Effects of Several Organic Fertilizers on Organic Peach

Yabo LIU,Weizhong LIU,jian GUO，Runfang WANG

1.Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Jurong 212400,China;

2.Commission of Agriculture of Jurong City,Jurong 212400,China

Effects of Several Organic Fertilizers on Organic Peach

Yabo LIU1*,Weizhong LIU1,jian GUO1，Runfang WANG2

1.Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Jurong 212400,China;

2.Commission of Agriculture of Jurong City,Jurong 212400,China

The research explored the effects of compound management model on soil fertility and peach tree production,involving free-range chicken and returning chicken manure to fields.The results showed that the effects of chicken manure on soil fertility were poorer compared with organic fertilizers,but the former would better promote peach tree growth and improve yields.On the other hand,the peach fruits applied with chicken manures were small in size and poor in commercial value.What’s worse,disease rate reached 31.2%and the fruits could not be stored for a long term.Therefore,the compound management model combining agriculture and animal husbandry should intensify epidemic prevention to take place of organic fertilizers.

Organic fertilizer;Peach;Application effects

C hina has a long history of peach cultivation,involving Jiangsu Province,Zhejiang Province,Shandong Province,Hebei Province,Biejing,Shaanxi Province, Shanxi Province,Gansu,and Henan Province.Due to beautiful skins,delicate flesh and rich juice,peaches are much popular among people.For example,every 100 g peach flesh contains sugar of 5-7 g,organic acid 0.2-1.9 g,protein of 0.4-1.8 g,fat of 0.1-1.5 g,Vc of 31 mg,and VB of 20.2 mg. With adjustment of agricultural structure,much progress is made on fresh fruits in Jurong City where peach is one of major fruits.Until 2011,peach area reached over 7 000 hm2in Jurong and yield achieved 100 million yuan, representing 0.4%of Jurong GDP. However,the proportion of organic peach maintains lower,and it is rare to find highly-qualified and high-grade peach.Daizhuang Organic Agriculture Cooperative carried out cultivation work of organic peach and the peach orchard is constructed in low hills,and dry lands,where soil fertility is generally poor,affecting peach yield and quality.Therefore,it is always a problem bothering farmers how to improve soil structure and fertility in peach orchards,increase peach yield and enhance peach quality.On the other hand,the ecological compound management model of farming and animal husbandry has formulated and hens and geese are raised as per freerange farming.Hence,it is not determined whether the practice of returning chicken manure to orchards is suitable in improving soil structure,as well as the effects of manure on peach growth,which less attention is paid to. The research,therefore,conducted exploration of organic fertilizers on production of organic peach with a control group of free-range farming and returning chicken manure to field in order to provide references for organic production for farmers.

Materials and Methods

Test region

The test was conducted in a peach orchard of Daizhuang Organic Agriculture Cooperative,Tianwang

Test materials

Peach trees in the test were midripening juicy peach trees grown in 2002 and the fertilizers included Oujia organic fertilizer and Kangbao organic fertilizer(commercial organic fertilizers),and chicken manures in control group(Table 1).

Test method

Peach trees were fertilized twice on August 9,2008 and March 9,2009 respectively and the fertilization methods and quantity kept the same of three fertilizers.Specifically,the fertilizers were applied on circular shallow furrow once at 5 kg per plant.It is notable that every fertilizer was applied for 5 five-year old trees.

Analysis methods

Organic matter was measured as per potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid heating method;total N was by kjeldah method;available P was by dioic acid extraction(0.05 mol/L HCl-0.025 mol/L H2SO4);available P was by 1 mol/L atomic absorption spectrophotometer and extraction with ammonium acetate.

Table 1Nutrient contents of fertilizers

Results and Analysis

Nutrient changes of soils in the peach orchard applied with different organic fertilizers

Soil fertility directly affects peach tree growth and determines peach yield and quality.It is known that the requirements of N,P and K by peach trees are about 1:0.5:1 and it can be concluded that soil fertility in the peach orchard in Jurong maintains lower[1]. Most nutrients demanding by peach trees are from organic fertilizers and the research showed(Table 2)that available K of soils grew in varying degrees in soil layers of 0-50 cm(Fig.1). Specifically,by applying Kangbao organic fertilizer in the layers of 0-20 cm,available K increased by 85%as per 0.106 1 g/kg,showing significant differences and the increases in different soil layers were as follows:Oujia fertilizer＞Kangbao fertilizer＞chicken manure,which coincided with the contents of available K of applied fertilizers.In contrast,as shown in Fig.2,the content of available P declined in the treatments with Oujia fertilizer and chicken manure in soil layers of 0-20 cm,and grew in the treatment with Kangbao fertilizer;in soil layers of 20-30 cm,however,the contents of available all decreased,possibly caused by location of peach tree roots[2].With a high content in chicken manure,the loss of available P proved much serious.In soil layers of 30-50 cm,the content of available P increased considerably in the treatment with Oujiafertilizer,but the contents changed insignificantly in treatments with Kangbao fertilizer and chicken manures.As shown in Fig.3,the content of organic matter changed dramatically in soil layers of 0-20 cm in the treatments with Oujia fertilizer and Kangbao fertilizer,increasing by 36.4%and 69.4%, and changed little in rest treatments and soil layers,which possibly caused by raw materials of organic matter.After all,chicken manures are easily decomposed in soils,releasing nutrients, but it takes longer for Oujia fertilizer and Kangbao fertilizer.

Table 2Changes of soil nutrients in the peach orchard with organic fertilizers

Table 3Effects of organic fertilizers on branches and trunks of peach trees

Table 4Effect of organic fertilizer on peach fruit characters

Effects of organic fertilizers on branches and trunks of peach trees

As shown in Table 3,the nutrients contained in organic fertilizers tended to be volatile upon fertilizer type.For example,the proportions of N,P and K were 1∶0.15∶0.97,1∶0.39∶1.41 and 1∶2.90∶0.72 of Oujia fertilizer,Kangbao fertilizer and chicken manure accordingly,promoting trunk and branch of peach trees in varying degrees[3-6].The increased diameters of trunk and branch in the treatment with chicken manures proved the longest at 1.28 and 0.75 respectively and from high to low were as follows:the treatment with chicken manure＞the treatment with Kangbao fertilizer＞the treatment with Oujia fertilizer,showing extremely significant differences.The extensions of length and diameter of the 1st-grade branch in the treatment with chicken manures were 34.7 cm and 3.23 mm, respectively,and from high to low were the treatment with chicken manure＞the treatment with Kangbao fertilizer＞the treatment with Oujia fertilizer, showing extremely significant differences,possibly caused by the role played by phosphorus in fertilizers.Onthe other hand,Oujia fertilizers also promote the growth of 2nd-grade branch of peach trees,with average branch extension of 29.7 cm,which is adverse for peach growth.As for the treatment with chicken manure,average extension of branches reached 24.5 cm,which is conductive to production of peaches,reported similarly by Yanet al[7].

Effects of organic fertilizer on peach characters

As shown in Table 4,peach yield was the highest in the treatment with chicken manure[8-9]at 40.4 kg/tree;the yields in the treatments with Oujia fertilizer and Kangbao fertilizer differed insignificantly.However,peach fruit in the treatment with chicken manure was small in size and poor in commercial value[10-11].What’s worse,disease rate was growing of 31.2%,possibly caused by germ on manures.On the other hand,sugar degree kept higher in the treatment with Oujia fertilizer of 12.8,where the fruits can be stored as long as 12 d.In contrast,the fruits in the treatment with chicken manure can not be stored so long,possibly caused by effects of phosphorus contained by manures[12],which requires further demonstration.

Discussions

Soil fertility in peach orchards has direct effects on peach tree growth, affecting peach quality and yield.Besides,the applied fertilizers have varied effects on soil fertility.Specifically, organic matters of Oujia fertilizer, Kangbao fertilizer and chicken manures from high to low were as follows: Kangbao fertilizer＞chicken manure＞Oujia fertilizer.However,because of diversified raw materials,the decomposition rates of the fertilizers tended to be different.Furthermore,in soils, the content of organic matter differed either.In soil layers,the contents were Kangbao fertilizer＞Oujia fertilizer＞chicken manure.On the other hand, the changes of available P tended to be complicated in different treatments, might caused by water flow or peach tree absorption on phosphorus.It is notable that the content of available K in soil layers of 0-20 cm changed the most significant of Kangbao fertilizer, and kept similar in rest soil layers between treatments with Oujia fertilizer and Kangbao fertilizer;the content of available K in the treatment with chicken manure changed the least in soil layers,which is related to low content of K in chicken manures.Besides, under influence of rainfalls or water, the contents of available K and P changed so dramatically in peach orchards in arid lands.

As for trunk and main branches, the increased diameters in different treatments were the treatment with chicken manure＞the treatment with Kangbao＞the treatment with Ouqie, and the increases of the 1st-grade branch and diameter were the treatment with chicken manure＞the treatment with Ouqie＞the treatment with Kangbao;peach yields from high to low were the treatment with chicken manure＞the treatment with Kangbao＞the treatment with Oujia fertilizer.According to analysis of variance,the treatments showed significant differences at 0.05,and the contents of availablePwere the treatment with chicken manure＞the treatment with Kangbao＞the treatment with Oujia fertilizer.It can be concluded that the change of availablePcontent in soils is quite complicated and it is necessary to explore the effects of phosphorus on peach tree.In addition,the disease of peach trees in the treatment with chicken manure was quite serious,possibly caused by pathogenic bacteria which were not totally killed during fermentation.

Conclusions

In general,on basis of the test, the effects of chicken manure on soil nutrients performed poorer compared with commercial organic fertilizer,but chicken manures are prone to decomposing,so that it is easier for the nutrients to be absorbed,promoting peach tree growth and improving peach yields.On the other hand, however,chicken manures bring with germs which can not be completely killed,resulting in small size,poor commercial value,high diseased rate and short storage term.Therefore, when compound management model is adopted in a peach orchard with raising chicken,anti-epidemic measures should be taken in order to replace organic fertilizers.

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Responsible editor:Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader:Xiaoyan WU

幾種有機肥在有機桃樹（拂曉）上的應(yīng)用效果

劉亞柏1*，劉偉忠1，郭建1，王潤芳2
（1.江蘇丘陵地區(qū)鎮(zhèn)江農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究所，江蘇句容212400；2.句容市農(nóng)業(yè)委員會，江蘇句容212400）

根據(jù)鎮(zhèn)江地區(qū)桃園土壤肥力偏低的情況，針對有機桃園散養(yǎng)草雞，雞糞還田的農(nóng)牧結(jié)合復(fù)合經(jīng)營模式對桃園土壤及桃樹生產(chǎn)的影響效果研究甚少的狀況，開展雞糞還田對土壤肥力狀況及桃樹的影響研究。試驗結(jié)果表明：雞糞對土壤養(yǎng)分的影響比商品有機肥略差，但是，雞糞能很好的促進桃樹生長，增強樹勢，提高桃樹果實產(chǎn)量；而另一方面，施用自產(chǎn)雞糞桃樹果實個小，商品性差，病果率高達31.2%，而且不耐儲藏；桃園散養(yǎng)草雞或鵝，禽糞還田的生態(tài)農(nóng)牧結(jié)合復(fù)合經(jīng)營模式需要加強防疫，方可取代施用商品有機肥料。

有機肥；桃樹；應(yīng)用效果Town,Jurong City,Jiangsu Province at 31°38′212″N and 119°14′283″E, with yellow brown soils developed based on loess in quaternary period. It has a northern subtropical monsoon climate and average altitude reaches 57 m;annual mean precipitation is 1 018 mm;perennial mean temperature maintains 15.2℃;accumulated temperature achieves 5 461.7℃;perennial sunshine hour totals 2 152 h;annual sunshine rate reaches 49%;annual solar radiation totals 487.6 kJ/cm2.

江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科技自主創(chuàng)新基金-丘崗小流域種養(yǎng)結(jié)合循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)研究與集成示范［CX（12）3043］。

劉亞柏（1969-），男，湖南隆回人，副研究員，現(xiàn)從事土壤肥料與有機農(nóng)業(yè)研究，E-mail：lyb522718@126.com。*通訊作者。

2015-04-06

修回日期 2015-05-16

Supported by Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund[CX(12)3043].

*Corresponding author.E-mail:lyb522718@126.com

Received:April 6,2015 Accepted:May 16,2015