梁 齊, 魯艷輝, 何曉嬋, 鄭許松, 徐紅星 , 楊亞軍, 田俊策, 呂仲賢*?剼?
1南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210095; 2浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)與微生物研究所,浙江 杭州 310021; 3金華市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院,浙江 金華 321017
誘集植物在害蟲(chóng)治理中的最新研究進(jìn)展
梁 齊1,2, 魯艷輝2, 何曉嬋3, 鄭許松2, 徐紅星2, 楊亞軍2, 田俊策2, 呂仲賢1,2*?剼?
1南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210095;2浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)與微生物研究所,浙江 杭州 310021;3金華市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院,浙江 金華 321017
誘集植物作為一種傳統(tǒng)的害蟲(chóng)治理工具,在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛,其重要性也隨著時(shí)間推移日益凸顯。本文結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀,從特點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用、優(yōu)勢(shì)和發(fā)展前景等方面綜述了誘集植物在害蟲(chóng)生態(tài)控制中的重要作用。同時(shí)以香根草為例具體說(shuō)明了誘集植物的應(yīng)用方法,為誘集植物的利用與開(kāi)發(fā)提供參考。
誘集植物; 生態(tài)系統(tǒng); 生物防治; 研究進(jìn)展; 香根草
誘集植物(Trap crop)作為一種生物防治類(lèi)植物,是在以引誘昆蟲(chóng)為前提條件下,保護(hù)主栽作物或果樹(shù),避免其遭受害蟲(chóng)危害的一種植物,其對(duì)害蟲(chóng)的引誘作用具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)(Boucheretal.,2003; Hokkanen,1991),因此往往作為田間輔助植物使用。利用誘集植物的方法很多,其防治途徑簡(jiǎn)單易操作,并且對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)污染,對(duì)常發(fā)性害蟲(chóng)的防治具有重要的生態(tài)學(xué)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)利用價(jià)值。近年來(lái),由于化學(xué)合成殺蟲(chóng)劑的大量使用,給農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重危害,包括引發(fā)害蟲(chóng)抗藥性的產(chǎn)生、加劇環(huán)境污染、造成農(nóng)產(chǎn)品藥物殘留超標(biāo)、破壞生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡、降低天敵數(shù)量等,這些不利影響都促使人們尋求與環(huán)境相容性更好的作物保護(hù)方式(慕衛(wèi)等,2003; 鄭許松等,2008; Kumar & Kumar,2004; Mathewsaetal.,2003; Morales,2001)。因此,誘集植物作為一種生態(tài)防治方法備受關(guān)注,由于其具有環(huán)保和可持續(xù)性強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在現(xiàn)代有害生物綜合治理(IPM)中逐漸發(fā)揮重要作用(Charleston & Kfir,2000;Hiljeetal., 2001; Horsfieldetal.,2002)。
研究表明,幾乎所有的害蟲(chóng)都會(huì)對(duì)一些植物(包括作物品種或作物某一生長(zhǎng)期)表現(xiàn)出明顯的偏好(王政等,2014)。在作物田種植小面積的、能夠強(qiáng)烈吸引目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)的誘集植物,阻止害蟲(chóng)到達(dá)主栽作物,或使害蟲(chóng)集中到田間特定部位以達(dá)到方便防治的目的,從而使主栽作物得以保護(hù)(陸宴輝等,2008)。利用誘集植物防治害蟲(chóng)可減少殺蟲(chóng)劑用量,在誘集效果很好的情況下甚至可以不施農(nóng)藥,既降低了施藥成本、減少環(huán)境污染,又能有效保護(hù)天敵(Mitchelletal.,1997、2000)。在有機(jī)農(nóng)藥出現(xiàn)以前,誘集植物是一種重要的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)防治技術(shù),目前在現(xiàn)代害蟲(chóng)綜合治理中亦具有重要作用(Charleston & Kfir,2000; Hiljeetal.,2001)。
為了進(jìn)一步研究誘集植物在有害生物綜合治理中的作用,提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平,實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,本文綜合國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究,闡述了誘集植物的特點(diǎn)、發(fā)展歷史、利用原理、應(yīng)用以及注意事項(xiàng),并結(jié)合香根草這一成功實(shí)例來(lái)具體說(shuō)明誘集植物的應(yīng)用技術(shù)及方法,為誘集植物的利用與開(kāi)發(fā)提供一定的參考價(jià)值。
誘集植物主要通過(guò)影響植食性昆蟲(chóng)的產(chǎn)卵和取食使主栽作物得以保護(hù),特別是植食性昆蟲(chóng)的產(chǎn)卵選擇行為明顯影響其幼蟲(chóng)的種群分布及取食為害情況(Asman,2002)。Finch & Collier(2000)的“適合/不適合降落”理論指出,害蟲(chóng)選擇寄主的過(guò)程由3個(gè)相互連接的鏈節(jié)組成,第一鏈節(jié)受來(lái)自植物揮發(fā)物調(diào)控,第二鏈節(jié)由視覺(jué)刺激控制,第三鏈節(jié)則由植物非揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)控制。
誘集植物主要從物理和化學(xué)特性2個(gè)方面通過(guò)對(duì)害蟲(chóng)的視覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)、味覺(jué)等感覺(jué)器官的影響,形成比主栽作物更強(qiáng)的引誘力。在物理特性方面,誘集植物的形狀、大小、高低和顏色等對(duì)害蟲(chóng)行為具有較大的影響。例如,利用高的三葉草與甘藍(lán)間作,可顯著減少小菜蛾P(guān)lutellaxylostella(L.)在甘藍(lán)上的著卵量(董文霞等,2013)。在化學(xué)特性方面,誘集植物釋放的揮發(fā)物比主栽作物對(duì)害蟲(chóng)具有更強(qiáng)的引誘力,調(diào)控處于搜索狀態(tài)的害蟲(chóng)向其富集(Dogramacietal.,2004; Khanetal.,2000)。如香根草揮發(fā)油含有大量的萜類(lèi)化合物,具有較強(qiáng)的化感作用,雌性螟蛾蟲(chóng)對(duì)香根草有明顯的產(chǎn)卵偏好,但香根草又不利于螟蛾幼蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng),將其作為誘集植物種在水稻等大田作物周邊,能夠發(fā)揮極好的引誘效果(黎華壽等,2006)。此外,誘集植物與主栽作物植株所含的次生化合物(尤其是揮發(fā)性化合物)成分的差異也是造成它們對(duì)目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)具有不同引誘力的重要原因(Lutheretal., 996; Mitchelletal.,2000; Pickettetal.,1997)。詳細(xì)了解誘集植物和主栽作物揮發(fā)物的組分以及它們?cè)谝T和刺激害蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵、取食等行為中的作用,將有助于設(shè)計(jì)更為合理、有效地利用誘集植物治理大田害蟲(chóng)的策略和方法。
根據(jù)不同的特征可以將誘集植物分為以下幾種類(lèi)型:
1.1 傳統(tǒng)的誘集植物
傳統(tǒng)的誘集植物即在一種主栽作物旁種植另一種誘集植物,使誘集植物成為害蟲(chóng)的食物源或產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)所,以此防止害蟲(chóng)為害主栽作物(Mensah & Khan,1997)。這種種植模式已被傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó)家以及具有大規(guī)模農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的工業(yè)化國(guó)家所采用:美國(guó)加利福尼亞地區(qū)的種植戶利用苜蓿作為誘集植物來(lái)誘集棉花田中的棉盲蝽LyguslucorumMeyer-Dur(Godfrey & Leigh,1994; Stern,1969);7月下旬至8月上旬在山核桃園周?chē)N植豌豆,豌豆開(kāi)花期正好與蝽象發(fā)生期吻合,取得了良好的誘集效果(Hokkanen,1991);利用不同品種的南瓜來(lái)誘集葫蘆科作物上的黃瓜甲蟲(chóng)Acalymmavittatum(Fabricius)等(Pair,1997)。
1.2 致死的誘集植物
致死的誘集植物指的是該誘集植物對(duì)害蟲(chóng)極具吸引力,害蟲(chóng)一旦取食或者在其上產(chǎn)卵,害蟲(chóng)及其后代將無(wú)法生存(Shelton & Nault,2004)。致死的誘集植物作為害蟲(chóng)的棲息場(chǎng)所,有效防止了害蟲(chóng)后代在主栽作物上的為害(Badenes-Perezetal.,2004)。在誘集植物上具有高產(chǎn)卵偏好的幼蟲(chóng)往往不能生存,這點(diǎn)在鱗翅目昆蟲(chóng)上體現(xiàn)的尤為明顯(Thompson,1988; Thompson & Pellmyr,1991)。如菽麻可作為致死誘集植物來(lái)誘集豇豆上的豆莢螟MarucatestulalisGeyer(Jackai & Singh,1983)。
1.3 基因工程誘集植物
基因工程誘集植物是一種新型的誘集植物,也被稱為轉(zhuǎn)基因誘集植物,它不同于傳統(tǒng)的誘集植物,轉(zhuǎn)基因誘集植物所發(fā)揮的作用往往不在植物本身,一般取決于所轉(zhuǎn)的目的基因。由于該誘集植物的特殊性,其重要性和應(yīng)用價(jià)值將會(huì)逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。利用基因工程技術(shù)在馬鈴薯體內(nèi)表達(dá)來(lái)自枯草芽孢蛋白的蘇云金芽孢桿菌(Bt),這種轉(zhuǎn)Bt馬鈴薯已被用作誘集植物來(lái)吸引馬鈴薯甲蟲(chóng)Leptinotarsadecemlineata(Say)(Hoy,1999)。轉(zhuǎn)Cry1Ac羽衣甘藍(lán)能夠大量誘集鱗翅目昆蟲(chóng)(Caoetal.,2005)。在未來(lái),轉(zhuǎn)基因羽衣甘藍(lán)還有可能被批準(zhǔn)成為人類(lèi)消費(fèi)的農(nóng)作物,而不僅僅是作為一種誘集植物(Badenes-Perezetal.,2005),這種發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將擴(kuò)展人們對(duì)誘集植物的傳統(tǒng)觀念?;诨蚬こ碳夹g(shù)的誘集植物也能控制昆蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)的病原體。例如,當(dāng)1頭攜帶病毒的昆蟲(chóng)探測(cè)到1株未感染病毒的轉(zhuǎn)基因植物,病毒將迅速?gòu)睦ハx(chóng)體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移至轉(zhuǎn)基因植物中。因此這種基因工程誘集植物也可以作為一種有效的作物管理策略,在特定情況下發(fā)揮出巨大的功效(Fereres,2000)。
2.1 誘集植物應(yīng)用歷史
人類(lèi)利用不同的誘集植物來(lái)防治相應(yīng)作物害蟲(chóng)的歷史已超過(guò)百年(王運(yùn)兵等,2000)。在生產(chǎn)中,通常是將誘集植物與主栽作物間作或套種,將害蟲(chóng)吸引到誘集植物上,避免其為害主栽作物。早在1860年,英國(guó)的植物學(xué)家Curtis就推薦種植歐洲防風(fēng)來(lái)誘集胡蘿卜上的傘形花織蛾Depressariadepressella(Hokkanen,1991)。在芬蘭南部,以中國(guó)大白菜、油菜或花莖甘藍(lán)作為誘集作物可有效地吸引花椰菜上的油菜露尾甲StrongyllodesvariegatesFairmaire,極大程度減輕了其對(duì)花椰菜的為害(Hokkanenetal.,1986)。美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州,在甘藍(lán)四周種植與其同屬的羽衣甘藍(lán)作為誘集植物,能夠大量誘集小菜蛾在其上產(chǎn)卵,從而有效降低了主栽作物甘藍(lán)上的幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)生量,減少了經(jīng)濟(jì)損失(Deidreetal.,2000; Mitchelletal.,1997)。Sanderson(2000)提倡在棉田四周種植玉米誘集帶,以誘集棉鈴蟲(chóng)HelicoverpaarmigeraHübner。Hannunen(2003)長(zhǎng)期研究歐洲長(zhǎng)毛草盲蝽LygusrugulipennisPoppius的遷移與誘集植物布局之間的關(guān)系,認(rèn)為種植小面積的誘集植物可顯著降低主栽作物上的蟲(chóng)口密度。20世紀(jì)60年代,廣西桂林地區(qū)曾經(jīng)利用金銀花來(lái)誘集中華山茶象CurculiochinensisChevrolat成蟲(chóng)(王宗楷等,1980)。至70 年代,國(guó)外已基本形成了利用誘集植物來(lái)防治害蟲(chóng)的思想,并廣泛開(kāi)展實(shí)踐,利用相應(yīng)誘集植物在棉花、馬鈴薯、玉米、大豆、花椰菜等作物上開(kāi)展的研究,都取得了很好的生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益(Benderetal.,1999; Bill,1999; Boucheretal.,2003; Hokkanen,1991)。
表1 常見(jiàn)誘集植物匯總Table 1 List of common trap crops
續(xù)表1
農(nóng)田系統(tǒng)Farmlandsystem誘集植物Trapcrop主栽作物MainCrop靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)Targetinsects參考資料References油菜Brassicacampestris油菜Brassicacampestris白菜籽龜象Ceutorhynchusassi-milisBuntin,1998菽麻Crotalariajuncea豇豆Vignaunguiculata豆野螟MarucatestalisJackai,1981韭菜Alliumtuberosum韭菜Alliumtuberosum蔥鄰菜蛾AcrolepiopsisassectellaAsman,2002歐洲防風(fēng)Pastinacasativa胡蘿卜Daucuscarota傘形花織蛾Depressariadepres-sellaHokkanen,1991香梗芋Colocasiaesculenta大白菜Brassicapekinensis斜紋夜蛾P(guān)rodenialitura吳才君等,2004果園油菜Brassicacampestris桃Amygdaluspersica牧草盲蝽LyguslineolarisFosheeetal.,2003Orchard小麥Triticumaestivum草莓Fragariaananassa黯金針蟲(chóng)AgriotesobscurusVernonetal.,2000洋甘菊Matricariarecuti-ta草莓Fragariaananassa牧草盲椿LyguslinecolarisEasterbrook&Tooley,1999狐尾草Alopecurusprat-ensis蔓越橘Vacciniummacro-carpon金草螟ChrysoteuchiatopiariaRoland,1990灌木蒿Artemisia油桃Prunuspersica西花薊馬Frankliniellaocciden-talisPearsall,2000木瓜Chaenomelessinensis木瓜Chaenomelessinensis木瓜馱實(shí)蠅Toxotrypanacurvi-caudaAluja&Birke,1993大田作物蘇丹草Sorghumsudanense玉米Zeamays玉米莖蛀褐夜蛾BusseolafuscaHaile&Hofsvang,2002Fieldcrops狼尾草Pennisetumalope-curoides玉米Zeamays鉆心蟲(chóng)OstrinianubilalisVandenBergetal.,2001玉米Zeamays煙草Nicotianatabacum谷實(shí)夜蛾HelicoverpazeaPurcelletal.,1992著生杜鵑Rhododendronkawakamii煙草Nicotianatabacum煙蚜夜蛾HeliothisvirescensJackson&Sisson,1998煙草Nicotianatabacum煙草Nicotianatabacum煙蚜夜蛾HeliothisvirescensTillman,1999高粱Sorghumbicolor棉花Gossypiumspp.棉鈴蟲(chóng)HeliothisarmigeraTillman&Mullinix,2004油葵Helianthusannuus棉花Gossypiumspp.棉盲蝽Lyguslucorum岳忠興,1997棉花Gossypiumspp.棉花Gossypiumspp.棉子象鼻蟲(chóng)AnthonomusgrandisKennedyetal.,1991苜蓿Medicagosativa棉花Gossypiumspp.草盲蝽LyguspratensisGodfrey&Leigh,1994飛蓬Erigeronspeciosus棉花Gossypiumspp.牧草盲椿LyguslinecolarisFleischer&Gaylor,1987油菜Brassicacampestris油菜Brassicacampestris白菜籽龜象CeutorhynchusassimilisBuntin,1998向日葵Helianthusann-uus花生Arachishypogaea斜紋夜蛾SpodopteralituraWightmanetal.,1990香根草Andropogonmurica-tus水稻Oryzasativa二化螟Chilosuppressalis鄭許松等,2009粟Setariaitalica粟Arachishypogaea玉米螟OstrinianubilalisAndersonetal.,2003三裂葉葛藤Puerariaphaseoloides橡膠Heveabrasiliensis黑角胃蠅ValanganigricornisAtimetal.,1987金銀花Lonicerajaponica山茶Camelliajaponical中華山茶象Curculiochinensis王宗楷等,1980白香草木樨Melilotusal-bus桑樹(shù)Morusalba東方絹金龜Sericaorientalis韓德元等,1998
2.2 農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)成功應(yīng)用案例
2.2.1 蔬菜田 除了誘集害蟲(chóng)這一主要作用外,誘集植物也給天敵提供了避難和繁殖場(chǎng)所。例如,將羽衣甘藍(lán)種植在甘藍(lán)田四周,小菜蛾幼蟲(chóng)大量聚集在羽衣甘藍(lán)上,大約72%的幼蟲(chóng)被其天敵島彎尾姬蜂DiadegmainsulareHellén寄生(Mitchelletal.,1997、2000)。在胡椒園四周種植對(duì)胡椒帶實(shí)蠅Zonosemataelecta(Say)引誘力強(qiáng)的另一品種胡椒作為誘集植物,該胡椒園胡椒受害率僅為1.7%,而化學(xué)防治田受害率達(dá)15.4%(Boucher,2003)。因此,誘集植物能使寄主相對(duì)集中,有利于天敵的寄生和繁殖,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)其對(duì)害蟲(chóng)的控制作用
2.2.2 果園 利用誘集植物對(duì)目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)具較強(qiáng)引誘作用這一特點(diǎn),有些誘集植物被用來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)害蟲(chóng)發(fā)生。如:蔓越橘草螟Chrysoteuchiatopiaria是一種重要的蔓越橘地下害蟲(chóng),該蟲(chóng)大量發(fā)生時(shí),使用一般方法很難監(jiān)測(cè),防治困難大。狐尾草對(duì)蔓越橘草螟幼蟲(chóng)有極強(qiáng)的引誘力,作為誘集植物可以在蔓越橘受到較輕危害時(shí)就可以監(jiān)測(cè)到蔓越橘草螟幼蟲(chóng)(Roland,1990)。
2.2.3 棉田 利用害蟲(chóng)對(duì)某些特定物種或作物生長(zhǎng)階段所具有的視覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)或味覺(jué)喜好,引誘和防治害蟲(chóng),以達(dá)到保護(hù)作物的目的。如在棉田種植其他作物來(lái)分別誘捕棉鈴蟲(chóng)(Godfrey & Leigh,1994)、美洲棉鈴蟲(chóng)H.zea(Tillman & Mullinix,2004)和煙粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)等(林克劍等,2006)。此外,棉田種植誘集植物高粱,能為棉花上稻綠蝽NezaraviridulaL.的天敵提供庇護(hù)(宋新澤等,2002),在稻綠蝽發(fā)生第一高峰期,寄蠅TrichopodapennipesFabricius對(duì)稻綠蝽若蟲(chóng)的寄生率達(dá)69%,第二高峰期寄生率最高可達(dá)98%;溝卵蜂Trissolcusbasalis(Wollaston)、花蝽Oriusinsidious(Say) 和大眼長(zhǎng)蝽Geocorispunctipes(Say)在稻綠蝽發(fā)生第二高峰期對(duì)稻綠蝽的卵致死率平均達(dá)57%(Glynn & Ben,2003)。在棉田每間隔30 m種植2~3行早熟春玉米誘集帶,是防治棉鈴蟲(chóng)的有效措施之一(任雨霖和沈抱生,1994)。而在棉田條帶間作春播油葵,能有效控制棉盲蝽和二代棉鈴蟲(chóng)危害(岳忠興,1997)。
誘集植物作為害蟲(chóng)綜合治理的有機(jī)組成部分,不但能提高農(nóng)田和果園生物多樣性,而且能促進(jìn)天敵的自然控制作用,從而大幅度減少殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用,節(jié)約成本,增加效益(許向利等,2005)。
3.1 環(huán)境安全
利用誘集植物防治害蟲(chóng),主栽作物和果樹(shù)上很少甚至不施用化學(xué)藥劑,對(duì)環(huán)境和天敵安全,使害蟲(chóng)的生物控制作用得到充分發(fā)揮,獲得了潛在的生態(tài)效益。Tara(1999)指出,在白菜田周?chē)N植芥蘭菜,小菜蛾的種群數(shù)量能保持在經(jīng)濟(jì)閾值以下,白菜的產(chǎn)量與化學(xué)防治田相當(dāng),節(jié)約殺蟲(chóng)劑75%~100%,顯示出良好的生態(tài)效益。
3.2 增加生物多樣性
自然界的生物相互依存、相互制約,構(gòu)成了農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種豐富度越高,結(jié)構(gòu)越復(fù)雜,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)就越穩(wěn)定。農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的核心問(wèn)題之一就是保持生物多樣性。不同植物間作被認(rèn)為是增加農(nóng)田生物多樣性的常規(guī)方法,是可持續(xù)農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)重要的組成部分和害蟲(chóng)治理的有效工具(Powell,2002)。崔金杰等(2001)和王林霞等(2004)在棉田種植玉米誘集帶,棉田的物種數(shù)量明顯增加,昆蟲(chóng)群落和害蟲(chóng)亞群落的多樣性指數(shù)和穩(wěn)定性也增加,降低了害蟲(chóng)大發(fā)生的頻率。
3.3 作為天敵培育圃
誘集植物能夠吸引害蟲(chóng)天敵,提高田間天敵的種群數(shù)量,增強(qiáng)天敵的生物控制作用(Hokkanen,1991)。Anon(1990)的研究表明,混合種植田比單一種植田的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量低。由于誘集植物本身的害蟲(chóng)不需要進(jìn)行防治,而害蟲(chóng)、誘集植物花蜜和花粉又為天敵提供了豐富的食料和營(yíng)養(yǎng),從而成為天敵的培育圃,繁殖大量天敵,提高自然生物防治效果(Andow,1991)。同時(shí),誘集植物的氣味也可能對(duì)天敵具有招引作用。周大榮等(1997)報(bào)道,匍匐型綠豆顯著提高了玉米上亞洲玉米螟Ostriniafurnacalis(Guenée)卵的寄生率。王振營(yíng)等(2000)認(rèn)為綠豆葉片的揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)強(qiáng)烈刺激了玉米螟赤眼蜂TrichogrammaostriniaePang et Chen的定向行為。此外,誘集植物能夠?yàn)樘鞌忱ハx(chóng)提供庇護(hù)場(chǎng)所,尤其是在炎熱的夏季。如,棉田種植誘集植物高粱,為棉花上稻綠蝽的天敵提供庇護(hù)(Glynn & Ben,2003)。
3.4 節(jié)約成本,增加效益
利用誘集植物防治害蟲(chóng),能大幅度減少殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用,節(jié)約成本,增加效益。相關(guān)研究表明,種植誘集植物的凈收益平均可增長(zhǎng)10%~30%(Hokkanen,1991)。Preston(2001)在棉田種植羽扇豆后,瓢蟲(chóng)和火蟻的數(shù)量上升,節(jié)約殺蟲(chóng)劑投入成本的60% ,而且羽扇豆基本能夠滿足棉花生長(zhǎng)所需的氮肥,相當(dāng)于100 m2節(jié)約35 美元。Jude(2004)在南瓜田四周種植不同品種的南瓜,誘集南瓜上的瓜條葉甲Acalymmavittata(Fabricius),誘集率高達(dá)94%,主栽品種南瓜受害率僅為1%,節(jié)約殺蟲(chóng)劑投入成本,顯著提高南瓜產(chǎn)量,凈收益100 m2最高可達(dá)1100 美元。
由于誘集植物速效性較殺蟲(chóng)劑差,并且農(nóng)民對(duì)誘集植物的認(rèn)識(shí)有限,因此,誘集植物在大田中所占比例一般較低。在這種植物布局中,害蟲(chóng)接觸主栽作物機(jī)會(huì)多,而接觸誘集作物的機(jī)會(huì)少,如果植食性害蟲(chóng)對(duì)這2類(lèi)植物的相對(duì)嗜好性隨著接觸頻率發(fā)生相應(yīng)的改變,即出現(xiàn)所謂的“誘導(dǎo)嗜好性”,將會(huì)增加對(duì)農(nóng)作物的嗜好性而降低對(duì)誘集作物的相對(duì)嗜好性(Cunninghametal.,1999、2001),使得誘集植物難以充分發(fā)揮誘集作用。為了增強(qiáng)誘集植物的控害能力,可采用同時(shí)在誘集植物上施用害蟲(chóng)性引誘劑、聚集信息素、滯留劑等和在主栽作物上施用驅(qū)避劑的措施,即采用“引誘—排斥”相結(jié)合的策略和方法,克服誘集作物在應(yīng)用中存在的“低比例,低引誘力”的困境。在誘集植物帶中配合使用性信息素誘捕器是常用的增強(qiáng)誘集植物對(duì)害蟲(chóng)引誘力的辦法,同時(shí)可配合施用選擇性殺蟲(chóng)劑(Alujaetal.,1997; Khanetal.,1992)。Alujaetal.(1997)發(fā)現(xiàn),若在對(duì)害蟲(chóng)較敏感的番木瓜誘集作物帶中懸掛性信息素誘捕器誘捕美洲木瓜實(shí)蠅ToxotrypanacurvicaudaGerstaecker ,可避免或大大減少農(nóng)藥施用量,取得更好的防治效果。
4.1 利用香根草誘殺玉米螟
香根草與害蟲(chóng)的相互作用最早發(fā)現(xiàn)于19世紀(jì),美國(guó)的香根草種植者把它用作綠籬,并將根挖出來(lái)裝在香袋里作驅(qū)蟲(chóng)劑。此外,將葉子和根碾碎作草墓護(hù)根物,可有效控制白蠅的發(fā)生。津巴布韋的農(nóng)民發(fā)現(xiàn)香根草對(duì)蛀食玉米莖桿的蛀眼蟲(chóng)具有“陷阱”作用,對(duì)咖啡和豌豆地里啃食葉片的害蟲(chóng)天敵具誘引作用。南非大學(xué)研究小組對(duì)蛀食玉米莖稈害蟲(chóng)——玉米禾螟ChiloPartellus(Swinhoe)的相關(guān)研究表明:香根草是玉米禾螟產(chǎn)卵的首選場(chǎng)所。實(shí)驗(yàn)室和溫室大棚的種植試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),選擇在玉米上的產(chǎn)卵數(shù)分別只占產(chǎn)卵總數(shù)的18%和13.4%,其余則產(chǎn)在香根草上。但玉米禾螟幼蟲(chóng)在香根草上的成活率卻極低,其在玉米上卻有著最適宜的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境條件,幼蟲(chóng)在香根草、象草和玉米3種植物上的成活率分別為0%、2.8%和63.0%。因此,香根草可作為引誘害蟲(chóng)的陷阱植物,雌蛾對(duì)香根草有產(chǎn)卵偏好性,但香根草又不利于害蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)(Van den Bergetal.,2003)。
4.2 利用香根草誘殺水稻螟蟲(chóng)
水稻螟蟲(chóng)[二化螟Chilosuppressalis(Walker)等]有明顯偏愛(ài)在香根草上產(chǎn)卵的特性(鄭許松等,2009),根據(jù)這一特性,可在水稻田塊中種植一定比例的香根草來(lái)誘集水稻螟蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵并集中消滅。利用香根草誘殺水稻螟蟲(chóng),其誘殺效果不但與香根草在稻田的種植時(shí)期有關(guān),而且與香根草在稻田的布局及種植密度密切相關(guān)。研究結(jié)果表明:香根草在稻田的最佳種植時(shí)期為3月底至4月初,種植面積以占稻田總面積的6%~10%為宜。種植方法可采用育苗分蔸移栽,每蔸栽3~4蘗并每公頃施750 kg的鈣鎂磷肥作底肥,3 d內(nèi)未下雨時(shí)應(yīng)澆水封蔸;水稻移栽后,其水肥管理可同水稻一致,早稻收獲后香根草可留于稻田,二晚及次年不需重新種植。利用香根草誘殺水稻螟蟲(chóng),關(guān)鍵在于注意調(diào)查香根草上的卵塊數(shù)及蟻螟孵化期,并抓住有利時(shí)期在香根草上集中殺卵、殺螟(蟻螟),以減輕螟蟲(chóng)對(duì)水稻的危害(陳先茂等,2007)。大田螟蟲(chóng)危害未達(dá)防治指標(biāo)時(shí)則不必施藥(鄭許松等,2008)。
誘集植物作為害蟲(chóng)綜合治理的有機(jī)組成部分,具有生態(tài)、環(huán)保、可持續(xù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),不但能提高農(nóng)田生物多樣性,促進(jìn)天敵的自然控制作用,而且能大幅度減少殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用,節(jié)約成本,增加效益。昆蟲(chóng)行為學(xué)、生理生化技術(shù)及信息素等領(lǐng)域的快速發(fā)展,為誘集植物的研究提供了新的機(jī)遇。為了更好地利用誘集植物控制蟲(chóng)害,尚需在以下幾個(gè)方面開(kāi)展深入研究:
首先,尋找適合的誘集植物。田間調(diào)查常發(fā)性害蟲(chóng)的敏感寄主植物,篩選出對(duì)目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)引誘效果好、易于種植和管理的誘集植物,對(duì)提高誘集植物防治害蟲(chóng)的效果具有重要意義。其次,深入調(diào)查誘集植物種植時(shí)間。誘集植物合適的物候期與害蟲(chóng)的產(chǎn)卵危害期吻合,可以明顯提高害蟲(chóng)在誘集植物上的著卵量,而誘集植物的物候期在很大程度上又取決于播種期,因此確定誘集植物適宜的種植時(shí)間是提高誘集效果的關(guān)鍵。最后,加強(qiáng)目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)行為學(xué)研究。設(shè)計(jì)一種有效的昆蟲(chóng)—作物—誘集植物集合體,其涉及因素較多,如誘集植物空間布局、種植時(shí)間和面積等都與目標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)的行為學(xué)密切相關(guān)。
研究和發(fā)展非化學(xué)防治方法,因地制宜地組裝高效的生態(tài)控制技術(shù)體系,被公認(rèn)為是持續(xù)控制大田害蟲(chóng)危害的正確途徑。尋找和利用對(duì)大田害蟲(chóng)有誘殺效應(yīng)的植物,是實(shí)現(xiàn)害蟲(chóng)生態(tài)防治的一種理想方式。同時(shí)在誘集植物上施用適當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇性殺蟲(chóng)劑是增強(qiáng)誘集植物控害潛能的一條可行途徑。目前,在害蟲(chóng)綜合治理研究中,誘集植物的應(yīng)用也逐漸受到關(guān)注。但大范圍推廣誘集植物,仍需科研工作者及相關(guān)部門(mén)共同努力。
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(責(zé)任編輯:郭瑩)
Mini review of the significance of trap crop in insect pest management
Qi LIANG1,2, Yan-hui LU2, Xiao-chan HE3, Xu-song ZHENG2, Hong-xing XU2,Ya-jun YANG2, Jun-ce TIAN2, Zhong-xian Lü1,2*
1CollegeofPlantProtectionofNanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing,Jiangsu210095,China;2InstituteofPlantProtectionandMicrobiologyofZhejiangAcademyofAgriculturalScience,Hangzhou,Zhejiang310021,China;3JinhuaAcademyofAgriculturalScience,Jinhua,Zhejiang321017,China
Trap crop, as a traditional tool of pest management, has considerably increased and has become more predominant in agricultural production than in the past. In this review, the significance of trap crops in ecological pest management is examined based on their inherent characteristics, applications, advantages and prospects for development. Moreover, we describe the application methods of trap crop, aimed to provide a reference for the application and development of trap crop using vetiver as an example.
trap crop; ecological system; biological control; research progress; vetiver
2015-01-10 接受日期(Accepted): 2015-02-07
公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(201303017)
梁齊, 男, 碩士研究生。 研究方向: 水稻害蟲(chóng)綜合治理。 E-mail: lq1109090603@163.com
*通訊作者(Author for correspondence), E-mail: luzxmh2004@aliyun.com
10.3969/j.issn.2095-1787.2015.03.002