俞媛潔,陳繼紅,羅和生,Jan D Huizinga
1.武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,湖北 武漢 430060;2.麥克馬斯特大學(xué)健康科學(xué)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)系,加拿大 哈密爾頓
5-羥色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT),也稱血清素(serotonin),是胃腸道重要的信號(hào)分子,參與腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)和感知的調(diào)節(jié)[1]。臨床上5-HT類制劑廣泛用于治療結(jié)腸動(dòng)力相關(guān)性疾病,并獲得較好的療效,但具體作用機(jī)理不甚清楚。本文圍繞5-HT與結(jié)腸動(dòng)力的關(guān)系作一綜述。
膳食中的色氨酸經(jīng)色氨酸羥化酶(tryptophan hydroxylase,TpH)轉(zhuǎn)化為5-羥基-L-色氨酸(5-HTP),經(jīng)L-氨基酸脫羧酶轉(zhuǎn)化為5-HT。TpH1主要在腸上皮隱窩腸嗜鉻細(xì)胞(enterochromaffin cells,ECs)表達(dá),是5-HT生物合成的限速酶,而TpH2僅在神經(jīng)組織表達(dá),是另一種基因產(chǎn)物[2]。
大腦合成極少數(shù)5-HT[3]。人體大約95%的5-HT儲(chǔ)存于腸道[3]。腸道5-HT分別在內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞腸嗜鉻細(xì)胞以及肌間神經(jīng)叢血清素能神經(jīng)元內(nèi)經(jīng)TpH催化合成,稱為黏膜源性5-HT和神經(jīng)源性5-HT。
1.1 腸黏膜嗜鉻細(xì)胞源性5-HT 人十二指腸和直腸含有大量的ECs,且直腸ECs含量最高[1]。90%以上的5-HT儲(chǔ)存于ECs基底分泌顆粒[4]。ECs是一種傳感器,對(duì)腸腔內(nèi)壓力和化學(xué)刺激非常敏感,腸腔內(nèi)壓力升高即可引起5-HT釋放。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),迷走神經(jīng)刺激[5-6]、腔內(nèi)酸化[7]和進(jìn)食[8]等刺激均可誘發(fā) ECs釋放5-HT。
ECs基底外側(cè)緣釋放的5-HT進(jìn)入血循環(huán)與胃腸道[3]。血小板缺乏TpH,無法合成5-HT,它能攝取血液循環(huán)中95%的5-HT,是血清5-HT的唯一來源。釋放入腸道的5-HT作用于黏膜下傳入神經(jīng)神經(jīng)元上的5-HT受體,激發(fā)蠕動(dòng)反射,并調(diào)節(jié)腸道分泌。
結(jié)腸對(duì)擴(kuò)張刺激表現(xiàn)出的明顯收縮反應(yīng)與ECs釋放5-HT有關(guān),且不被河豚毒(tetrodotoxin,TTX)阻斷[9]。研究表明,黏膜刺激引起ECs釋放5-HT,作用于傳入神經(jīng)元的5-HT4受體,誘導(dǎo)蠕動(dòng)反射,促進(jìn)結(jié)腸推進(jìn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)[10]。ECs激活內(nèi)在初級(jí)傳入神經(jīng)元(intrinsci primary afferent neurons,IPANs)和外在初級(jí)傳入神經(jīng)元(extrinsic primary afferent neurons,EPANs),黏膜下IPANs分泌Ach和降鈣素,作用于5-HT1PR,啟動(dòng)蠕動(dòng)與分泌反射[11]。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TpH1敲除小鼠ECs無法合成5-HT,但腸道動(dòng)力仍正常[12-13],且 Keating 等[14]去除結(jié)腸黏膜后,結(jié)腸移行性運(yùn)動(dòng)復(fù)合波(colonic migrating motor complexes,CMMCs)仍存在,提示結(jié)腸運(yùn)動(dòng)并不依賴ECs源性5-HT,ECs源性5-HT僅起調(diào)節(jié)作用。此外,Heredia等[15-16]發(fā)現(xiàn)去除結(jié)腸黏膜后,自發(fā)性CMMCs消失,但仍存在誘導(dǎo)的CMMCs。ECs源性5-HT與結(jié)腸動(dòng)力的關(guān)系仍需深入研究。
1.2 神經(jīng)源性5-HT 5-HT是一種肌間神經(jīng)叢神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)[17]。雖然僅有2%的神經(jīng)元為5-HT能神經(jīng)元,但其重要性毋庸置疑,它與50%的肌間神經(jīng)叢其他神經(jīng)元形成突觸,促進(jìn)膽堿能運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元、氮能神經(jīng)元釋放乙酰膽堿(Ach)[18-19]和 NO[19-20],分別引起平滑肌收縮與舒張。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TpH2敲除小鼠神經(jīng)源性5-HT合成受阻,血清素能神經(jīng)傳遞缺失,引起腸道傳輸時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、小腸推進(jìn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)與結(jié)腸動(dòng)力減弱[12]。因?yàn)樯窠?jīng)源性5-HT不僅是一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),也是腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(enteric nervous system,ENS)發(fā)育的重要生長(zhǎng)因子,敲除TpH2后肌間腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不完整。有研究支持,5-HT能中間神經(jīng)元[3]可能直接或間接影響運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元、Cajal間質(zhì)細(xì)胞(interstitial cells of Cajal,ICCs)[21]和平滑肌[22],顯示神經(jīng)源性5-HT可能在調(diào)控結(jié)腸運(yùn)動(dòng)中起主要作用。
5-HT 存在多種受體(5-HT receptor,5-HTR),目前發(fā)現(xiàn)其至少有7種亞型(5-HT1~5-HT7),并在腸上皮細(xì)胞、內(nèi)在神經(jīng)元、外在神經(jīng)元、間質(zhì)細(xì)胞以及腸平滑肌細(xì)胞表達(dá)(見表1)。IPANs表達(dá)5-HT3、5-HT1A、5-HT4和5-HT7受體[23],其他肌間神經(jīng)叢神經(jīng)元表達(dá)5-HT3和5-HT4受體。5-HT3和5-HT4主要分布于腸道,與胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng)功能最為密切[3]。5-HT3受體在IPANs黏膜末端表達(dá),介導(dǎo)快興奮性突觸電位[24-25]。黏膜施以5-HT可通過5-HT3受體激活局部反射通路,增強(qiáng)腸道蠕動(dòng)[26-27]。5-HT能增加黏膜下IPANs釋放ACh與降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽,誘發(fā)腸道推進(jìn)性蠕動(dòng)[28]。5-HT受體間關(guān)系和協(xié)調(diào)作用未見報(bào)道。
表1 消化道5-HT受體分布及其動(dòng)力調(diào)控Tab1 The distribution and regulation of 5-HT receptor in the gastrointestinal tract
5-HT3受體能夠介導(dǎo)血清素能中間神經(jīng)元突觸間的快興奮性神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo),以及肌間IPANs黏膜刺激的傳導(dǎo)。
5-HT3受體拮抗劑延遲結(jié)腸以及全腸道傳輸時(shí)間[29],抑制腸動(dòng)力。能增加腸水分吸收與大便黏稠度[30],抑制餐后腸蠕動(dòng)[31-32]??梢鸨忝?,適用于腹瀉型腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)。
圖1 格拉司瓊抑制大鼠全結(jié)腸推進(jìn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)[39]Fig1 Granisetron inhibited rats colonic motility
選擇性5-HT3受體拮抗劑阿洛司瓊(alosetron)最初報(bào)道僅對(duì)女性腹瀉型IBS有效[33],后證明對(duì)男性效果類似[1]??烧T發(fā)缺血性結(jié)腸炎,發(fā)生率為0.15%[34],較正常人(0)高。還引發(fā)便秘,發(fā)生率為29%,嚴(yán)重便秘可引起腸梗阻、腸道破裂,甚至死亡。該現(xiàn)象與我們近期大鼠全結(jié)腸實(shí)驗(yàn)的發(fā)現(xiàn)相吻合,大鼠遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸施以格拉司瓊(granisetron)后推進(jìn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)受抑,長(zhǎng)距離收縮(long distance contractions,LDCs)減少,非推進(jìn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)(分節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)等)增加,但再給予氯貝膽堿(bethanechol)可引發(fā)強(qiáng)有力的節(jié)律性逆向收縮(見圖1)[35]。2000年11月,在阿洛司瓊問市9個(gè)月后,因消化道副反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重危及生命,美國(guó)食品與藥物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)宣布撤市。2002年7月FDA再次批準(zhǔn)上市,用于治療女性腹瀉為主的嚴(yán)重IBS。此外,有研究報(bào)道,西蘭司瓊(cilansetron)也可引起缺血性結(jié)腸炎[36-37]。
腸神經(jīng)元和平滑肌細(xì)胞表達(dá)5-HT4受體。腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)膽堿能神經(jīng)末梢5-HT4受體激活,中間神經(jīng)元與運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元釋放Ach,推進(jìn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)增強(qiáng)[38]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[39],黏膜5-HT4受體激活能促進(jìn)結(jié)腸推進(jìn)性運(yùn)動(dòng)。5-HT4激動(dòng)劑能與多種受體結(jié)合,受體親和力(見表2)。
非選擇性5-HT4受體激動(dòng)劑,如替加色羅(tegaserod)與西沙必利(cisapride),能抑制5-HT再攝取轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(serotonin reuptake transporter,SERT)活性,增強(qiáng)結(jié)腸蠕動(dòng),加快近端結(jié)腸排空與傳輸,增加排便頻率,有效改善便秘癥狀,緩解腹部疼痛不適,用于治療便秘型IBS與慢性便秘[40]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),替加色羅增加女性腸蠕動(dòng)總數(shù)[41-43]。但替加色羅可誘發(fā)心血管不良事件(心肌缺血),機(jī)制不清[1],可能與5-HT1受體亞型有關(guān),西沙必利能導(dǎo)致QT間期延長(zhǎng),可能與hERG編碼的鉀通道有關(guān)[44]。
新型選擇性5-HT4受體激動(dòng)劑,如普魯卡必利(prucalopride)、維司曲格(velusetrag)、奈莫必利(nemonapride)能加快結(jié)腸傳輸[45],加速升結(jié)腸排空[46],增加排便頻率與自發(fā)腸蠕動(dòng)[47],并降低大便黏稠度[48],對(duì)慢傳輸型便秘(slow transit constipation,STC)效果顯著。有報(bào)道,老年患者應(yīng)用4周普魯卡必利(2 mg,1次/d)后便秘癥狀有所改善[49]。新型 5-HT4受體激動(dòng)劑副作用主要表現(xiàn)為輕型腹瀉,降低劑量或停藥后癥狀消失[3]。
新型非選擇性5-HT4受體激動(dòng)劑,如倫扎必利(renzapride)與普魯卡必利作用類似,能興奮腸肌間神經(jīng)元5-HT4受體,釋放Ach,刺激平滑肌收縮,且呈劑量依賴,常用于治療便秘型IBS與交替型IBS。莫沙必利(mosapride)代謝產(chǎn)物為5-HT3受體拮抗劑,對(duì)結(jié)腸動(dòng)力作用弱[50]。
表2 5-HT4激動(dòng)劑的受體親和力Tab2 The receptor affinity of 5-HT4agonist
5-HT再攝取轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(serotonin reuptake transporter,SERT,5-HTT)攝取并滅活5-HT。血清素能神經(jīng)元質(zhì)膜能表達(dá)特異性SERT,介導(dǎo)5-HT再攝取[51],腸黏膜此類神經(jīng)元缺乏,但小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠以及人黏膜上皮細(xì)胞均表達(dá) SERT[52-53]。小腸 SERT 表達(dá)最多[54]。炎癥性腸病(inflammation bowel disease,IBD)與IBS的結(jié)腸 SERT 表達(dá)減少[53]。
體外抑制腸內(nèi)SERT,起初能增強(qiáng)腸蠕動(dòng),但隨著5-HT受體敏感性降低,蠕動(dòng)反射將終止,局部刺激黏膜后,黏膜下IPANs增加,提示小腸黏膜上皮SERT參與ECs源性5-HT滅活。
當(dāng)SERT被抑制或敲除時(shí),有機(jī)陽離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體和多巴胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白可部分代償SERT功能,但不足以維持正常的功能。SERT敲除小鼠結(jié)腸動(dòng)力增強(qiáng),糞便含水量增加,表現(xiàn)為腹瀉,或腹瀉便秘交替[52],與IBS患者癥狀相似。選擇性5-HT再攝取抑制劑(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs)和三環(huán)類抗抑郁藥可調(diào)節(jié)SERT功能,理論上可緩解IBS癥狀。
5-HT參與腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)功能調(diào)控。血清素能神經(jīng)元受損時(shí)腸道收縮活動(dòng)紊亂,腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙患者5-HT功能明顯受損。
5-HT代謝異??赡芘cIBS發(fā)病有關(guān)。腹瀉型IBS與感染后IBS循環(huán)5-HT增加,便秘型IBS循環(huán)5-HT減少[55]。腹瀉型IBS結(jié)腸黏膜5-HT濃度升高,便秘型則降低[56]。感染后IBS患者ECs數(shù)量和5-HT陽性的腸神經(jīng)纖維增加[57]。5-HT3與5-HT4受體拮抗劑能延遲腹瀉型IBS結(jié)腸傳輸,提示D-IBS患者5-HT增加[58]。便秘型IBS患者ECs數(shù)量大幅度下降,5-HT與ECs數(shù)目比增加,提示便秘型IBS患者5-HT釋放異常。
慢性便秘患者5-HT信號(hào)異常[28]。慢傳輸型便秘患者結(jié)腸肌層神經(jīng)元5-HT增加,但平滑肌5-HT受體減少,5-HT3依賴的胃結(jié)腸反射受損。Dinning等[59-60]在慢性便秘患者結(jié)腸測(cè)壓中觀測(cè)到推進(jìn)性收縮減少,逆向運(yùn)動(dòng)增加導(dǎo)致結(jié)腸傳輸減慢、排便困難。慢性便秘中5-HT受體可用性、密度以及功能是否降低尚不確定[61]。
總之,5-HT參與結(jié)腸運(yùn)動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié),但具體調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制復(fù)雜,受體在各段結(jié)腸分布不同,受體間相互作用不清,5-HT作用于平滑肌具體方式不明,難以直接從臨床效果上判斷各5-HT制劑對(duì)結(jié)腸運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響。若按結(jié)腸部位獨(dú)立研究,有望闡明結(jié)腸5-HT的生理機(jī)制,以及各5-HT制劑的特定效應(yīng),為臨床提供理論依據(jù)。
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