李曉敏等
摘 要 采用雙三元高效液相色譜和液相質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(HPLCMS/MS)建立了測(cè)定綿羊原始尿液及酶解后尿液中β受體激動(dòng)劑(沙丁胺醇、克倫特羅、萊克多巴胺)在線SPE(Turboflow)檢測(cè)的方法。分別對(duì)Turboflow柱和分析柱條件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,最終確定樣品上樣速率4 mL/min,進(jìn)樣體積100 μL,樣品凈化時(shí)間0.5 min。本方法的回收率在91.3%~112.2%之間,線性范圍為0.1~100 μg/L,精密度RSD<1%,日間峰面積RSD<12%,說(shuō)明方法的重現(xiàn)性和穩(wěn)定性良好。在對(duì)酶解后的尿液檢測(cè)中發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于苯酚類β受體激動(dòng)劑(沙丁胺醇、萊克多巴胺),酶解后的尿液中檢出化合物含量明顯高于未酶解樣品,對(duì)苯胺類β受體激動(dòng)劑(克倫特羅)的影響不大。本方法只需對(duì)原始尿液或酶解后的尿液進(jìn)行過(guò)膜處理,樣品的在線凈化、富集、柱平衡和最終分析可在15 min內(nèi)完成,大大縮短了日常分析所需時(shí)間。
1 引 言
β受體激動(dòng)劑是一類人工合成的苯乙醇胺類藥物,添加于飼料中能顯著提高動(dòng)物胴體的瘦肉率和飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率。但人食用含有過(guò)量該類藥物殘留的動(dòng)物食品后,將會(huì)引發(fā)不良反應(yīng)[1]。我國(guó)曾發(fā)生多起瘦肉精中毒事件,對(duì)食品安全造成惡劣影響,因此,嚴(yán)禁在動(dòng)物養(yǎng)殖中使用“瘦肉精”。但一些不法商販為獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,仍然非法使用該類藥物。近年來(lái),一些反芻動(dòng)物體內(nèi)也偶有瘦肉精檢出。瘦肉精監(jiān)控工作面對(duì)受試動(dòng)物范圍廣、數(shù)量大、樣品基質(zhì)復(fù)雜等難點(diǎn),建立快速、可靠、準(zhǔn)確的檢測(cè)方法是對(duì)該類違禁藥物管控的關(guān)鍵。
β受體激動(dòng)劑的檢測(cè)包括快速檢測(cè)方法和儀器檢測(cè)方法。快速檢測(cè)方法[2](如酶聯(lián)免疫法、膠體金試紙條等)成本低、前處理簡(jiǎn)單。但與儀器方法相比,其假陽(yáng)性/假陰性率高,無(wú)法確定目標(biāo)分析物的準(zhǔn)確含量; 檢測(cè)限較高,難以達(dá)到痕量分析水平。儀器檢測(cè)方法定性定量準(zhǔn)確,如LCMS/MS法[3~5]常被用于確證方法。但這類方法前處理復(fù)雜,需要專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行分析操作,平行性受到檢測(cè)人員熟練程度和操作細(xì)節(jié)影響,分析周期較長(zhǎng)。其它儀器方法,如GC/MS[6,7]、GC/MS/MS[8]法等, 分析前需進(jìn)行衍生反應(yīng),前處理過(guò)程更加復(fù)雜。
尿液[9,10]、血漿[11]、組織[12]常被用于監(jiān)測(cè)人類/動(dòng)物體內(nèi)β受體激動(dòng)劑水平。尿液與其它組織樣品相比,在采集過(guò)程中可避免對(duì)動(dòng)物造成損傷,因此常被用于大規(guī)模安全監(jiān)管的測(cè)試對(duì)象。Turboflow技術(shù)[13]可通過(guò)柱內(nèi)物理作用和化學(xué)作用,快速分離樣品中大分子和小分子,大分子(雜質(zhì)等)在柱內(nèi)無(wú)保留而被快速?zèng)_出柱外,小分子(目標(biāo)化合物)則可被保留在柱內(nèi)。雙三元液相色譜系統(tǒng)具有可單獨(dú)操作的雙泵設(shè)計(jì),給在線SPE技術(shù)提供了良好的支持平臺(tái)。
本研究將利用雙三元色譜系統(tǒng),結(jié)合在線SPETurboflow技術(shù)在處理尿液中的優(yōu)勢(shì),在快速完成樣品的富集、凈化的同時(shí),將其與三重四極串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜儀聯(lián)用,對(duì)目標(biāo)化合物進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的定量分析。此外,β受體激動(dòng)劑在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)酶的催化作用下可與一些小分子結(jié)合,在尿液中以游離態(tài)和軛合態(tài)的形式同時(shí)存在,不經(jīng)水解直接分析將會(huì)造成對(duì)目標(biāo)化合物的低估[14,15]。本方法可直接對(duì)酶解后的尿液進(jìn)行進(jìn)樣分析,從而快速分析酶解對(duì)測(cè)定尿液中β受體激動(dòng)劑的影響,得到尿液中的總含量水平,為食品安全監(jiān)控提供及時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。
2 實(shí)驗(yàn)部分
2.1 材料與試劑
3.2 上樣速率
上樣速率會(huì)對(duì)化合物在Turboflow柱內(nèi)保留行為造成較大影響。較高流速下,大分子在Turboflow柱內(nèi)幾乎無(wú)保留,小分子則可在湍流作用下進(jìn)入柱內(nèi)微小孔徑,增加駐留時(shí)間。本研究分別考察了1, 2, 3和 4 mL/min流速下目標(biāo)化合物和雜質(zhì)的保留時(shí)間(圖2)。從圖2可見(jiàn),除克倫特羅在2 mL/min流速下保留略差外,其它差別不大。但紫外圖譜顯示,尿液中雜質(zhì)在4 mL/min流速下以更快的速度被沖出Turboflow柱,而且與目標(biāo)化合物的出峰時(shí)間無(wú)重疊,因此選擇4 mL/min作為上樣流速。
3.3 進(jìn)樣體積
分別考察了10, 50和100 μL進(jìn)樣體積的色譜響應(yīng)。結(jié)果顯示,隨進(jìn)樣體積增加,色譜峰面積明顯升高,而基線響應(yīng)無(wú)明顯變化。因此,大體積進(jìn)樣結(jié)合在線SPE方法可減輕基質(zhì)效應(yīng)干擾,獲得更好的靈敏度。雙三元液相色譜系統(tǒng)最高可允許1 mL的進(jìn)樣體積。本研究因100 μL進(jìn)樣體積已完全滿足分析需要,故選擇100 μL作為最終進(jìn)樣體積。
3.4 樣品凈化時(shí)間
尿液中無(wú)機(jī)鹽、尿素和尿酸等成分會(huì)對(duì)分析造成干擾。利用在線SPE處理樣品時(shí)雜質(zhì)和目標(biāo)化合物在Turboflow柱得到分離,雜質(zhì)直接進(jìn)入廢液,目標(biāo)化合物組分在柱內(nèi)保留。延長(zhǎng)樣品凈化時(shí)間可以更徹底去除雜質(zhì),但目標(biāo)化合物的回收率同時(shí)會(huì)受到影響。酶解和不酶解前處理方法見(jiàn)2.3節(jié)。如表4所示,酶解前后測(cè)定結(jié)果有較大差異。尿液中沙丁胺醇、克倫特羅、萊克多巴胺酶解后濃度分別是酶解前的169,1.2和5.9倍。這說(shuō)明在檢測(cè)尿液中克倫特羅時(shí),可采取直接進(jìn)樣的方法; 而在測(cè)定沙丁胺醇和萊克多巴胺時(shí),則需經(jīng)過(guò)酶解過(guò)程方能獲得更為準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果。這與文獻(xiàn)[14\]一致,同時(shí)也說(shuō)明本方法能夠快速準(zhǔn)確地對(duì)酶解后的尿液樣品進(jìn)行測(cè)定。
References
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王鳳美, 張鴻偉, 龐士平, 湯志旭, 牛增元, 羅 忻. 分析化學(xué), 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635
6 BIAN Kui, LIN Tao, LIU Min, YANG JianWen, WANG ZongNan, HE LiMin. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2014, 32(2): 162-168
卞 愧, 林 濤, 劉 敏, 楊建文, 王宗楠, 賀利民. 色譜, 2014, 32(2): 162-168
7 Henze M K, Opfermann G, SpahnLangguth H, Schnzera W. J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 751(1): 93-105
8 Amendola L, Colamonici C, Rossi F, Botre F. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 773(1): 7-16
9 Nicoli R, Petrou M, Badoud F, Dvorak J, Saugy M, Baume N. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1292: 142-150
10 Mauro D, Ciardullo S, Civitareale C, Fiori M, Pastorelli A A, Stacchini P, Palleschi G. Microchemical Journal, 2014, 115: 70-77
11 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Persi N, Terzic S, Andrisic M, Zarkovic I. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2013, 37(4): 241-245
12 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Mitak M, Persi N, Milic D. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2011, 35(1): 28-31
13 Quinn H M, Takarewski J J. 1997, Int. patent WO 97/16724
14 LI Yang, SU XiaoOu, ZHANG Wei, FAN Xia, WANG PeiLong, WANG RuiGuo, WANG Xiao. Chinese J. Anal.Chem., 2014, 42(5): 717-722
李 陽(yáng), 蘇曉鷗, 張 維, 樊 霞, 王培龍, 王瑞國(guó), 王 驍. 分析化學(xué), 2014, 42(5): 717-722
15 Damasceno L, Ventura R, Cardoso J, Segura J. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 780(1): 61-71
Direct Analysis of Combined βAgonist in Sheep Urine Using
Online Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Liquid
ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry
LI XiaoMin1, GAO Yan2, SU XiaoOu*1, LI Yang1, WANG RuiGuo1, ZHANG Yu1, FU JianJie2
1(Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for AgroProducts,
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)
2(Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)
Abstract A novel method based on the combination of online SPE (Turboflow) with high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) was developed to detect the residues of salbutamol, clenbuterol and ractopamine in sheep urine. First of all, the mobile phases of Turboflow and analytical columns were optimized. Then the influence of sampling flow rate (4 mL/min), sampling volume (100 μL), and sampling elution time (0.5 min) was evaluated and the most optimal conditions were finally selected. The recovery of this method was in the range of 91.3%-112.2%, and the linear range was from 0.1 to 100 μg/L. RSD calculated from chromatography peak area of intra and interday was less than 1% and 12% respectively, which indicated a very good instrument repeatability and stability. Furthermore, urine samples obtained from dosing sheep were analyzed to make a comparison between the enzymolysis and unenzymolysis samples. The results showed that much higher levels of salbutamol and ractopamine were found after hydrolysis, but the concentration of clenbuterol was in the very same level. In the established method, the only pretreatment needed is the enzymolysis process. Without any other pretreatments, all the analytical processes can be finished in 15 min, including online sample cleanup, online sample preconcentration, column balance and determination of target compounds. The method is quick, simple, reliable and effective, and can be applied in large scale supervision of illegal usage of βagonists.
Keywords Urine; Sheep; βAgonists; Online solid phase extraction; Turboflow column
(Received 29 August 2014; accepted 7 October 2014)
5 WANG FengMei, ZHANG HongWei, PANG ShiPing, TANG ZhiXu, NIU ZengYuan, LUO Xin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635
王鳳美, 張鴻偉, 龐士平, 湯志旭, 牛增元, 羅 忻. 分析化學(xué), 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635
6 BIAN Kui, LIN Tao, LIU Min, YANG JianWen, WANG ZongNan, HE LiMin. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2014, 32(2): 162-168
卞 愧, 林 濤, 劉 敏, 楊建文, 王宗楠, 賀利民. 色譜, 2014, 32(2): 162-168
7 Henze M K, Opfermann G, SpahnLangguth H, Schnzera W. J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 751(1): 93-105
8 Amendola L, Colamonici C, Rossi F, Botre F. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 773(1): 7-16
9 Nicoli R, Petrou M, Badoud F, Dvorak J, Saugy M, Baume N. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1292: 142-150
10 Mauro D, Ciardullo S, Civitareale C, Fiori M, Pastorelli A A, Stacchini P, Palleschi G. Microchemical Journal, 2014, 115: 70-77
11 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Persi N, Terzic S, Andrisic M, Zarkovic I. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2013, 37(4): 241-245
12 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Mitak M, Persi N, Milic D. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2011, 35(1): 28-31
13 Quinn H M, Takarewski J J. 1997, Int. patent WO 97/16724
14 LI Yang, SU XiaoOu, ZHANG Wei, FAN Xia, WANG PeiLong, WANG RuiGuo, WANG Xiao. Chinese J. Anal.Chem., 2014, 42(5): 717-722
李 陽(yáng), 蘇曉鷗, 張 維, 樊 霞, 王培龍, 王瑞國(guó), 王 驍. 分析化學(xué), 2014, 42(5): 717-722
15 Damasceno L, Ventura R, Cardoso J, Segura J. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 780(1): 61-71
Direct Analysis of Combined βAgonist in Sheep Urine Using
Online Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Liquid
ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry
LI XiaoMin1, GAO Yan2, SU XiaoOu*1, LI Yang1, WANG RuiGuo1, ZHANG Yu1, FU JianJie2
1(Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for AgroProducts,
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)
2(Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)
Abstract A novel method based on the combination of online SPE (Turboflow) with high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) was developed to detect the residues of salbutamol, clenbuterol and ractopamine in sheep urine. First of all, the mobile phases of Turboflow and analytical columns were optimized. Then the influence of sampling flow rate (4 mL/min), sampling volume (100 μL), and sampling elution time (0.5 min) was evaluated and the most optimal conditions were finally selected. The recovery of this method was in the range of 91.3%-112.2%, and the linear range was from 0.1 to 100 μg/L. RSD calculated from chromatography peak area of intra and interday was less than 1% and 12% respectively, which indicated a very good instrument repeatability and stability. Furthermore, urine samples obtained from dosing sheep were analyzed to make a comparison between the enzymolysis and unenzymolysis samples. The results showed that much higher levels of salbutamol and ractopamine were found after hydrolysis, but the concentration of clenbuterol was in the very same level. In the established method, the only pretreatment needed is the enzymolysis process. Without any other pretreatments, all the analytical processes can be finished in 15 min, including online sample cleanup, online sample preconcentration, column balance and determination of target compounds. The method is quick, simple, reliable and effective, and can be applied in large scale supervision of illegal usage of βagonists.
Keywords Urine; Sheep; βAgonists; Online solid phase extraction; Turboflow column
(Received 29 August 2014; accepted 7 October 2014)
5 WANG FengMei, ZHANG HongWei, PANG ShiPing, TANG ZhiXu, NIU ZengYuan, LUO Xin. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635
王鳳美, 張鴻偉, 龐士平, 湯志旭, 牛增元, 羅 忻. 分析化學(xué), 2008, 36(12): 1629-1635
6 BIAN Kui, LIN Tao, LIU Min, YANG JianWen, WANG ZongNan, HE LiMin. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2014, 32(2): 162-168
卞 愧, 林 濤, 劉 敏, 楊建文, 王宗楠, 賀利民. 色譜, 2014, 32(2): 162-168
7 Henze M K, Opfermann G, SpahnLangguth H, Schnzera W. J. Chromatogr. B, 2001, 751(1): 93-105
8 Amendola L, Colamonici C, Rossi F, Botre F. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 773(1): 7-16
9 Nicoli R, Petrou M, Badoud F, Dvorak J, Saugy M, Baume N. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1292: 142-150
10 Mauro D, Ciardullo S, Civitareale C, Fiori M, Pastorelli A A, Stacchini P, Palleschi G. Microchemical Journal, 2014, 115: 70-77
11 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Persi N, Terzic S, Andrisic M, Zarkovic I. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2013, 37(4): 241-245
12 Pleadin J, Vulic A, Mitak M, Persi N, Milic D. J. Anal. Toxicol, 2011, 35(1): 28-31
13 Quinn H M, Takarewski J J. 1997, Int. patent WO 97/16724
14 LI Yang, SU XiaoOu, ZHANG Wei, FAN Xia, WANG PeiLong, WANG RuiGuo, WANG Xiao. Chinese J. Anal.Chem., 2014, 42(5): 717-722
李 陽(yáng), 蘇曉鷗, 張 維, 樊 霞, 王培龍, 王瑞國(guó), 王 驍. 分析化學(xué), 2014, 42(5): 717-722
15 Damasceno L, Ventura R, Cardoso J, Segura J. J. Chromatogr. B, 2002, 780(1): 61-71
Direct Analysis of Combined βAgonist in Sheep Urine Using
Online Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Liquid
ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry
LI XiaoMin1, GAO Yan2, SU XiaoOu*1, LI Yang1, WANG RuiGuo1, ZHANG Yu1, FU JianJie2
1(Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for AgroProducts,
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)
2(Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)
Abstract A novel method based on the combination of online SPE (Turboflow) with high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS/MS) was developed to detect the residues of salbutamol, clenbuterol and ractopamine in sheep urine. First of all, the mobile phases of Turboflow and analytical columns were optimized. Then the influence of sampling flow rate (4 mL/min), sampling volume (100 μL), and sampling elution time (0.5 min) was evaluated and the most optimal conditions were finally selected. The recovery of this method was in the range of 91.3%-112.2%, and the linear range was from 0.1 to 100 μg/L. RSD calculated from chromatography peak area of intra and interday was less than 1% and 12% respectively, which indicated a very good instrument repeatability and stability. Furthermore, urine samples obtained from dosing sheep were analyzed to make a comparison between the enzymolysis and unenzymolysis samples. The results showed that much higher levels of salbutamol and ractopamine were found after hydrolysis, but the concentration of clenbuterol was in the very same level. In the established method, the only pretreatment needed is the enzymolysis process. Without any other pretreatments, all the analytical processes can be finished in 15 min, including online sample cleanup, online sample preconcentration, column balance and determination of target compounds. The method is quick, simple, reliable and effective, and can be applied in large scale supervision of illegal usage of βagonists.
Keywords Urine; Sheep; βAgonists; Online solid phase extraction; Turboflow column
(Received 29 August 2014; accepted 7 October 2014)