龍艷君+楊小翠+楊霞+達靜靜+袁靜+田茂露+查艷
[摘要] 目的 觀察巨噬細胞趨化抑制因子(MIF)及核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子κB/P65(NF-κB/P65)在單側(cè)輸尿管梗阻大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)中的表達及1,25-(OH)2-D3對其的影響。 方法 采用單側(cè)輸尿管結(jié)扎手術(shù)建立單側(cè)輸尿管梗阻模型。將健康成年的雄性SD大鼠按隨機數(shù)字表法分為3組:假手術(shù)組(n=10)、模型組(n=10)和VD組(n=10)。VD組采用6 ng/(100 g·d)的1,25-(OH)2-D3干預治療,假手術(shù)組和模型組僅給予等量生理鹽水灌胃8周。觀察3組大鼠第8周腎功能、腎組織病理學改變,免疫組化法檢測單核/巨噬細胞表面特異性標志抗原(ED-1)、NF-κB/P65、MIF在腎組織中的表達。 結(jié)果 與假手術(shù)組相比,模型組血肌酐增高(P<0.01),腎間質(zhì)面積/統(tǒng)計場面積增加(P<0.01),腎組織ED-1陽性細胞明顯增加(P<0.01),腎組織MIF的表達顯著升高(P<0.01),NF-κB/P65核陽性細胞明顯增加(P<0.01)。與模型組比較,VD組大鼠腎組織病理學變化得到一定程度的改善,腎組織ED-1、MIF的表達及NF-κB/P65核陽性細胞明顯減少(P<0.01)。 結(jié)論 單側(cè)輸尿管梗阻大鼠腎間質(zhì)MIF的表達和NF-κB/P65的活性明顯增加,1,25-(OH)2-D3可能通過下調(diào)MIF的表達,抑制NF-κB/P65的活性來減輕腎小管間質(zhì)的炎癥反應,改善腎臟纖維化。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 1,25-(OH)2-D3;巨噬細胞趨化抑制因子;核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子κB/P65;腎小管間質(zhì)炎癥反應
[中圖分類號] R692.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)09(b)-0008-05
Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the expression of macrophage chemotaxis inhibitory factor and nuclear factor-κB/P65 of tubulointerstitial cells in unilateral ureteral ligation operation model rats
LONG Yan-jun1 YANG Xiao-cui2★ YANG Xia1 DA Jing-jing1 YUAN Jing1 TIAN Mao-lu1 ZHA Yan1▲
1.Department of Nephrology,People′s Hospital of Guizhou Province,Guiyang 550002,China;2.The Fourth People′s Hospital of Zunyi City in Guizhou Province,Zunyi 563000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)and nuclear factor-κB/P65(NF-κB/P65)in the kidneys of unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO)model rats and the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the xpression. Methods Thirty healthy adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sham operation group(n=10),model group(n=10)and VD group[n=10,UUO rats treated with 6 ng/(100 g·d) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3].The rats in sham group and model group were treated with equal normal saline by lavage for 8 weeks.Serum creatinine,histopatho1ogical change,renal tubulointerstitial macrophage marker antigen(ED-1),NF-κB/P65 and MIF in rats at 8 weeks was measured by immunohistochemistry respectively. Results Serum creatinine,renal interstitial area/statistical field area,the expression of MIF,the amount of NF-κB/P65 nuclear positive cell and ED-1 positive cell in model group was significantly increased compared with that in sham group respectively(P<0.01). Compared with model group,rat renal histopathological change in VD group had a certain degree of improvement,the expression of MIF,the amount of NF-κB/P65 nuclear positive cell and ED-1 positive cell in VD group was significantly decreased respectively(P<0.01). Conclusion The expression of MIF and the activition of NF-κB/P65 in UUO rats increase significantly.1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may ameliorate the progression of renal tubulointerstitial inflammation and renal fibrosis by intervene the expression of MIF and decrease the activition of NF-κB/P65.
[Key words] 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3;Macrophage chemotaxis inhibitory factor;Nuclear factor-κB/P65;Renal tubulointerstitial inflammation
慢性腎臟?。╟hronic kidney disease,CKD)正成為一個全球范圍內(nèi)的公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。腎小管間質(zhì)炎癥可促進CKD患者腎臟纖維化的進程,導致終末期腎衰竭。巨噬細胞移動抑制因子(MIF)是一種強有力的炎癥前細胞因子[2],可引起核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF-κB)的活化。在鼠的抗腎小球基底膜腎炎、系膜增生性腎炎、MRL/lpr狼瘡性腎炎等均發(fā)現(xiàn)MIF表達增加[3],與腎臟組織學損害(間質(zhì)纖維化等)、蛋白尿程度及腎功能衰退密切相關(guān)[4-5]。本研究在單側(cè)輸尿管梗阻(unilateral ureteral obstruction,UUO)大鼠模型中觀察腎小管間質(zhì)炎癥反應和腎小管間質(zhì)細胞MIF、NF-κB的表達情況及給予1,25-(OH)2-D3干預后MIF、NF-κB在腎小管間質(zhì)細胞中表達的變化,探討1,25-(OH)2-D3是否通過MIF影響NF-κB活性來改善腎小管間質(zhì)的炎癥反應,為腎纖維化藥物治療提供更廣泛的循證醫(yī)學依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 動物及分組
6周左右雄性SD大鼠30只,體重170~220 g,許可合格證號scxk(渝)2007-0005,由重慶試驗動物中心提供。按隨機數(shù)字表法分為假手術(shù)組(n=10)、模型組(n=10,行單側(cè)輸尿管結(jié)扎手術(shù))和1,25-(OH)2-D3干預組(VD組)(n=10,行單側(cè)輸尿管結(jié)扎手術(shù)加1,25-(OH)2-D3 6 ng/(100 g·d)入飲水中灌胃8周)。假手術(shù)組和模型組予等量生理鹽水灌胃。
1.2 動物處理
在UUO術(shù)后8周麻醉大鼠從頸總動脈采血,4℃、3000 r/min離心15 min分離血清,用于測定血肌酐。脫髓處死所有大鼠,剖取左側(cè)腎臟,剝離包膜,部分腎組織10%中性甲醛溶液固定,行組織病理學、免疫組織化學檢測,部分腎組織存放于-80℃,行Real-time PCR和Western blot檢測。
1.3 組織病理學檢測
石蠟切片行常規(guī)HE、PAS和Masson染色,光鏡下雙盲法觀察腎小管間質(zhì)的變化情況。每只大鼠選取3張切片,每張切片隨機選取10個腎小管間質(zhì)視野(避開腎小球和大血管),腎間質(zhì)面積測量在200倍光鏡下,每個視野分別測量腎間質(zhì)面積與統(tǒng)計場面積的比值。采用顯微圖像分析系統(tǒng)(Olympus C3040.ADU)對各組染色結(jié)果進行積分吸光度(A)測定,每張切片隨機選取10個高倍視野(200倍),每個視野代表0.13 mm2的區(qū)域面積,計算其A值,取平均值。
1.4 免疫組織化學檢測
切片脫蠟復水;抗原修復采用微波熱修復,室溫冷卻;經(jīng)3%雙氧水封閉內(nèi)源性酶;正常羊血清封閉15~20 min;加入一抗ED-1(Santa Cruz)1∶50、NF-κB/P65(Cell Signaling Technology)1∶400、MIF(Santa Cruz)1∶50,4℃孵育過夜;滴加HRP Polymer(酶標二抗),在室溫下孵育30 min;DAB顯色,蘇木素復染,脫水,透明。實驗同時以磷酸鹽緩沖液代替一抗作陰性對照。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析和處理,計量資料以x±s表示,采用單因素方差分析或q檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 3組大鼠血肌酐及腎間質(zhì)面積/統(tǒng)計場面積的比較
術(shù)后8周,模型組的血肌酐及腎間質(zhì)面積/統(tǒng)計場面積明顯高于假手術(shù)組及VD組(P<0.01);VD組的血肌酐及腎間質(zhì)面積/統(tǒng)計場面積明顯高于假手術(shù)組(P<0.01)(表1)。
表1 3組大鼠血肌酐及腎間質(zhì)面積/統(tǒng)計場面積的比較(x±s,n=10)
與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.01;與模型組比較,#P<0.01
2.2 3組大鼠腎組織病理檢查結(jié)果
假手術(shù)組腎小管間質(zhì)形態(tài)正常;模型組可見腎小管管腔增大,小管上皮細胞空泡狀變性、萎縮、脫落,腎間質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂、炎癥細胞浸潤及纖維化;VD組腎小管間質(zhì)病變較模型組明顯改善(圖1)。
2.3 3組大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)ED-1的表達情況
免疫組化顯示假手術(shù)組ED-1表達極少;與假手術(shù)組比較,模型組ED-1表達明顯升高(P<0.01),主要表達于腎小管上皮細胞及腎間質(zhì)細胞的細胞質(zhì)中;與模型組比較,VD組ED-1表達明顯減少(P<0.01)(圖2)。
圖2 3組大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)ED-1的表達情況(×200)
A.假手術(shù)組;B.模型組;C.VD組;與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.01;與模型組比較,#P<0.01
2.4 3組大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)MIF的表達情況
免疫組化顯示假手術(shù)組MIF表達極少;與假手術(shù)組比較,模型組MIF明顯升高(P<0.01),主要表達于腎小管上皮細胞及腎間質(zhì)細胞的細胞質(zhì)中;與模型組比較,VD組MIF表達明顯減少(P<0.01)(圖3)。
2.5 3組大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)NF-κB/P65的表達情況
免疫組化顯示假手術(shù)組NF-κB/P65在腎小管上皮細胞中主要表達于細胞質(zhì),未見明顯核陽性細胞;模型組腎小管NF-κB/P65核陽性細胞較假手術(shù)組明顯升高(P<0.01);VD組腎小管NF-κB/P65核陽性細胞明顯減少(P<0.01)(圖4)。
3 討論
腎臟纖維化,尤其是腎小管間質(zhì)纖維化,幾乎是所有CKD的最終結(jié)果[6]。腎小管間質(zhì)炎癥是腎小管間質(zhì)纖維化的重用病理生理機制之一。MIF是免疫和炎癥反應中的關(guān)鍵成分[2],是一種含有115個氨基酸的蛋白質(zhì),相對分子質(zhì)量約為12.5 kD[7]。MIF的活化狀態(tài)是由含2個反向平行α螺旋和6個β片層的三個單體組成的同源三聚體,形成一末端開放的中空結(jié)構(gòu)。MIF主要由巨噬細胞產(chǎn)生,其他細胞如淋巴細胞、樹突狀細胞、中性粒細胞、內(nèi)皮細胞、平滑肌細胞、上皮細胞、成纖維細胞、心肌細胞、神經(jīng)細胞、生殖組織、脂肪細胞和激素分泌細胞也可表達MIF[8]。MIF主要通過抑制巨噬細胞游走移動,促進巨噬細胞在炎癥局部的聚集、增生及分泌多種細胞因子如白介素-1(IL-1)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)等發(fā)揮其增強炎癥反應程度的生物學效應。在正常人、大鼠的腎組織中,MIF主要在腎小球臟層和壁層上皮細胞表達,在腎小管上皮細胞弱表達[9]。在人類各種原發(fā)和繼發(fā)腎小球疾病中,腎臟MIF表達均增加[3]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡小鼠模型中給予MIF拮抗劑處理可改善腎臟的功能及組織學指標[10]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),UUO大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)ED-1陽性細胞明顯升高,MIF的表達明顯增加,結(jié)果提示MIF可能參與UUO大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)的炎癥反應,與既往在進展性腎炎模型大鼠上的相關(guān)研究一致[11]。
NF-κB屬于NF-κB/Rel家族,由NF-κB1(p50/p105)、NF-κB2(p52/p100)、RelA(p65)、RelB及c-Rel五個成員組成,是調(diào)控諸多基因的重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,參與炎癥反應、免疫應答、細胞增生及轉(zhuǎn)化和凋亡等重要的生理病理過程[12-13]。許多與腎臟損傷相關(guān)的刺激(如高糖、蛋白尿、糖基化終產(chǎn)物等)均可引起NF-κB的活化[14-15],其中起主要作用的是NF-κB1/P65異源二聚體。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MIF可以通過作用于一種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子ETS家族成員PU1來上調(diào)TCL-R4的表達,引起NF-κB過度激活,導致炎癥反應的級聯(lián)放大效應[16-17]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MIF在IgA大鼠腎損傷中的作用機制可能與活化NF-κB/P65有關(guān)[18]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在正常大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)中NF-κB/P65核陽性細胞極少,而在UUO大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)的NF-κB/P65核陽性細胞明顯增加,結(jié)果提示在UUO大鼠中,MIF可能通過誘導NF-κB/P65活化,參與腎小管間質(zhì)炎癥反應。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1,25-(OH)2-D3通過減輕梗阻性腎病模型中腎小球硬化的損傷而發(fā)揮抗腎臟纖維化的作用[19],已被證實可以延緩腎小球硬化及腎間質(zhì)纖維化的進展[20],但具體機制尚不明確。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在UUO大鼠腎臟,MIF表達明顯升高(P<0.01),且ED-1、NF-κB/P65核陽性細胞增加;應用1,25-(OH)2-D3處理降低了MIF在UUO模型大鼠腎臟中的表達和聚集,減少了NF-κB/P65、ED-1核陽性細胞數(shù)量,明顯減輕了腎小管間質(zhì)病變,改善了腎功能。
本研究結(jié)果證實,應用1,25-(OH)2-D3干預可減輕UUO大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)的炎癥反應,緩解腎小管間質(zhì)纖維化。1,25-(OH)2-D3可能通過抑制MIF在腎小管間質(zhì)的表達,減少NF-κB/P65的活化,改善炎癥反應,減輕腎臟損傷。
[參考文獻]
[1] McClellan AC,Plantinga L,McClellan WM.Epidemiology,geography and chronic kidney disease[J].Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens,2012,21(3):323-328.
[2] Matsumoto K,Maruyama T.Elevated macrophage migration inhibitiory factor(MIF)levels in the urine of patients with focal glomerular sclerosis[J].Clin Exp Immunol,2005,139(2):338-347.
[3] Sanchez-Ni?觡o MD,Sanz AB,Ruiz-Andres O,et al.MIF,CD74 and other partners in kidney disease:tales of a promiscuous couple[J].Cytokine Growth Factor Rev,2013, 24(1):23-40.
[4] Nakima K,Tanaka Y,Nomiyama T,et al.RANTES promoter genotype is associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic subjects[J].Diabetes Care,2003,26(3):892.
[5] 孔耀中,黃英偉.巨噬細胞移動抑制因子在原發(fā)性腎小球腎炎組織中的表達和意義[J].中華腎臟病雜志,2000, 12(16):383.
[6] Lan A,Du J.Potential role of Akt signaling in chronic kidney disease[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,2014.[Epub ahead of print]
[7] Mitchell R,Bacher M,Bernhagen J,et al.Cloning and characterization of the gene for mouse macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)[J].J Immunol,1995,154(8):3863-3870.
[8] Asare Y,Schmitt M,Bernhagen J.The vascular biology of macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF).Expression and effects in inflammation,atherogenesis and angiogenesis[J].Thromb Haemost,2013,109(3):391-398.
[9] Bruchfeld A,Carrero JJ,Qureshi AR,et al.Elevated serum macrophage migration inhibitoryfactor(MIF)concentrations in chronic kidney disease(CKD)are associated with markers of oxidative stress and endothelial activation[J].Mol Med,2009,15(3-4):70-75.
[10] Leng L,Chen L,F(xiàn)an J,et al.A small-molecule macrophage migration inhibitory factor antagonist protects against glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone NZB/NZW F1 and MRL/lpr mice[J].J Immunol,2011,186(1):527-538.
[11] 査艷,趙盈亭,楊霞,等.氯沙坦對進展性腎炎模型大鼠腎小管-間質(zhì)細胞巨噬細胞移動抑制因子的影響研究[J].中國藥房,2011,22(33):3098-3100.
[12] Wan F,Lenardo MJ.Specification of DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB proteins[J].Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol,2009,1(4):a000067.
[13] Hayden MS,Ghosh S.Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling[J].Cell,2008,132(3):344-362.
[14] Sanz AB,Sanchez-Ni?觡o MD,Ramos AM,et al.NF-kappaB in renal inflammation[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2010,21(8):1254-1262.
[15] Okabe C,Borges RL,de Almeida DC,et al.NF-κB activation mediates crystal translocation and interstitial inflammation in adenine overload nephropathy[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2013,305(2):F155-F163.
[16] Daun JM,Cannon JG.Macroghage migration inhibitory factor antagonizes hydrocortisone- induced increase in cytosolic IκB[J].Am J Physiol,2000,279(2):1045-1049.
[17] Salminen A,Kaarniranta K.Control of p53 and NF-κB signaling by WIP1 and MIF:role in cellular senescence and organismal aging[J].Cell Signal,2011,23(5):747-752.
[18] 劉延霞.巨噬細胞移動抑制因子在IgA腎病大鼠模型腎損傷中的作用[J].溫州:溫州醫(yī)學院,2008.
[19] Li Y,Spataro BC,Yang J,et al.1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits renal interstitial myofibroblast activation by inducing hepatocyte growth factor expression[J].Kidney Int,2005,68(4):1500-1510.
[20] 林建明,周潔,楊霞,等.1,25-(OH)2-D3對進展性腎炎大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)膠原蛋白Ⅲ表達的影響[J].中國當代醫(yī)藥,2014,21(4):4-6,9.
(收稿日期:2014-08-01 本文編輯:李亞聰)
[11] 査艷,趙盈亭,楊霞,等.氯沙坦對進展性腎炎模型大鼠腎小管-間質(zhì)細胞巨噬細胞移動抑制因子的影響研究[J].中國藥房,2011,22(33):3098-3100.
[12] Wan F,Lenardo MJ.Specification of DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB proteins[J].Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol,2009,1(4):a000067.
[13] Hayden MS,Ghosh S.Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling[J].Cell,2008,132(3):344-362.
[14] Sanz AB,Sanchez-Ni?觡o MD,Ramos AM,et al.NF-kappaB in renal inflammation[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2010,21(8):1254-1262.
[15] Okabe C,Borges RL,de Almeida DC,et al.NF-κB activation mediates crystal translocation and interstitial inflammation in adenine overload nephropathy[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2013,305(2):F155-F163.
[16] Daun JM,Cannon JG.Macroghage migration inhibitory factor antagonizes hydrocortisone- induced increase in cytosolic IκB[J].Am J Physiol,2000,279(2):1045-1049.
[17] Salminen A,Kaarniranta K.Control of p53 and NF-κB signaling by WIP1 and MIF:role in cellular senescence and organismal aging[J].Cell Signal,2011,23(5):747-752.
[18] 劉延霞.巨噬細胞移動抑制因子在IgA腎病大鼠模型腎損傷中的作用[J].溫州:溫州醫(yī)學院,2008.
[19] Li Y,Spataro BC,Yang J,et al.1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits renal interstitial myofibroblast activation by inducing hepatocyte growth factor expression[J].Kidney Int,2005,68(4):1500-1510.
[20] 林建明,周潔,楊霞,等.1,25-(OH)2-D3對進展性腎炎大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)膠原蛋白Ⅲ表達的影響[J].中國當代醫(yī)藥,2014,21(4):4-6,9.
(收稿日期:2014-08-01 本文編輯:李亞聰)
[11] 査艷,趙盈亭,楊霞,等.氯沙坦對進展性腎炎模型大鼠腎小管-間質(zhì)細胞巨噬細胞移動抑制因子的影響研究[J].中國藥房,2011,22(33):3098-3100.
[12] Wan F,Lenardo MJ.Specification of DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB proteins[J].Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol,2009,1(4):a000067.
[13] Hayden MS,Ghosh S.Shared principles in NF-kappaB signaling[J].Cell,2008,132(3):344-362.
[14] Sanz AB,Sanchez-Ni?觡o MD,Ramos AM,et al.NF-kappaB in renal inflammation[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2010,21(8):1254-1262.
[15] Okabe C,Borges RL,de Almeida DC,et al.NF-κB activation mediates crystal translocation and interstitial inflammation in adenine overload nephropathy[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2013,305(2):F155-F163.
[16] Daun JM,Cannon JG.Macroghage migration inhibitory factor antagonizes hydrocortisone- induced increase in cytosolic IκB[J].Am J Physiol,2000,279(2):1045-1049.
[17] Salminen A,Kaarniranta K.Control of p53 and NF-κB signaling by WIP1 and MIF:role in cellular senescence and organismal aging[J].Cell Signal,2011,23(5):747-752.
[18] 劉延霞.巨噬細胞移動抑制因子在IgA腎病大鼠模型腎損傷中的作用[J].溫州:溫州醫(yī)學院,2008.
[19] Li Y,Spataro BC,Yang J,et al.1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits renal interstitial myofibroblast activation by inducing hepatocyte growth factor expression[J].Kidney Int,2005,68(4):1500-1510.
[20] 林建明,周潔,楊霞,等.1,25-(OH)2-D3對進展性腎炎大鼠腎小管間質(zhì)膠原蛋白Ⅲ表達的影響[J].中國當代醫(yī)藥,2014,21(4):4-6,9.
(收稿日期:2014-08-01 本文編輯:李亞聰)