、(8.321±5.048)、(13.091±1.578),C3H/HeN小鼠綜合評(píng)分依次為(10.933±4.608)、(11.304±3.901)、(10.846±3.671),兩亞系小鼠綜合評(píng)分有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.001,P<0.001,P=0.015),其他時(shí)間點(diǎn)兩亞系小鼠綜合評(píng)分無(wú)顯著差異。
圖1??MHV-3 感染后C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠臨床癥狀綜合評(píng)分
圖中數(shù)據(jù)為各時(shí)間點(diǎn)存活小鼠皮毛、呼吸及身體顫抖三項(xiàng)指標(biāo)綜合評(píng)分的平均值。
表2??小鼠個(gè)體變異計(jì)算結(jié)果
Source of Variation DF SS MS F P
Sub-strain 1 0.828 0.828 0.131 0.718
Days 39 2195.628 56.298 15.987 <0.001
Sub-strain x days 39 236.517 6.065 1.722 0.004
2.2?存活率及平均存活時(shí)間
C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠分別于感染第4、5天開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)死亡;感染5~6d為死亡高峰,兩組小鼠均有近一半的死亡出現(xiàn)在這一段時(shí)期;在感染后12~14d,兩組感染小鼠再次出現(xiàn)比較集中的死亡;感染20d后,小鼠狀態(tài)基本穩(wěn)定,至感染后40d未再出現(xiàn)死亡。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠存活率分別為26.7%和23.3%,平均存活時(shí)間(mean survival time, MST)分別為16.267d和16.433d,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.922)。死亡情況及生存率曲線分別見(jiàn)表3及圖2。注射PBS的對(duì)照小鼠,均未出現(xiàn)死亡。
表3??C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠感染MHV-3后死亡情況
感染后
天數(shù) 死亡數(shù)量(只) 存活概率(%)
C3H/HeJ C3H/HeN C3H/HeJ C3H/HeN
Day 4 2 - 93.9 -
Day 5 - 7 - 76.6
Day 6 13 4 50.0 63.3
Day 8 2 - 43.3 -
Day 9 - 1 - 60.0
Day 10 - 1 - 56.7
Day 11 - 1 - 53.3
Day 12 2 3 36.7 43.4
Day 13 - 2 - 36.7
Day 14 3 3 26.7 26.7
Day 20 - 1 - 23.3
圖2??MHV-3 感染后C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠生存曲線圖
3?討論
TLR4廣泛分布于免疫細(xì)胞及組織細(xì)胞表面,并能利用四種轉(zhuǎn)接分子MyD88(myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88)、MAL(MyD88 adaptor like protein,MAL)、TIRAP(TIR associated protein,TIRAP)、TRIF (TIR domain containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β)和TRAM(TRIF related adaptor molecule)傳遞信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),激活NF-КB、AP-1及IRF3等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,誘導(dǎo)IFN-γ、IFN-β、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、IL-18、TNF-α等多種細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),具有多種生物學(xué)效應(yīng)[13]。
近幾年,TLR4在病毒性肝炎中的作用引起了人們的廣泛興趣。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HCV的非結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白NS5A能特異性上調(diào)肝細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞的TLR4的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞分泌IFN-β和IL-6的功能,誘導(dǎo)了抗病毒效應(yīng)和炎癥反應(yīng)[2,14]。NS5A亦可與MyD88的死亡結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合,干擾髓樣樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞TLR4信號(hào)通路傳導(dǎo),抑制TLR4配體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,促進(jìn)了HCV的持續(xù)感染[3-4,15]。而在HBV感染者中,Kupffer細(xì)胞TLR4下游TRIF信號(hào)通路激活,可以誘導(dǎo)干擾素的產(chǎn)生與分泌而抑制病毒復(fù)制[16-17]。但患者PBMC中TLR4的表達(dá)往往是下降的[6],這可能是引起HBV持續(xù)復(fù)制的機(jī)制之一。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)室建立的MHV-3誘導(dǎo)的肝炎病毒持續(xù)感染C3H/He小鼠模型,在6~15d內(nèi)出現(xiàn)急性肝炎的表現(xiàn),并引起死亡,存活小鼠轉(zhuǎn)為持續(xù)感染,對(duì)其急性肝炎向慢性化衍變期的免疫狀態(tài)及病毒復(fù)制情況進(jìn)行研究,是探討病毒性肝炎慢性遷延的免疫機(jī)制的有力工具[8]。本研究中,TLR4缺陷的C3H/HeJ小鼠和TLR4正常的C3H/HeN小鼠在感染MHV-3后,臨床癥狀變化時(shí)間基本一致:分別于感染后第4、5天出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀綜合評(píng)分顯著下降,并分別于感染后第25、22天恢復(fù)至正常水平。兩亞系小鼠出現(xiàn)集中死亡的時(shí)間點(diǎn)略有差異,C3H/HeJ小鼠在感染后第5天,而C3H/HeN小鼠在感染后第6天。死亡時(shí)間點(diǎn)的差異,導(dǎo)致了在感染后第5、6、13天,兩亞系小鼠臨床評(píng)分的差異。但兩亞系小鼠死亡時(shí)間點(diǎn)非常接近,小鼠存活率及平均存活時(shí)間并未出現(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。本研究結(jié)果提示,TLR4并不會(huì)影響MHV-3誘導(dǎo)的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎的轉(zhuǎn)歸。這與早期的研究結(jié)論一致,不同小鼠品系對(duì)MHV病毒的敏感性主要與MHV受體相關(guān)[18],同時(shí)也提示TLR4在MHV-3感染引起的宿主免疫應(yīng)答中可能并不發(fā)揮主要作用。
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雖然臨床癥狀和一定的死亡率是MHV-3誘導(dǎo)的肝炎病毒持續(xù)感染C3H/He小鼠模型的重要特征,但這僅是MHV-3感染后引起的病理生理改變的一個(gè)方面。還需要進(jìn)一步的研究,來(lái)比較兩種亞系小鼠感染后細(xì)胞因子譜、肝臟病理、血清生化學(xué)指標(biāo)以及肝內(nèi)病毒復(fù)制水平等多個(gè)方面的改變,甚至與其他多種C3H/He亞系小鼠或基因敲除小鼠進(jìn)行比較,才能明確TLR4是否在MHV-3感染引起的宿主免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮作用[7]。
本研究作為MHV-3誘導(dǎo)的肝炎病毒持續(xù)感染C3H/He小鼠模型的補(bǔ)充,其意義并不僅僅在于探討TLR4在MHV-3感染中的作用。隨著生活水平的提高和生活模式的轉(zhuǎn)變,我國(guó)病毒性肝炎合并酒精性肝?。╝lcoholic liver disease, ALD)或非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪on-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)的發(fā)病率逐步上升。已有研究證實(shí),TLR4參與了ALD和NAFLD,以及HCV感染合并ALD引起的肝臟損傷[5, 14, 19-20]。采用TLR4正常的C3H/HeN小鼠替代TLR4缺陷的C3H/HeJ小鼠建立MHV-3誘導(dǎo)的肝炎病毒持續(xù)感染模型,可以為建立病毒性肝炎合并ALD/NAFLD動(dòng)物模型奠定基礎(chǔ),對(duì)進(jìn)行病毒性肝炎合并ALD/NAFLD的免疫學(xué)機(jī)制研究具有重要意義。
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[14] Machida K,Tsukamoto H,Mkrtchyan H,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 mediates synergism between alcohol and HCV in hepatic oncogenesis involving stem cell marker Nanog[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(5):1548-1553.
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(上接第頁(yè))
[17] Wu J,Lu M,Meng Z,et al.Toll-like receptor-mediated control of HBV replication by nonparenchymal liver cells in mice[J].Hepatology,2007,46(6):1769-1778.
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[20] Spruss A,Kanuri G,Wagnerberger S,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice[J].Hepatology,2009,50(4):1094-1104.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04)
endprint
[14] Machida K,Tsukamoto H,Mkrtchyan H,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 mediates synergism between alcohol and HCV in hepatic oncogenesis involving stem cell marker Nanog[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(5):1548-1553.
[15] Broering R,Wu J,Meng Z,et al.Toll-like receptor-stimulated non-parenchymal liver cells can regulate hepatitis C virus replication[J].Journal of Hepatology,2008,48(6):914-922.
[16] Isogawa M,Robek MD,F(xiàn)uruichi Y,et al.Toll-like receptor signaling inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo[J].Journal of Virology,2005,79(11):7269-7272.
(下轉(zhuǎn)第頁(yè))
(上接第頁(yè))
[17] Wu J,Lu M,Meng Z,et al.Toll-like receptor-mediated control of HBV replication by nonparenchymal liver cells in mice[J].Hepatology,2007,46(6):1769-1778.
[18] Ohtsuka N,Taguchi F. Mouse susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus infection is linked to viral receptor genotype[J]. Journal of Virology,1997,71(11):8860-8863.
[19] Mandrekar P,Szabo G.Signalling pathways in alcohol-induced liver inflammation[J]. Journal of Hepatology,2009,50(6):1258-1266.
[20] Spruss A,Kanuri G,Wagnerberger S,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice[J].Hepatology,2009,50(4):1094-1104.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04)
endprint
[14] Machida K,Tsukamoto H,Mkrtchyan H,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 mediates synergism between alcohol and HCV in hepatic oncogenesis involving stem cell marker Nanog[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(5):1548-1553.
[15] Broering R,Wu J,Meng Z,et al.Toll-like receptor-stimulated non-parenchymal liver cells can regulate hepatitis C virus replication[J].Journal of Hepatology,2008,48(6):914-922.
[16] Isogawa M,Robek MD,F(xiàn)uruichi Y,et al.Toll-like receptor signaling inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo[J].Journal of Virology,2005,79(11):7269-7272.
(下轉(zhuǎn)第頁(yè))
(上接第頁(yè))
[17] Wu J,Lu M,Meng Z,et al.Toll-like receptor-mediated control of HBV replication by nonparenchymal liver cells in mice[J].Hepatology,2007,46(6):1769-1778.
[18] Ohtsuka N,Taguchi F. Mouse susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus infection is linked to viral receptor genotype[J]. Journal of Virology,1997,71(11):8860-8863.
[19] Mandrekar P,Szabo G.Signalling pathways in alcohol-induced liver inflammation[J]. Journal of Hepatology,2009,50(6):1258-1266.
[20] Spruss A,Kanuri G,Wagnerberger S,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice[J].Hepatology,2009,50(4):1094-1104.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04)
endprint