By+SEBASTIEN+ROUSSILLAT

China calls itself a 禮儀之邦 （lǐ yí zhī bāng）， nation of etiquette. And this belief is particularly entrenched among the people of Shandong Province， hometown of Confucius （551-479 BC） and Mencius （372-289 BC）. The philosophy of Confucianism emphasizes morality and proper social relations. 禮 （lǐ）， courtesy， therefore， plays an important role in daily life， and appears in many Chinese words， for example， 禮節(jié) （lǐ jié）， etiquette， 禮數(shù) （lǐshù）， politeness， 禮教 （lǐ jiào）， protocol， and 禮儀 （lǐ yí）， propriety.

I hope you wont feel overwhelmed or daunted by the many words related to etiquette. I just want to let you know that in China 講禮貌 （jiǎng lǐ mào）， being polite， is a tradition and custom， and sometimes too complicated for foreigners to follow. In ancient China， the custom was called 禮樂制度 （lǐ yuè zhì dù）， the rite and music system， as a way of regime consolidation. Western Han Dynasty （202 BC – AD 9） scholar Dai Sheng compiled《禮記》（Lǐ Jì）， the Book of Rites， to record the etiquette of the Han ethnic group before the Qin Dynasty （221-206 BC）.

Posture etiquettes mainly include various polite gestures and actions， for example，讓座 （ràng zuò）， offering seats to other persons，鞠躬 （jū gōng）， bowing， and 跪拜， （guì bài）， worship on bended knees. Together with some polite formulas， they can be summarized as 言談舉止 （yán tán jǔ zhǐ）， speech and deportment.

A gentleman in China is known as 君子 （jūn zǐ）， a man of virtue. The character 君 is composed of two radicals for “hand” and“mouth，” meaning that a person of refi ned upbringing should have proper manners of speech and deportment. However， there is a world of difference between 真君子 （zhēn jūn zǐ） ， a real gentleman， and 偽君子 （wěi jūn zǐ）， a hypocrite.

In China， the most fundamental etiquette is 打招呼 （dǎ zhāo hu）， to offer greetings. The fi rst phrase we learn in Chinese might be 你好 （nǐ hǎo）， hello. In the old days of Beijing when people came across the acquaintances they usually asked “你吃了嗎” （nǐ chī le ma？）， “Have you eaten？” Some elderly locals still exchange such greetings today.

In China， people are seldom addressed as Ms. or Mr. instead， they prefer to use peoples titles and surname， for example， 王主任 （Wáng Zhǔ rèn）， Director Wang. Otherwise， they would say 老師 （lǎo shī）， teacher， as a substitute when a person （not necessarily with a teaching job） does not have a specifi c title. Such forms of address change according to the situation. For example， 師傅 （shī fu）， master， a respectful appellative usually for the working class， is how you would address a taxi driver.endprint

Various honorifics are used in Chinese. Lets look at a few examples.您 （nín）， you， is often used in North China， especially when addressing a social superior or elder； sometimes， 咱們 （zán men） is different from 我們 （wǒ men）， although in English both mean “we.” The former Chinese expression creates an intimate ethos between close friends. 貴 （guì）， distinguished， is a formal prefi x， for example， 貴公司 （guì gōng sī）， your honored corporation. Another vivid example is 尊敬的 （zūn jìng de）， respected， usually used in business， for example 尊敬的客人 （zūn jìng de kè rén）， respected guests.

Expressions of modesty are commonly used in China. For example， a person receiving a friend visiting his home would be likely to say “歡迎光臨寒舍” （huān yíng guāng lín hán shè）， “welcome to my humble home，”or “都是粗茶淡飯” （dōu shì cū chá dàn fàn）， “all here is humble fare.” But this does not mean that Chinese are hypocritical； it is rather the expression of Chinese-style good manners.

Now， lets discuss some polite verbal expressions. When we ask for somebodys help， we often say， 請（qǐng）， please， or “麻煩一下” （má fan yí xià）， “sorry to trouble you，” or “不好意思打擾一下” （bù hǎo yì si dǎ rǎo yí xià）， “so sorry to bother you.” There is another formal expression 勞駕 （láo jià）， excuse me， that is especially popular among Beijing residents. In summary， the most popular one is 請 （qǐng）， please. If we ask a question， we could say “請問” （qǐng wèn）， “excuse me， can I ask you a question？” We also say “請坐” （qǐng zuò）， “please sit down，” and if we would like others to do as they wish we say “請便” （qǐng biàn）， “please help yourself.”

Your answer， of course， would be “謝謝” （xiè xie）， “thank you，” to which the response is “不客氣” （bú kè qi）， “youre welcome，” or “不謝”（bú xiè）， or “不用謝” （“bú yòng xiè”）， “dont mention it.” However， one thing I should mention is that if you are with your close friends or family members， you dont say “thanks.” This is an overly formal expression among intimate persons， and would make them think that you are 見外（jiàn wài）， regarding others as outsiders， and look at you in surprise and say， “別見外” （bié jiàn wài）， “just make yourself at home， meaning “you dont have to act as if we were strangers.”

If a Chinese steps on others toes， they say “不好意思” （bù hǎo yìsi）， or “對不起” （duì bù qǐ）， both mean “sorry.” The latter is more of an apology than the former.

Now， as I seem to have become a 禮儀老師 （lǐ yí lǎo shī）， etiquette teacher， lets stop here. Finally， let me politely wave to you and say， “再見” （zài jiàn）， “goodbye！”endprint