The effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) complex from seminal plasma on capacitation, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation in goat spermatozoa

Suherni Susilowati, Indah Norma Triana, Abdul Malik

1Department of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia

2Deaprtment of Animal Science, Islamic University of Kalimantan, Banjarmasin, Indonesia

Document heading

The effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) complex from seminal plasma on capacitation, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation in goat spermatozoa

Suherni Susilowati1, Indah Norma Triana1, Abdul Malik2*

1Department of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia

2Deaprtment of Animal Science, Islamic University of Kalimantan, Banjarmasin, Indonesia

ARTICLE INFO

Article history:

Received 2 March 2015

Received in revised form 21 May 2015

Accepted 26 May 2015

Available online 20 September 2015

Spermatozoa

IGF I complex

Seminal plasma

Membranee integrity

DNA fragmentation

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) complex from seminal plasma on capacitation, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation. Methods: A total of 0.5 mL of fresh semen was added to 1 mL of Bracket-Oliphant (BO) medium, and the sample was then centrifuged at a speed of 1 800 rpm for 10 minutes. The samples were analyzed before and after centrifugation for sperm viability, motility, membrane integrity and capacitation. The centrifuged samples were divided into three groups, each consisting of 3 × 106spermatozoa. BO medium was added to group 1, BO + 12 ng IGF I complex medium was added to group 2, and 12 ng IGF I complex was added to group 3. Then, the samples were incubated for 15 minutes. Results: The result showed that sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity were significantly lower (P＜0.05) after centrifugation. Furthermore, the sperm capacitation was significantly increased (P＜0.05) after centrifugation. The percentages of sperm capacitation, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation were significantly different (P＜ 0.05) in all media, including BO, BO + IGF-I complex and the IGF-I complex alone. Conclusions: Sperm quality include motility, viability and membrane integrity were lower after centrifugation. whereas DNA fragmentation after incubation in the IGF-I complex medium also was lower compared to that of specimens in the BO and BO + IGF-I complex media.

1. Introduction

Sperm manipulation for improving fertilization is undertaken not onlyin vivobut alsoin vitroand underlies the manipulation of spermatozoa for clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF). One method for sperm manipulation is the centrifugation of spermatozoa. The process of capacitation of spermatozoa involving biochemical and physiological processes involves complex reactions. During capacitation, modification and characterization of the membrane occur, in addition to enzyme activation and spermatozoa motility[1]. Onenegative result of centrifugation of semen is the increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the spermatozoa. The increase in ROS production after separation by centrifugation is thought to be a complex process and can be derived from chemical processes in organelles inside the cell or even from processes outside the cell[2]. Reactive oxygen species are an important mediator of the function of spermatozoa and are involved in hyperactivity induction, capacitation and acrosome reaction, in addition to spermatozoa and oocyte fusion[3]. However, when excessive ROS are produced, they cannot be neutralized by the antioxidant defense systems of spermatozoa or seminal plasma. This excess will lead to fatty acid damage, especially among polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are essential components of the sperm membrane phospholipid layer, the inactivation of glycolytic enzymes, DNA chain termination, and a decrease in sperm motility and sperm death.

Semen consists of spermatozoa suspended in a fluid mediumcalled seminal plasma. Seminal plasma is a complex fluid that mediates the chemical function of the ejaculate. One component of seminal plasma is insulin-like growth factor (IGF I). This growth factor has been suggested to have a direct or indirect role in spermatogenesis/steroidogenesis in the testes, and its derangement may be involved in male infertility[4, 5]. The protein contained in seminal plasma includes the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) complex.

Insulin-like growth factor - I forms a complex that binds with another molecule that has a molecular weight of 150 kDa and consists of three protein molecules, including one molecule of insulin-like growth factor – I (sub unit ) with a molecular weight of 7. 6 kDa, one molecule of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (sub unit β) with a molecular weight of 53 kDa and one molecule of an acid-labile subunit with a molecular weight of 85 kDa (subunit β) [6]. The acid-labile subunit that binds with IGF-I increases the molecular weight by adding a complex function to the bond between IGF and IGF-3. In seminal plasma, IGF-I has been identified in the testes and is secreted by Leydig and Sertoli cells[7]. IGF-I has been reported to be a significant factor for germ cell development, maturation and the motility of spermatozoa[8, 9].

Selvarajuet al. [10] reported that variations in IGF-I levels in the seminal plasma can influence germ cell stimuli, including the development, maturation and motility of the spermatozoa. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the possibilities of improving sperm quality with the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) complex after incubation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) complex from seminal plasma on capacitation, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation in goat spermatozoa.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Experimental animals

A total of three male goats were used for semen collection in this study. The average body weight was 45 kg, and the average age was 3- 4 years. Semen was collected from the goats two weeks after start of adaptation to the location with the aid of an artificial vagina. Immediately, after collection, the semen was kept in a water bath (37 ℃), and semen parameters were assessed, including volume, pH, consistency, color and concentration of the semen. A total of 0.5 mL of fresh semen was added to 1 mL of Bracket-Oliphant (BO) medium, and the sample was then centrifuged at a speed of 1 800 rpm for 10 minutes. The samples were analyzed before and after centrifugation for sperm viability, motility, membrane integrity and capacitation. The centrifuged samples were divided into the three groups, each consisting of 3 × 106spermatozoa. BO medium was added to group 1, BO + 12 ng IGF-I complex medium was added to group 2, and 12 ng IGF-I complex was added to group 3. Then, the samples were incubated for 15 minutes. The samples were then analyzed for sperm viability, motility, membrane integrity, capacitation and DNA fragmentation. For identification, constituents from goat seminal plasma proteins were assessed via native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE) with a concentration of 12% using an electrophoresis mini protein gel (Bio-Rad), and the IGF-I complex protein was isolated from seminal plasma by electro-elution.

2.2. Sperm viability

Eosin-nigrosin staining was used to evaluate sperm viability as described by Maliket al. [11]. After thawing, one drop of semen was placed on a tempered glass slide, and this sample was mixed with one drop of eosin-nigrosin solution (0.2 g of eosin and 2 g of nigrosin were dissolved in a buffered saline solution, mixed for 2 hours at room temperature and filtered to obtain the staining media). The mixture was smeared on the glass slide and allowed to air dry. One hundred spermatozoa were evaluated in at least five different fields in each smear under a light microscope. Eosin penetrates nonviable cells, which appear red, and nigrosin offers a dark background for facilitating the detection of viable, non-stained cells.

2.3. Assessment of motility

The motility of the spermatozoa was analyzed by mixing the semen gently and placing a 10 μL drop of diluted semen on a warm slide covered with a glass cover slip (18 × 18 mm) from five selected representative fields. Samples were selected randomly from 10 fields, for a total of 200 cells. Individual sperm were recorded as being viable or dead.

2.4. Assessment of sperm membrane integrity

Membrane integrity was determined using the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) described by Maliket al. [12]. A total of 100 μL of semen was mixed with 1 mL of hypotonic solution (osmotic pressure 100 mOsm/kg) containing 13.51 g of fructose and 7.35 g of sodium citrate in 1 000 mL of distilled water. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. Following incubation, 15 μL of the sample was placed on a slide, covered with a cover slip and observed under a differential interference microscope (Olympus CK2, ULWCD 0.30) at a magnification of 400 x. The spermatozoa were categorized according to the presence or absence of a swollen tail. At least 200 spermatozoa were observed, and the results were recorded as percentages. The membrane integrity after HOST was classified into two groups: normal spermatozoa that displayed coiled tails and abnormal spermatozoa without coiled tails.

2.5. Assessment of sperm capacitation

Sperm capacitation was assessed using chlortetracycline (CTC). Coloration with CTC showed that when the spermatozoa underwent visible capacitation, 2/3 of the equator appear to be yellow sperm heads that are lighter due to the increased distribution of Ca+, the spermatozoa that underwent acrosome reactions were colorless and had only the yellow tape on the equator of the spermatozoa head. Observations of the capacitation and acrosome reaction of the spermatozoa were performed using a fluorescence microscope at a magnification of 400x.

2.6. Assessment of sperm DNA fragmentation

DNA fragmentation was assessed by a terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay adopted by Natalia-Rougieret al. [13]. Briefly, all elements were fixed in 2% formaldehyde in 1x PBS solution (pH 7.4; Gibco) for at least one hour. Each sample was placed into one well of a multiwell plate (4-mm diameter). After 2–3 hours, each well was washed with 1x PBS (three times, 5 min each), and the cells were permeabilized with cold methanol. Before incubation with the TUNEL solution, each well was washed again with 1x PBS. For each sample, one extra well was incubated with DNA (1 U/mL; Sigma) for 30 minutes at 37 ℃ as a positive control, and in another well, the TUNEL ‘enzyme’ solution was omitted as a negative control. The total sample was incubated in TUNEL solution for one hour at 37 ℃. All samples were finally washed with 1x PBS (three times, 5 min each), and mounted in Vectashield H-1000 medium (Vector Laboratories). A total of 400 spermatozoa were counted by fluorescence microscopy for each fraction.

2.7. Statistical analysis

All data were expressed as the mean values ± S.E.M. The statistical significances of the effects of membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation after centrifugation were determined by ANOVA (S-PLUS Statistical Program, Insightful Corporation Seattle, WA, USA).P-values ＜0.05 were considered to be significantly different.

3. Results

Based on the evaluation of fresh ejaculation, the mean semen volume was (1.10 ± 1.26) mL, and the sample was cloudy to creamy white in color, had a pH of (7.00 ± 0.07), and was of thin to thick consistency. The mean mass activity was 2.28 ± 0.41 with a percentage of motile and viable sperm of (90.00 ± 8.40) %. The percent of sperm capacitated was (10.85 ± 87.00)%, and the sperm concentration was 397×106spermatozoa. The results of analysis using a native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a concentration of 12% indicated the presence of a protein and IGF-I complex of 150 (kDa) molecular weight (mw) (Figure 1).

The percentages of spermatozoa motility, viability, membrane integrity and capacitation of the semen before and after centrifugation were shown in Table 1. Sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity were significantly lower (P＜0.05) after centrifugation. Furthermore, the sperm capacitation was significantly increased(P＜0.05) after centrifugation. The percentages of sperm capacitation, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation after centrifugation were shown in Table 2. The percentages of sperm capacitation, membrane integrity and DNAfragmentation were significantly different (P＜0.05) in all media, including BO, BO + IGF-I complex and the IGF-I complex alone.

Table 1 Percentages of the sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity and capacitation before and after centrifugation with 1800 rpm for 10 minutes.

Table 2 Percemtages of sperm capacitation, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation after incubation for 15 minutes.

4. Discussion

The results of this study indicate that centrifugation decreased sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity. This was probably due to the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by the spermatozoa. These findings confirmed several studies reported by Sharmaet al. [14] and Alvarezet al. [15] who stated that the effects of centrifugation have been attributed to the generation of ROS, which can irreversibly damage the spermatozoa. The toxicity effects of ROS eventually result in protein ionization and inactivation, unsaturated lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, which destabilize the spermatozoa plasma membrane[16, 17].

Moreover, the capacitation, membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation results after incubation for 15 minutes were significantly different in groups 1, 2 and 3. The percentage of sperm capacitation after incubation in group 3 (IGF-I complex) was higher compared with those of group 2 (BO + IGF-I complex) and group 1 (BO medium). This result strengthened the findings reported by Maxwell and Johnson[18] and La-Falciet al. [19] in which the seminal plasma function in goat is dependent on sperm capacitation. Maxwell and Johnson[18], Yanagimachi[20], and Milleret al. [21] reported that spermatozoa acquire many proteins during the epididymis transit and during ejaculation, possibly affecting their fecundity capacity.

Acrosome and membrane integrity are the main indicators of spermatozoa capability and membrane functionality[22]. In this study, the membrane integrity after incubation for 15 minutes with 12 ng of IGF-I complex (group 3) medium was higher compared to that of specimens incubated with BO + IGF-I complex (group 2) and BO medium (group 1). Schonecket al. [23] revealed that one of the functions of seminal plasma in goats is protection against plasma membrane lipid peroxidation.

The evaluation of sperm DNA fragmentation has become an important method for the evaluation of semen quality. In this study, DNA fragmentation after incubation in group 3 and group 2 was lower compared with that in group 1. Decreasing levels of DNA fragmentation after incubation in groups 2 and 3 might be due to the effect of the IGF-I complex in each medium. The IGF-I complex in the seminal plasma contains many proteins in male bovine[24], swine[25], horse[26], and buffalo[27]. Conversely, several researchers have reported a negative correlation between high DNA fragmentation levels and assisted reproductive technology outcomes[28- 31].

Based on the results of these experiments, it may be concluded that sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity were lower after centrifugation for 1800 rpm for 10 minutes. Furthermore, pure IGF-I complex medium increased capacitation and membrane integrity after incubation, whereas DNA fragmentation after incubation in the IGF-I complex medium was lower compared to that of specimens in the BO and BO + IGF-I complex media.

Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by funding from the Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti), The National Education Ministry, Republic of Indonesia. The authors are also grateful to all of the laboratory staff in the Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Airlangga University.

[1] Baldi E, Luconi L, Bonaccorsi C, Krausz, Forti G. Human Sperm Activation During Capacitation and Acrosom Reaction: Role of Calcium,Protein phosphorylation and Lipid Remodelling Pathways.Front Biosci1996; 5: 110 - 123.

[2] Argawal A, Saleh RA, Bedalwy A. Role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of human reproduction.Fertil Steril2003; 79: 829-843.

[3] Dorota Sanocka, Maciej Kurpisz. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sperm cells.Reprod Biol and Endocrin2004; article ID: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-12.

[4] Sauerwein H, Breier BH, Gallaher BW, G?tz CKG, Montag T. Growth hormone treatment of breeding bulls used for artificial insemination improves fertilization rates.Domest Anim Endocrin2000; 18: 145-158.

[5] Macpherson ML, Simmen RCM, Simmen FA, Hernandez J, Sheerin BR, Varner DD. Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 and 5 in equine seminal plasma: association with sperm characteristics and fertility.Biol Reprod2002; 67: 648 - 654.

[6] Kostecha Z, Blanovec J. Insulin like growth factor binding protein and their function (Mini review).Endocrin Regul1999; 33: 90- 94.

[7] Roser JF, Hess MF. The effects of age and fertility status on plasma and intratesticuler insulin like growth factor I concentration in stallion.Theriogenology2001; 56: 723-733.

[8] Baker J, Hardy MP, Zhou J, Bondy C, Lupu F, Bellvé AR. Effects of an IGF-l gene null mutation on mouse reproduction.Mol Endocrinol1996;10: 903- 916.

[9] Henricks DM, Kouba AJ, Lackey BR, Boone WR, Gray SL. Identification of insulin-like growth factor I in bovine seminal plasma and its receptor on spermatozoa: influence on sperm motility.Biol Reprod1998; 59: 330 - 337.

[10] Selvarajua S, Sivasubramania T, Raghavendraa BS, Rajua P, Raob SBN, Dineshkumarb D, et al. Effect of dietary energy on seminal plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), serum IGF-I and testosterone levels, semen quality and fertility in adult rams.Theriogenology2012; 78: 646-655.

[11] Malik A, Laily M, Zakir MI. Effects of long term storage of semen in liquid nitrogen on the viability, motility and abnormality of frozen thawed Frisian Holstein bull spermatozoa.Asian Pac J Reprod2015; 4(1): 22-25.

[12] Malik A, Wahid H, Rosnina Y, Bukar M, Kasim A, Sabri M. Verification of X- and Y-Spermatozoa separation by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), motility and membrane integrity in bovine.Afr J Biotechnol2011; 10(85): 19796-19801.

[13] Natalia Rougier, Heydy Uriondo, Sergio Papier, Miguel Angel Checa, Carlos Sueldo, Cristian Alvarez. Changes in DNA fragmentation during sperm preparation for intracytoplasmic sperm injection over time.Fertil Steril2013; 100 (1): 0015-0028.

[14] Sharma RK, Vemulapalli S, Agrawal A. Effect of centrifuge speed, refrigeration medium, and sperm washing medium on cryopreserved sperm quality after thawing.J Androl1997; 39: 33- 38.

[15] Alvarez JG, Lasso JL, Blasco L, Nunez RC, Heyner S, Caballro PP, et al. Centrifugation of human spermatozoa induces sublethal demage; separation of human spermatozoa from seminal plasma by dextran swimup prcedure without centrifugation extend their motilelifetime.Human Reprod1993; 8: 1087- 1092.

[16] Aitken RJ. Free radicals, lipid peroxidation and sperm function.Reprod Fert Develop1995; 7: 659 - 668.

[17] Aitken RJ, Gordon E, Harkiss D, Twigg JP, Milne P, Jennings Z, et al. Relative impact of oxidative stress on the functional competence and genomic integrity of human spermatozoa.Biol Reprod1998; 59: 1037-1046.

[18] Maxwel WMC, Johnson LA. Physiology of spermatozoa at high dilution rates: the influence of seminal plasma.Theriogenology1999; 52: 1353-1362.

[19] La Falci VSN, Tortorella H, Rodrígues JL, Brandelli A. Seasonal variation of goat seminal plasma proteins.Theriogenology2002; 57: 1035- 1048.

[20] Yanagimachi R. Mammalian fertilization. In: Knobil E, Neill JD (eds.).The physiology of reproduction. 2nd ed. New York. NY: Raven Press; 1994,p.189-317.

[21] Miller DJ, Winer MA, Ax R. Heparin binding proteins from seminal plasma bind to bovine spermatozoa and modulate capacitating by heparin.Biol Reprod1990; 42: 899-915.

[22] Garner DL, Johnson LA. Viability assessment of mammalian sperm using sybr-14 and propidium iodine.Biol Reprod1995; 53: 544 - 549.

[23] Schoneck C, Braun J, Einspanier R. Sperm viability is influenced in vitro by the bovine seminal protein a SFP: effects on motility, mitochondrial activity and lipid peroxidation.Theriogenology1996; 45: 633- 642.

[24] Killian GJ, Chapman DA, Rogowski LA. Fertility-associated proteins in Holstein bull seminal plasma.Biol Reprod1993; 49: 1202- 1207.

[25] Flowers WL. Boar fertility and artificial insemination. In:Abstracts of the 15th international pig veterinary society congress. Birmingham, England Birmingham: IPVS 1998, p. 45-52.

[26] Brandon CI, Heusner GL, Caudle AB, Fayrer-Hosken RA. Twodimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of equine seminal plasma proteins and their correlation with fertility.Theriogenology1999; 52: 863- 873.

[27] Harshan HM, Sankar S, Singh LP, Singh MK, Sudharani S, Ansari MR, et al. Identification of PDC-109-like protein(s) in buffalo seminal plasma.Anim Reprod Sci2009; 115: 306- 311.

[28] Steger K, Cavalcanti MC, HC S. Prognostic markers for competent human spermatozoa: fertilizing capacity and contribution to the embryo.Int J Androl2011; 34: 513- 527.

[29] Lewis SE, Agbaje I, Alvarez J. Sperm DNA tests as useful adjuncts to semen analysis.Syst Biol Reprod Med2008; 54: 111- 125.

[30] Speyer BE, Pizzey AR, Ranieri M, Joshi R, Delhanty JDA, Serhal P. Fall in implantation rates following ICSI with sperm with high DNA fragmentation.Hum Reprod2010; 25: 1609- 1618.

[31] Simon L, Brunborg G, Stevenson M, Lutton D, McManus J, Lewis SE. Clinical significance of sperm DNA damage in assisted reproduction outcome.Hum Reprod2010; 25: 1594- 15608.

10.1016/j.apjr.2015.06.003

*Corresponding author: Abdul Malik, Deaprtment of Animal Science, Islamic University of Kalimantan, Banjarmasin, Indonesia.

E-mail: sidol_99@yahoo.com

Foundation project: This study was supported by funding from the Directorate General of Higher Education (Dikti), The National Education Ministry, Republic of Indonesia.