張璐 張書仁 孫鉑光
摘要:本研究用染色體步移的方法從一株魚類致病性遲緩愛德華氏菌TX01中克隆了絲氨酸蛋白酶的一個(gè)重要成員Pic基因,并利用缺失突變的方法構(gòu)建了其基因突變株TXPic。通過比較突變株與野生株侵染大菱鲆及其外周血白細(xì)胞和頭腎單核細(xì)胞的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)TXPic的侵染能力較TX01有明顯降低,這表明Pic可能作為毒力因子在遲緩愛德華氏菌侵染過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:遲緩愛德華氏菌;絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic;毒力因子
中圖分類號(hào):S917.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)號(hào):A文章編號(hào):1001-4942(2014)07-0015-05
Abstract In this study, the full length of Pic gene, an important member of serine protease, was cloned from a pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda strain TX01 isolated from diseased fish by genome walking. The Pic-knockout strain TXPic was obtained by the means of in-frame deletion. By comparing the differences between TX01 and TXPic in regard to the ability of infecting turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) as well as its peripheral blood leukocytes and head kidney monocytes, it turned out that the virulence of TXPic was obviously impaired. The results indicated that Pic might be a virulence factor playing an important role in the infection of E. tarda.
Key wordsEdwardsiella tarda;Serine protease Pic; Virulence factor
遲緩愛德華氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)是一種革蘭氏陰性致病菌,其宿主范圍廣泛,包括魚類、兩棲類、爬行類、哺乳類以至人類等,可感染多種具有重要經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的魚類,如牙鲆、大菱鲆、羅非魚、鯰魚、鯔魚等[1~4]。被遲緩愛德華氏菌感染后的魚會(huì)表現(xiàn)出多種癥狀,以牙鲆為例,病魚會(huì)出現(xiàn)皮膚顏色變暗,腹部腫脹,直腸脫垂,肝、脾、腎形成膿瘡等[1]。在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中,遲緩愛德華氏菌可導(dǎo)致魚類感染愛德華氏菌病,該病的大規(guī)模爆發(fā)會(huì)給水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)帶來嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[2]。
遲緩愛德華氏菌利用多種毒力系統(tǒng)和毒力因子侵染并在宿主細(xì)胞中存活,這些毒力系統(tǒng)和因子包括Ⅲ型和Ⅵ型分泌系統(tǒng)、密度感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)、黏附因子和胞外酶等[1,2,5]。Leung等[5]將遲緩愛德華氏菌侵染宿主的過程分成遷移、粘附、侵染、復(fù)制、胞內(nèi)增殖、系統(tǒng)性感染等6個(gè)步驟。步驟1~4同時(shí)也是引發(fā)腸胃炎的過程:細(xì)菌侵染并在上皮細(xì)胞和胃腸組織中復(fù)制。遲緩愛德華氏菌是兼性胞內(nèi)菌,能夠在宿主細(xì)胞特別是在吞噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)生存和復(fù)制,這使其能夠逃避宿主免疫系統(tǒng)的殺傷。逃脫了宿主免疫系統(tǒng)的細(xì)菌大量復(fù)制,局部性感染上升為系統(tǒng)性感染。
致病微生物產(chǎn)生的許多蛋白酶在其致病過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用,例如,可參與降解宿主組織,影響免疫系統(tǒng)或作為毒素發(fā)揮作用[6]。已有研究表明,絲氨酸蛋白酶中的一系列蛋白,包括Tsh、Pic、Pet、EspP等,在致病菌中是重要的毒力因子,具有凝集紅血球、裂解粘膜蛋白、降解補(bǔ)體等活性[7~9]。
本研究從本實(shí)驗(yàn)室分離出的遲緩愛德華氏菌TX01菌株中克隆獲得了絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic基因,并利用缺失突變獲得了其基因突變株TXPic,通過比較TXPic與TX01在侵染大菱鲆個(gè)體、外周血白細(xì)胞(peripheral blood leukocytes, PBL)和頭腎單核細(xì)胞能力上的差異,分析Pic在TX01感染大菱鲆及其免疫細(xì)胞的過程中可能發(fā)揮的重要作用,以期促進(jìn)對(duì)遲緩愛德華氏菌致病機(jī)制的了解。
1材料與方法
1.1菌株及培養(yǎng)條件
遲緩愛德華氏菌TX01菌株為本實(shí)驗(yàn)室分離所得[10]。大腸桿菌DH5α感受態(tài)購自天根公司。大腸桿菌S17-λpir 感受態(tài)購自 Biomedal (Sevilla, Spain)。大腸桿菌和遲緩愛德華氏菌分別于37℃和28℃在LB培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)。抗生素工作濃度分別為:卡那霉素100 μg/mL,氯霉素30 μg/mL,多粘菌素B 100 μg/mL,慶大霉素1 mg/mL。
1.2試驗(yàn)用魚
本試驗(yàn)所用的大菱鲆均購自青島膠南養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng),組織侵染用魚均重約10.5 g,細(xì)胞提取用魚均重約850 g。試驗(yàn)前在試驗(yàn)室條件下(20℃、曝氧)暫養(yǎng)2周,同時(shí)隨機(jī)抽樣進(jìn)行魚體細(xì)菌感染檢測(cè)和血清抗體的ELISA檢測(cè),檢測(cè)結(jié)果證明魚體健康未被細(xì)菌感染且血清中不含有遲緩愛德華氏菌的抗體。所有魚在試驗(yàn)操作前均使用MS-222進(jìn)行麻醉,然后再進(jìn)行相關(guān)試驗(yàn)。
1.3絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic基因的克隆
以Sau3A1酶切TX01基因組,回收大小在4~6 kb之間的酶切片段,將這些片段連接至載體pBU[11] BamHⅠ酶切位點(diǎn)處,連接產(chǎn)物轉(zhuǎn)化DH5α感受態(tài),在含有卡那霉素的LB固體培養(yǎng)基上進(jìn)行初步篩選。提取所得單克隆的質(zhì)粒,對(duì)插入質(zhì)粒中的TX01基因片段進(jìn)行測(cè)序分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)插入片段包含了絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic基因的截短體。使用GenomeWalker Universal Kit (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA),通過染色體步移技術(shù),獲得了絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic基因的全長(zhǎng)序列及其上下游序列[1,11]。
1.4序列分析
對(duì)所得絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic基因序列用NCBI的BLAST進(jìn)行分析;蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)域采用SMART進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè);信號(hào)肽序列采用SignalP 4.1進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè);蛋白質(zhì)大小及等電點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)利用DNASTAR中的EditSeq分析;亞細(xì)胞定位使用PSORTb v.3.0分析。
1.5Pic基因突變株(TXPic)的構(gòu)建
利用基因缺失突變(In-frame deletion)的方法構(gòu)建突變株TXPic[1,11],所用的引物見表1。以F1/R1和F2/R2擴(kuò)增擬缺失片段的兩翼序列并通過overlap PCR將得到的擴(kuò)增序列融合形成突變片段,將突變片段通過BglⅡ位點(diǎn)插入到自殺性質(zhì)粒載體pDM4[12]中,轉(zhuǎn)化S17-λpir感受態(tài),轉(zhuǎn)化成功的菌株S17-λpir /pDMPic與TX01菌株接合,進(jìn)行第一次同源重組,以氯霉素和多粘菌素B篩選,挑取單克隆通過PCR(F3/R3)檢測(cè),擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物含有748 bp和4 638 bp兩條帶者為第一次重組成功的克隆。將得到的同源重組菌涂布至含有15%蔗糖的LB固體培養(yǎng)基,進(jìn)行第二次同源重組,挑取單克隆通過PCR檢測(cè)(F3/R3),擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物為748 bp單帶者為第二次重組成功的菌株,對(duì)擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行測(cè)序驗(yàn)證,即得到絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic突變株(TXPic)。
3討論
絲氨酸蛋白酶絲氨酸(Ser)-組氨酸(His)-天冬氨酸(Asp)催化三聯(lián)體中的3個(gè)氨基酸在蛋白一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中是不相鄰的,但它們?cè)谔囟ǖ母呒?jí)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)型中通過氫鍵結(jié)合在一起,行使水解底物肽鍵的功能[13]。本研究中,筆者從本實(shí)驗(yàn)室分離出的遲緩愛德華氏菌TX01菌株中克隆獲得了絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic基因,蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)其胰蛋白酶樣絲氨酸蛋白酶結(jié)構(gòu)域C端具有發(fā)揮催化功能的結(jié)構(gòu)域GDSGS,預(yù)測(cè)此結(jié)構(gòu)域中包含活性Ser位點(diǎn)[9],在絲氨酸蛋白酶結(jié)構(gòu)域氨基端具有另外兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵殘基His 44和Asp 75。但本研究克隆出的Pic蛋白經(jīng)在線軟件SignalP 4.1預(yù)測(cè),并未預(yù)測(cè)出信號(hào)肽結(jié)構(gòu)域,僅在氨基端預(yù)測(cè)出了一個(gè)跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域,還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
本研究利用缺失突變的方法構(gòu)建了Pic突變株TXPic,研究了Pic在TX01侵染大菱鲆個(gè)體、外周血白細(xì)胞和頭腎單核細(xì)胞過程中的作用。組織侵染結(jié)果顯示, TXPic和TX01侵染大菱鲆肝、脾、腎的能力在12 h均有顯著性差異;在24 h時(shí)只有對(duì)脾臟的侵染能力有顯著性差異;而在48 h,突變株和野生株對(duì)這3個(gè)組織的侵染能力均無明顯差異。這說明Pic可能與遲緩愛德華氏菌早期侵染宿主細(xì)胞有關(guān),但是不影響入侵后期細(xì)菌對(duì)宿主免疫機(jī)制的抵抗和自身的存活與繁殖能力。
為進(jìn)一步闡釋Pic在遲緩愛德華氏菌侵染過程中所起的作用,本文在細(xì)胞水平上研究了突變株TXPic與野生株TX01侵染大菱鲆外周血白細(xì)胞和頭腎單核細(xì)胞的差異。結(jié)果表明,分別與大菱鲆外周血淋巴細(xì)胞和頭腎單核細(xì)胞孵育1 h后,TXPic侵染到外周血白細(xì)胞內(nèi)的數(shù)量比TX01降低了67.9%;而在頭腎單核細(xì)胞內(nèi),TXPic的數(shù)量則比TX01減少一半。這說明Pic可能在遲緩愛德華氏菌侵染宿主免疫細(xì)胞過程中發(fā)揮功能。已有研究報(bào)道顯示,絲氨酸蛋白酶在副豬嗜血桿菌侵染上皮細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞等細(xì)胞時(shí)發(fā)揮著重要作用[14, 15]。Pic在遲緩愛德華氏菌侵染過程中發(fā)揮作用的方式可能與其相似。
綜上所述,本研究對(duì)遲緩愛德華氏菌絲氨酸蛋白酶Pic進(jìn)行了序列比對(duì)和結(jié)構(gòu)分析,并且通過基因缺失突變的方法構(gòu)建了Pic缺失突變株TXPic,在個(gè)體組織水平和細(xì)胞水平比較了TXPic 與野生型株 TX01毒力差異,證明了Pic在遲緩愛德華氏菌侵染宿主免疫細(xì)胞和免疫器官的過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,這些研究結(jié)果促進(jìn)了目前對(duì)遲緩愛德華氏菌致病機(jī)制的理解。
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[14]Shenker B J, Guo T L, Shapiro I M. Induction of apoptosis in human T-cells by methyl mercury: temporal relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of reductive reserve [J]. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 1999, 157(1): 23-35.
[15]Jinadasa R N, Bloom S E, Weiss R S, et al. Cytolethal distending toxin: a conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis of a broad range of mammalian cell lineages [J]. Microbiology, 2011, 157(7): 1851-1875.
[7]Brunder W, Schmidt H, Karch H. EspP, a novel extracellular serine protease of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 cleaves human coagulation factor V [J]. Mol. Microbiol., 1997, 24(4): 767-778.
[8]Heimer S R, Rasko D A, Lockatell C V, et al. Autotransporter genes pic and tsh are associated with Escherichia coli strains that cause acute pyelonephritis and are expressed during urinary tract infection [J]. Infect. Immun., 2004, 72(1): 593-597.
[9]張俊琪, 瞿滌. 腸桿菌科絲氨酸蛋白酶自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)家族研究進(jìn)展 [J]. 微生物與感染, 2010(2):100-105.
[10]Cheng S, Zhang M, Sun L. The iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase of Edwardsiella tarda inhibits macrophage-mediated innate immune response [J]. Fish Shellfish Immun., 2010, 29(6): 972-978.
[11]Zhang W W, Sun L. Cloning, characterization, and molecular application of a beta-agarase gene from Vibrio sp. strain V134 [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbi., 2007, 73(9): 2825-2831.
[12]Milton D L, OToole R, Horstedt P, et al. Flagellin A is essential for the virulence of Vibrio anguillarum [J]. J. Bacteriol., 1996, 178(5): 1310-1319.
[13]Andrew C W, Roman A L, Janet M T. Derivation of 3D coordinate templates for searching structural databases: Application to Ser-His-Asp catalytic triads in the serine proteinases and lipases [J]. Protein Sci., 1996,5(6):1001-1013.
[14]Shenker B J, Guo T L, Shapiro I M. Induction of apoptosis in human T-cells by methyl mercury: temporal relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of reductive reserve [J]. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 1999, 157(1): 23-35.
[15]Jinadasa R N, Bloom S E, Weiss R S, et al. Cytolethal distending toxin: a conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis of a broad range of mammalian cell lineages [J]. Microbiology, 2011, 157(7): 1851-1875.
[7]Brunder W, Schmidt H, Karch H. EspP, a novel extracellular serine protease of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 cleaves human coagulation factor V [J]. Mol. Microbiol., 1997, 24(4): 767-778.
[8]Heimer S R, Rasko D A, Lockatell C V, et al. Autotransporter genes pic and tsh are associated with Escherichia coli strains that cause acute pyelonephritis and are expressed during urinary tract infection [J]. Infect. Immun., 2004, 72(1): 593-597.
[9]張俊琪, 瞿滌. 腸桿菌科絲氨酸蛋白酶自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)家族研究進(jìn)展 [J]. 微生物與感染, 2010(2):100-105.
[10]Cheng S, Zhang M, Sun L. The iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase of Edwardsiella tarda inhibits macrophage-mediated innate immune response [J]. Fish Shellfish Immun., 2010, 29(6): 972-978.
[11]Zhang W W, Sun L. Cloning, characterization, and molecular application of a beta-agarase gene from Vibrio sp. strain V134 [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbi., 2007, 73(9): 2825-2831.
[12]Milton D L, OToole R, Horstedt P, et al. Flagellin A is essential for the virulence of Vibrio anguillarum [J]. J. Bacteriol., 1996, 178(5): 1310-1319.
[13]Andrew C W, Roman A L, Janet M T. Derivation of 3D coordinate templates for searching structural databases: Application to Ser-His-Asp catalytic triads in the serine proteinases and lipases [J]. Protein Sci., 1996,5(6):1001-1013.
[14]Shenker B J, Guo T L, Shapiro I M. Induction of apoptosis in human T-cells by methyl mercury: temporal relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of reductive reserve [J]. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 1999, 157(1): 23-35.
[15]Jinadasa R N, Bloom S E, Weiss R S, et al. Cytolethal distending toxin: a conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis of a broad range of mammalian cell lineages [J]. Microbiology, 2011, 157(7): 1851-1875.