●陳琴蘭
本文就高中學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)定語從句時(shí)常遇到的一些障礙,做出一個(gè)相對(duì)完整的要點(diǎn)解釋,旨在更好的幫助學(xué)生理解定語從句的重難點(diǎn)。
(1)定語從句中關(guān)系詞作賓語指物,用that或者which或者省略。例如:
The book that you want is here.
(2)定語從句中關(guān)系詞作賓語指人,用whom或者that或者省略。例如:The man whom you are looking for is there.
(3)定語從句中關(guān)系詞作主語指物,用that或者 which。例如:The book that tells us the story is on the desk.
(4)定語從句中關(guān)系詞作主語指人,用who或者that。例如:The man who told me the news is there.
(5)定語從句中關(guān)系詞作定語指人或物,用whose。例如:
The book whose cover is torn tells us an instructive story.
(6)that與which的區(qū)別:當(dāng)先行詞被最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞、the only、the very、the last、不定代詞、數(shù)詞等修飾時(shí),或者先行詞本身為不定代詞、數(shù)詞時(shí),不用which;在介詞后或者逗號(hào)后不用 that。例如:This is the best book that I have ever read.
(7)that與who/whom的區(qū)別:當(dāng)先行詞為one、ones、those等詞時(shí),若先行詞指代物則用that;若先行詞指代人則用who/whom。例如:Those that taste sweet sell well.
(8)as的兩種用法:一是用在the same...as...、such...as...、as...as...、so...as... 等句型中,二是用在非限制性定語從句中(此時(shí)as引導(dǎo)的定語從句要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開,或者將as定語從句放在句首),此時(shí)先行詞為整個(gè)主句,as代替整個(gè)主句的情況。在這兩種as定從中,as均必須充當(dāng)定語從句中的主語或者賓語。例如:This is the same book as you are using.
(9)當(dāng)先行詞為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因(the reason),且關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、原因狀語時(shí),分別用when、where、why引導(dǎo)定語從句。例如:I will never forget the day when I joined the Young Pioneer.
(10)當(dāng)關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)定語從句中某個(gè)介詞賓語,介詞也可以提前到關(guān)系詞前面,構(gòu)成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞。例如:The room in which we are learning is loved by us all.
(1)whose與of which或者of whom的互換情況:當(dāng)定語從句的關(guān)系詞著重表達(dá)隸屬關(guān)系時(shí),用whose、of which或者of whom都對(duì)。例如:The book whose cover is torn tells us an instructive story.=The book the cover of which is torn tells us an instructive story.
(2)關(guān)系代詞作定語從句主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致。例如:I,who am a teacher,will try my best to improve your English.
(3)先行詞為“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),先行詞一般看成復(fù)數(shù)名詞,關(guān)系詞也看成復(fù)數(shù);當(dāng)one前面有 the、the only、the very 等修飾時(shí),先行詞看成one,關(guān)系詞也看成單數(shù)。例如:She is one of the students who have been praised.
(4)先行詞和定語從句之間可能會(huì)被一些作定語或者狀語的成分(例如副詞、介詞短語、從句)隔開。定語從句中也可能存在I think、you think、I believe、you believe、I suppose、you suppose等插入語。例如:You can find the student who will take part in the sports meet.
(5)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:限制性定語從句如果省略則主句意思不完整、不準(zhǔn)確;非限制性定語從句只起描繪性作用,如果省略,對(duì)主句的意思沒有重大影響。另外,專有名詞(人名、地名)后一般只能用非限制性定語從句。例如:She has a son who is working in the government.
此句表明“她有一個(gè)在政府工作的兒子”,她有可能有一個(gè)兒子也有可能有幾個(gè)兒子,但“至少有一個(gè)在政府工作的兒子”;如果在son后加上逗號(hào)(She has a son,who is working in the government.),則表明她“只有一個(gè)兒子”。
(6)“介詞 +關(guān)系代詞 +動(dòng)詞不定式”可以代替定語從句,例如:She has ten dollars with which to buy a present for her husband.