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      大蔥伴生對(duì)日光溫室番茄生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量和光合特性的影響

      2015-07-10 13:43夏秀波等
      關(guān)鍵詞:光合特性番茄產(chǎn)量

      夏秀波等

      摘 要:為了研究大蔥伴生栽培對(duì)日光溫室連作番茄植株生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量和光合參數(shù)的影響,以大蔥和番茄為研究對(duì)象,測(cè)定了番茄植株的株高、莖粗、葉片數(shù)、節(jié)間長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量及光合參數(shù)。研究結(jié)果表明,大蔥伴生栽培不改變番茄植株葉片數(shù),但能有效增加番茄株高、莖粗和節(jié)間長(zhǎng),且植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)旺盛;凈光合速率、氣孔導(dǎo)度和蒸騰速率均明顯高于對(duì)照處理,且大蔥伴生番茄植株的凈光合速率與對(duì)照處理差異顯著。

      關(guān)鍵詞:伴生栽培;大蔥;番茄;生長(zhǎng);產(chǎn)量;光合特性

      目前,在蔬菜間作、套作和伴生栽培方面歐美專家已經(jīng)開展了大量的研究[1~6]。這些栽培模式能夠增加生物的相對(duì)多樣性,保持生態(tài)的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性,具有防病[7,8],誘蟲[9],防蟲[10~13]和增產(chǎn)[14,15]等優(yōu)點(diǎn),有利于促進(jìn)蔬菜的可持續(xù)安全生產(chǎn)。大蔥伴生栽培能夠有效防控番茄的根結(jié)線蟲病,降低其為害,防治效果能達(dá)到80%以上。在前期防病試驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,研究了大蔥伴生栽培對(duì)番茄生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量和光合特性的影響,以期為伴生栽培的生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 供試材料

      以紅果番茄和大蔥為試驗(yàn)材料。番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)品種為煙紅101(山東省煙臺(tái)市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院選育);大蔥(Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makion)品種為章丘大蔥。

      試驗(yàn)于2012年7月至2013年1月在山東省煙臺(tái)市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院日光溫室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。該溫室連續(xù)種植番茄達(dá)12 a,根結(jié)線蟲病和土傳病害嚴(yán)重。土壤養(yǎng)分含量分別為:土壤堿解氮384.6 mg/kg,速效磷263.2 mg/kg,速效鉀324.8 mg/kg,有機(jī)質(zhì)22.60 g/kg。

      1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

      試驗(yàn)設(shè)2個(gè)處理,每個(gè)處理3次重復(fù)。株距33.33 cm,采用50 cm和80 cm的大小行距,小區(qū)面積6.5 m2。以大蔥伴生番茄,即在番茄植株兩側(cè)5 cm處各定植1株大蔥為處理;以單作的番茄為對(duì)照(CK)。番茄和大蔥于2014年8月6日定植。分別于8月17日、9月17日和12月17日測(cè)定番茄株高、莖粗和葉片數(shù)生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo),11月5日測(cè)定葉片光合參數(shù),收獲后測(cè)果實(shí)性狀及產(chǎn)量。

      1.3 指標(biāo)測(cè)定方法

      常規(guī)方法測(cè)定株高、莖粗、葉片數(shù)、單果質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量;果實(shí)硬度采用GY-1型果實(shí)硬度計(jì)(牡丹江市機(jī)械研究所生產(chǎn))測(cè)定;可溶性固形物采用WYT-4型手持式糖量計(jì)(泉州中友光學(xué)儀器有限公司生產(chǎn))測(cè)定;光合速率采用LI-6400XT便攜式光合儀(美國LI-COR公司生產(chǎn))在10:00左右測(cè)定。選取番茄第3片葉進(jìn)行氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)、凈光合速率(Pr)、胞間CO2 濃度(Ci)、蒸騰速率(Tr)的測(cè)定。

      1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析

      數(shù)據(jù)整理采用Excel 2003。數(shù)據(jù)分析,差異顯著性測(cè)驗(yàn)使用DPS 7.05。

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 大蔥伴生栽培對(duì)番茄生長(zhǎng)狀況的影響

      ①對(duì)番茄株高的影響 由圖1可知,隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),大蔥伴生處理的番茄和對(duì)照單作番茄的植株高度逐步增加。在苗期,大蔥伴生處理番茄的植株高度和對(duì)照單作番茄植株高度差異不明顯;隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),后期大蔥伴生處理的番茄植株高度明顯高于對(duì)照。

      ②對(duì)番茄莖粗的影響 由圖2可知,隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),大蔥伴生處理的番茄和對(duì)照單作番茄的植株粗度逐步增加。在苗期,大蔥伴生處理的番茄植株粗度和對(duì)照單作番茄差異不明顯;但隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),后期大蔥伴生處理的番茄的植株粗度明顯大于對(duì)照。

      ③對(duì)番茄葉片數(shù)的影響 由圖3可知,隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),大蔥伴生處理的番茄和對(duì)照單作番茄的植株葉片數(shù)逐步增多;但整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)期,大蔥伴生處理的番茄植株葉片數(shù)和對(duì)照單作番茄差異不明顯。

      ④對(duì)番茄節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的影響 由圖4可知,隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),大蔥伴生處理的番茄和對(duì)照單作番茄的植株節(jié)間長(zhǎng)逐步增長(zhǎng)。在苗期,大蔥伴生處理的番茄植株節(jié)間長(zhǎng)和對(duì)照單作番茄差異不明顯;但隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),后期大蔥伴生處理的番茄植株節(jié)間長(zhǎng)明顯大于對(duì)照。

      可見,大蔥伴生栽培能夠增加連作番茄的株高、莖粗和節(jié)間長(zhǎng),但是不影響連作番茄植株葉片數(shù)。這與大蔥伴生栽培過程中番茄的整體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)明顯好于對(duì)照單作番茄的表現(xiàn)基本一致。

      2.2 大蔥伴生栽培對(duì)番茄光合特性的影響

      由表1可知,大蔥伴生處理的番茄的凈光合速率為17.28 μmol CO2/(m2·s),顯著高于對(duì)照單作番茄;大蔥伴生處理的番茄的氣孔導(dǎo)度和蒸騰速率高于對(duì)照單作番茄,但是差異不顯著;大蔥伴生處理的番茄的胞間CO2濃度低于對(duì)照單作番茄,但是差異不顯著。

      2.3 大蔥伴生栽培對(duì)番茄產(chǎn)量的影響

      ①對(duì)番茄單果質(zhì)量的影響 由表2 可知,大蔥伴生處理的番茄的單果質(zhì)量為181.25 g,顯著大于對(duì)照單作番茄。

      ②對(duì)番茄品質(zhì)的影響 由表2可知,大蔥伴生處理的番茄果實(shí)硬度為9.50 kg/cm2,比對(duì)照單作番茄大0.70 kg/cm2,差異不顯著;大蔥伴生處理的番茄果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量為4.45%,比對(duì)照單作番茄高0.15%,但差異不顯著。

      ③對(duì)番茄產(chǎn)量的影響 由表2可知,大蔥伴生番茄的小區(qū)產(chǎn)量為69.28 kg,顯著高于對(duì)照單作番茄;大蔥伴生處理番茄667 m2產(chǎn)量為7 105.61 kg,也顯著高于對(duì)照單作番茄,與對(duì)照比增產(chǎn)8.30%。

      3 結(jié)論與討論

      本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,大蔥伴生栽培能夠有效增加連作番茄的株高、莖粗和節(jié)間長(zhǎng),且植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)旺盛。光合參數(shù)測(cè)定表明,凈光合速率、氣孔導(dǎo)度和蒸騰速率均明顯高于對(duì)照處理,且大蔥伴生栽培番茄植株的凈光合速率與對(duì)照處理差異顯著,這與生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的表現(xiàn)趨勢(shì)基本一致。試驗(yàn)中大蔥伴生栽培番茄的單果質(zhì)量、果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量、硬度和產(chǎn)量明顯高于對(duì)照單作番茄,這與前期試驗(yàn)結(jié)果基本一致[17]。這可能是由于大蔥伴生有效地防控了根結(jié)線蟲病,減少了根結(jié)線蟲對(duì)植株的為害。

      參考文獻(xiàn)

      [1] Johnson M W, Mau R F L. Effects of intercropping beans and onions on populations of Liriomyza spp. and associated parasitic hymenoptera[J]. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society, 1986, 27(15): 95-103.

      [2] Agu C M. Effects of intercropping on root-gall nematode disease on soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merril)[J]. New York Science Journal, 2008, 1(1): 43-46.

      [3] Inal A, Gunes A, Zhang F, et al. Peanut/maize intercropping induced changes in rhizosphere and nutrient concentrations in shoots[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2007, 45:350-356.

      [4] Sujatha S, Bhat R, Kannan C. Impact of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with organic farming approach on resource use efficiency in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) plantation in India[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2011, 33: 78-83.

      [5] Zhang F S, Li L. Using competitive and facilitative interactions inintercropping systems enhances crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency[J]. Plant and Soil, 2003, 248: 305-312.

      [6] Zhou X G, Yu G B, Wu F Z. Effects of intercropping cucumber with onion or garlic on soil enzyme activities, microbial communities and cucumber yield[J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2011, 47: 279-287.

      [7] Abdel-Monaim M F, Abo-Elyousr K A M. Effect of preceding and intercropping crops on suppression of lentil damping-

      off and root rot disease in New Valley-Egypt[J]. Crop Protection, 2012, 32: 41-46.

      [8] Fernández-Aparicio M, Amri M, Kharrat M, et al. Intercropping reduces Mycosphaerella pinodes severity and delays upward progress on the peaplant[J]. Crop Protection, 2010, 29: 744-750.

      [9] Jones G A, Gillett J L. Intercropping with sumflowers to attract beneficial insects in organic agriculture[J]. Florida Entomologist, 2005, 88(1): 91-96.

      [10] Carneiro R, Randig O, Almeida M R A , et al. Resisitance of vegetable crops to Meloidogyne spp. : suggestion for a crop rotation system[J]. Nematologia Brasileira, 2000, 24(1): 49-54.

      [11] Mcsorley R, Dickson D W, Brito J A, et al. Effects of tropical rotation crops on Meloidogyne arenaria population densities and vegetable yields in microplots[J]. Journal of Nematology, 1994, 26(2): 175-181.

      [12] Olubayo F M, Port G R. The efficacy of harvest time modification and intercropping as methods of reducing the field infestation of cowpeas by storage bruchids in Kenya [J]. Journal of Stored Products Research, 1997, 33(4): 271-276.

      [13] Cai H J, You M S, Lin C. Effects of intercropping systems on community composition and diversity of predatory arthropods in vegetable fields[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30: 190-195.

      [14] Hagiwara M, Yoshida T, Matano T. Effects of companion planting of two common buckwheat varieties on yield and yield concerning characters[J]. Current Advances in Buckwheat Research, 1995: 469-473.

      [15] Yildirim E, Guvenc I. Intercropping based on cauliflower: more productive, profitable and highly sustainable[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2005, 22: 11-18.

      [16] 王全華,曹守軍,李素梅,等.一種防治蔬菜根結(jié)線蟲病的新技術(shù)[J].中國蔬菜,2009(17):23-24.

      Abstract: In order to study effects of accompanied planting welsh onion on greenhouse tomato growth, yield and photosynthetic characteristics, we took welsh onion and tomato as test materials, investigated plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, internode length, yield and photosynthetic parameters. The results showed that, accompanied planting welsh onion didn't chang leaf number, but it effectively increased plant height, stem diameter and internode length of tomato which grew strongly. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of tomato planted with welsh onion were obviously higher than control, and there was a significant difference between it with control in net photosynthetic rate.

      Key words: Accompanied planting; Welsh onion; Tomato; Growth; Yield; Photosynthetic characteristics

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