楊 菁 周 力 許 鐘
Krüppel樣因子4(KLF4)是真核生物中含有3個(gè)鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,又稱為胃腸富集KLF,豐富表達(dá)于消化道、口腔、食管上皮、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等部位[1]。KLF4在細(xì)胞增殖中起抑制作用,在細(xì)胞分化中起導(dǎo)向作用,在不同的組織中可與不同的靶基因相互作用,發(fā)揮促癌或抑癌效應(yīng),其在胃腸道腫瘤中主要起抑癌作用。本文就KLF4在細(xì)胞增殖、分化及胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用作一綜述。
Katz等[2]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),KLF4基因缺陷的小鼠的胃上皮細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)持續(xù)增生和黏膜息肉樣病變。進(jìn)一步的研究表明,上調(diào)KLF4的表達(dá)使細(xì)胞增殖受抑,KLF4表達(dá)缺陷的細(xì)胞增殖活躍[3-4]。有研究將KLF4過表達(dá)胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN-45注入到小鼠皮下,3周后取出腫瘤并測量腫瘤大小,結(jié)果顯示KLF4過表達(dá)組小鼠的腫瘤明顯小于對照組[5]。另有研究報(bào)道,KLF4阻斷細(xì)胞周期和抑制細(xì)胞周期蛋白cyclin D1是通過miR-15a來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[6]。上述研究提示,KLF4具有抑制細(xì)胞增殖的作用,且這個(gè)過程中有microRNA的參與。
KLF4在皮膚及胃腸道分化的上皮細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)[7]。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),KLF4基因表達(dá)缺失的小鼠的胃上皮壁細(xì)胞和胃酶細(xì)胞的數(shù)量減少超過50%,而表面黏液細(xì)胞和頸黏液細(xì)胞的數(shù)量增加2倍以上[3]。對斑馬魚的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腸上皮細(xì)胞的終末分化和杯狀細(xì)胞的分化都需要KLF4的參與,提示KLF4可調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞分化,腫瘤的發(fā)生可能與正常細(xì)胞分化過程中KLF4未激活有關(guān)[8]。另有研究顯示,miR-145的缺失使細(xì)胞分化受抑制,猜測KLF4調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞分化的機(jī)制有microRNA參與[9]。
作為腫瘤抑制因子,KLF4在胃癌、食管癌、膀胱癌、宮頸癌、結(jié)直腸癌中呈低表達(dá)[10-14]。采用免疫組織化學(xué)法分析不同分期的胃癌組織,發(fā)現(xiàn)KLF4在正常胃組織和癌旁組織中高表達(dá),在胃上皮瘤變組織中表達(dá)較弱,而在胃腫瘤組織或癌巢組織中幾乎無表達(dá),且隨著胃癌分期的遞增,KLF4的表達(dá)逐漸減弱[7],其表達(dá)率與腫瘤臨床分期、浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān)[15-16]。在具有多分化潛能的絨毛蛋白陽性胃腸道祖細(xì)胞中,KLF4缺失可引起小鼠胃黏膜轉(zhuǎn)化和胃竇腫瘤的發(fā)生[17]。有證據(jù)表明,KLF4的表達(dá)與胃癌的預(yù)后有關(guān),細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)高表達(dá)KLF4的胃癌患者明顯較低表達(dá)KLF4的胃癌患者的總生存率更高[18]。此外,有研究報(bào)道,KLF4是miR-206的目標(biāo)基因,胃癌患者的miR-206與KLF4呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),提示KLF4在胃癌中的表達(dá)下調(diào)受microRNA的調(diào)控,且這些microRNA與癌細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)[19]。
在胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,KLF4作為抑癌基因與 Sp1、E-鈣 黏 蛋 白 (E-cadherin)、β-連 環(huán) 蛋 白(β-catenin)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1(TGF-β1)蛋白及p53基因相互作用,其功能失調(diào)參與腫瘤的形成和發(fā)展,在KLF4與多種分子相互作用的過程中,還涉及到非編碼RNA的調(diào)控。
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Sp1是一種序列特異性的DNA結(jié)合蛋白,其異常表達(dá)與胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)。在彌漫型胃癌中,Sp1表達(dá)升高,患者的生存率降低[20]。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),KLF4和Sp1在胃癌組織中的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān),KLF4表達(dá)缺失時(shí),Sp1表達(dá)升高,且胃癌進(jìn)展[21-23]。故KLF4和Sp1的檢測可能對預(yù)測胃癌的進(jìn)展和預(yù)后有重要的意義。
上皮型E-cadherin是KLF4的一個(gè)目標(biāo)基因[24],其主要功能是介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞間的黏附,對維持上皮細(xì)胞的完整及形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)起著重要的作用。有研究結(jié)果顯示,KLF4可通過直接誘導(dǎo)上皮基因(如E-cadherin)的表達(dá)來抑制上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[25]。有證據(jù)表明,上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化與腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),而E-cadherin缺失是上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的標(biāo)志物,故推測KLF4通過調(diào)節(jié)E-cadherin的表達(dá),間接調(diào)控腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[26]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),E-cadherin在正常胃黏膜上皮呈強(qiáng)陽性表達(dá),在胃癌組織中的表達(dá)則明顯減弱,并隨腫瘤浸潤的加深、淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生而降低,與KLF4的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)[27]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在E-cadherin基因敲除(dcko)的彌漫型胃癌小鼠中,miR-103、miR-107、miR-194及miR-210的表達(dá)水平均明顯上調(diào)[28]。因此,KLF4與E-cadherin的相互作用可能由某些microRNA調(diào)控,檢測兩者的表達(dá)水平對評估胃癌的浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移可能有一定價(jià)值。
β-catenin是一種多功能蛋白,主要功能是介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞間黏附。β-catenin的異常表達(dá)可能引起細(xì)胞間連接作用減弱并促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分化、增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[29]。Zhang等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),KLF4與β-catenin具有相互作用,前者可抑制β-catenin介導(dǎo)的基因表達(dá),在維持正常小腸的穩(wěn)態(tài)及結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要的作用。近年來的研究表明,KLF4通過降解β-catenin蛋白來抑制其活性,并且可調(diào)節(jié)β-catenin介導(dǎo)的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)[5,31]。在胃癌的增殖、浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移過程中,KLF4起抑制作用,其抗癌特性是由于抑制了β-catenin的表達(dá)水平,從而改變了β-catenin信號機(jī)制,因此胃癌進(jìn)程中 KLF4與β-catenin表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[5,32]。這對由β-catenin驅(qū)動(dòng)的惡性腫瘤來說,調(diào)節(jié)KLF4的表達(dá)可能成為新的治療途徑。
TGF-β是一種多功能細(xì)胞因子,可以影響多種細(xì)胞的生長、分化及凋亡,并有免疫調(diào)節(jié)等功能。TGF-β1是其中一個(gè)亞型,廣泛存在于各種正?;虬┳兊慕M織細(xì)胞中,在胃癌組織中表達(dá)上調(diào),且腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及低生存率與其表達(dá)水平呈正相關(guān)[33-34]。多項(xiàng)研究顯示,KLF4與TGF-β之間存在著相互作用:一方面,KLF4與TGF-β1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的特定序列結(jié)合,激活TGF-β1的轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而上調(diào)TGF-β1的表達(dá),而TGF-β1的激活常伴有KLF4上調(diào)及 TGF-β1受體增加[35-36];另一方面,有研究報(bào)道,在miR-143和miR-145的誘導(dǎo)下,TGF-β能迅速下調(diào) KLF4的表達(dá)[37]。因此,探討 KLF4和TGF-β1蛋白在胃癌中的表達(dá)及意義具有潛在的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
p53蛋白的主要生物學(xué)功能是參與DNA修復(fù),阻斷細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,從而控制細(xì)胞生長。p53基因發(fā)生變異時(shí),會(huì)引起p53蛋白失活,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞分裂不受控制,因此對腫瘤形成具有重要意義。有研究報(bào)道,p53可直接通過轉(zhuǎn)錄激活上調(diào)KFL4的表達(dá),此外,KLF4可通過抑制p53啟動(dòng)子的轉(zhuǎn)錄而抑制p53表達(dá),形成反饋回路[38-39]。進(jìn)一步的研究顯示,與p53陰性的腫瘤相比,p53陽性的腫瘤KLF4表達(dá)更高[40]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-449過表達(dá)可激活p53,且與正常組織相比,在人胃癌組織中miR-449的表達(dá)出現(xiàn)丟失現(xiàn)象[41]。由此可見,KLF4的表達(dá)與p53的核累積有相關(guān)性,且兩者之間的相互調(diào)節(jié)涉及microRNA的參與。
目前,中國早期胃癌的診斷率仍很低,其侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移是導(dǎo)致死亡的主要原因,分子機(jī)制研究作為了解胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的有效途徑一直受到相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究的關(guān)注,同時(shí)越來越多的證據(jù)支持microRNA在胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中起作用。如前所述,KLF4作為多種腫瘤的抑癌因子,受某些microRNA的調(diào)控,并與多種內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞因子相互作用,參與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。KLF4在胃癌中可能具有潛在的臨床診斷價(jià)值,并有可能成為治療靶點(diǎn)之一。
1 Feinberg MW,Cao Z,Wara AK,et al.Krüppel-like factor 4is a mediator of proinflammatory signaling in macrophages.J Biol Chem,2005,280:38247-38258.
2 Katz JP,Perreault N,Goldstein BG,et al.Loss of KLF4 in mice causes altered proliferation and differentiation and precancerous changes in the adult stomach.Gastroenterology,2005,128:935-945.
3 Ganguly S,Basu B,Shome S,et al.Dopamine,by acting through its D2 receptor,inhibits insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ )-induced gastric cancer cell proliferation via upregulation of Krüppel-like factor 4 through down-regulation of IGF-ⅠR and AKT phosphorylation.Am J Pathol,2010,177:2701-2707.
4 Mamonkin M,Shen Y,Lee PH,et al.Differential roles of KLF4in the development and differentiation of CD8+T cells.Immunol Lett,2013,156:94-101.
5 Zhang N,Zhang J,Shuai L,et al.Krüppel-like factor 4 negatively regulatesβ-catenin expression and inhibits the proliferation,invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.Int J Oncol,2012,40:2038-2048.
6 Zheng X,Li A,Zhao L,et al.Key role of microRNA-15a in the KLF4 suppressions of proliferation and angiogenesis in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells.Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2013,437:625-631.
7 吳釗,陳小魚,張能,等.KLF4蛋白在胃癌組織中的表達(dá)及臨床意義.癌變·畸變·突變,2009,21:388-391.
8 Li IC,Chan CT,Lu YF,et al.Zebrafish Krüppel-like factor 4a represses intestinal cell proliferation and promotes differentiation of intestinal cell lineages.PLoS One,2011,6:e20974.
9 Xu N,Papagiannakopoulos T,Pan G,et al.MicroRNA-145 regulates OCT4,SOX2,and KLF4 and represses pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells.Cell,2009,137:647-658.
10 Kim B,Bang S,Lee S,et al.Expression profiling and subtypespecific expression ofstomach cancer.Cancer Res,2003,63:8248-8255.
11 Wang N,Liu ZH,Ding F,et al.Down-regulation of gutenriched Krüppel-like factor expression in esophageal cancer.World J Gastroenterol,2002,8:966-970.
12 Ohnishi S,Ohnami S,Laub F,et al.Downregulation and growth inhibitory effect of pithelial-type Krüppel-like transcription factor KLF4,but not KLF5,in bladder cancer.Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2003,308:251-256.
13 Yang WT,Zheng PS.Krüppel-like factor 4functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical carcinoma. Cancer, 2012, 118:3691-3702.
14 Zhao W,Hisamuddin IM,Nandan MO,et al.Identification of Krüppel-like factor 4 as a potential tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer.Oncogene,2004,23:395-402.
15 龔邵新,莊英幟,趙強(qiáng),等.KLF4和KLF5蛋白在不同臨床分期胃腫瘤組織中的表達(dá)及意義.中國癌癥雜志,2010,20:756-759.
16 李明學(xué),王權(quán),王賓,等.胃腸道富集Krüppel樣因子表達(dá)與胃腫瘤患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系.中華胃腸外科雜志,2012,15:732-735.
17 Li Q,Jia Z,Wang L,et al.Disruption of KLF4 in villinpositive gastric progenitor cells promotes formation and progression of tumors of the antrum in mice.Gastroenterology,2012,142:531-542.
18 Hsu LS,Chan CP,Chen CJ,et al.Decreased Krüppel-like factor 4(KLF4)expression may correlate with poor survival in gastric adenocarcinoma.Medical Oncology,2013,30:1-6.
19 Parasramka MA,Dashwood WM,Wang R,et al.A role for low-abundance miRNAs in colon cancer:the miR-206/Krüppellike factor 4(KLF4)axis.Clin Epigenetics,2012,4:16.
20 Lee HS,Park CK,Oh E,et al.Low SP1 expression differentially affects intestinal-type compared with diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma.PloS One,2013,8:e55522.
21 Kanai M,Wei D,Li Q,et al.Loss of Krüppel-like factor 4 expression contributes toSp1 overexpression and human gastric cancer development and progression.Clin Cancer Res,2006,12:6395-6402.
22 吳曉英,陳衛(wèi)昌.人胃腺癌組織中KLF4表達(dá)及臨床意義.蘇州醫(yī)學(xué),2009,31:71-75.
23 張佑蕊,師水生,劉慶彤,等.胃腫瘤中 Krüppel樣核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-4的表達(dá)與核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子特異性蛋白-1和Notch跨膜受體-1表達(dá)的關(guān)系及意義.中國藥物與臨床,2011,11:1010-1013.
24 Yori JL,Johnson E,Zhou G,et al.Krüppel-like factor 4 inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through regulation of E-cadherin gene expression.J Biol Chem,2010,285:16854-16863.
25 Brosh R,Assia-Alroy Y,Molchadsky A,et al.p53 Counteracts reprogramming by inhibiting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.Cell Death Differ,2013,20:312-320.
26 Yori JL,Seachrist DD,Johnson E,et al.Krüppel-like factor 4 inhibits tumorigenic progression and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer.Neoplasia,2011,13:601-610.
27 張能,查郎,黃鎮(zhèn),等.E-cadherin和KLF4表達(dá)對胃腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的作用.生命科學(xué)研究,2011,15:154-157.
28 Rotkrua P,Shimada S, Mogushi K,et al.Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for early detection of diffuse-type gastric cancer using a mouse model.Br J Cancer,2013,108:932-940.
29 Conacci-Sorrell M, Simcha I, Ben-Yedidia T, et al.Autoregulation of E-cadherin expression by cadherin-cadherin interactions:the roles of beta-catenin signaling,Slug,and MAPK.J Cell Biol,2003,163:847-857.
30 Zhang W,Chen X,Kato Y,et al.Novel cross talk of Krüppellike factor 4 andβ-catenin regulates normal intestinal homeostasis and tumor repression.Mol Cell Biol,2006,26:2055-2064.
31 Sellak H,Wu S,Lincoln TM.KLF4 and SOX9 transcription factors antagonizeβ-catenin and inhibit TCF-activity in cancer cells.Biochim Biophys Acta,2012,1823:1666-1675.
32 Zhang N,Zhang J,Wang ZW,et al.Altered expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 and beta-catenin in human gastric cancer.Oncol Lett,2012,3:1017-1022.
33 Hawinkels LJ,Verspaget HW,van Duijn W,et al.?Tissue level,activation and cellular localisation of TGF-beta1 and association with survival in gastric cancer patients.Br J Cancer,2007,97:398-404.
34 Szkaradkiewicz A,Karpiński TM,Drews M,et al.Natural killer cell cytotoxicity and immunosuppressive cytokines(IL-10,TGF-beta1)in patients with gastric cancer.J Biomed Biotechnol,2010,2010:901564.
35 Zhang Y,Wang Y,Liu Y,et al.Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Transcriptionally Regulates TGF-β1 and Contributes to Cardiac Myofibroblast Differentiation Krüppel-like factor 4 transcriptionally regulates TGF-β1 and contributes to cardiac myofibroblast differentiation.PLoS One,2013,8:e63424.
36 Li HX,Han M,Bernier M,et al.Krüppel-like factor 4 promotes differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta receptor-mediated Smad and p38 MAPK signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells.J Biol Chem,2010,285:17846-17856.
37 Davis-Dusenbery BN,Chan MC,Reno KE,et al.Downregulation of Krüppel-like factor-4(KLF4)by microRNA-143/145 is critical for modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype by transforming growth factor-beta and bone morphogenetic protein4.J Biol Chem,2011,286:28097-28110.
38 Zhang W,Geiman DE,Shields JM,et al.The gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor (Krüppel-like factor 4) mediates the transactivating effect of p53 on the p21 WAF1/Cip1 promoter.J Biol Chem,2000,275:18391-18398.
39 Rowland BD,Bernards R,Peeper DS.The KLF4 tumour suppressor is a transcriptional repressor of p53 that acts as a context-dependent oncogene.Nat Cell Biol,2005,7:1074-1082.
40 Krstic M,Stojnev S,Jovanovic L,et al.KLF4 expression and apoptosis-related markers in gastric cancer.J BUON,2013,18:695-702.
41 Bou Kheir T,F(xiàn)utoma-Kazmierczak E,Jacobsen A,et al.miR-449 inhibits cell proliferation and is down-regulated in gastric cancer.Mol Cancer,2011,10:29.