楊彩霞,章 凱,胡 瑋
綜述
電視輔助胸腔鏡手術(shù)在胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤治療中的應(yīng)用
楊彩霞,章 凱,胡 瑋
隨著腫瘤診治水平的不斷提高,腫瘤患者的生存時間不斷延長,胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的患病率逐年增加,其治療方法也日新月異。電視輔助胸腔鏡手術(shù)(VATS)的發(fā)展及相關(guān)技術(shù)的熟練應(yīng)用,使其成為治療胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的一種有效方法。本文主要介紹VATS治療胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的入路選擇和技術(shù)優(yōu)勢,并就其適應(yīng)證和禁忌證、顯露節(jié)段、開展術(shù)式、療效比較結(jié)果、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、局限性等方面進行綜述,以期為胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的腔鏡治療提供參考。
胸椎;脊椎腫瘤;胸腔鏡檢查;電視輔助外科手術(shù);外科手術(shù),微創(chuàng)性;手術(shù)后并發(fā)癥
在骨骼系統(tǒng)中,腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移最常見的部位是脊柱[1],其中約70%見于胸椎[2],最常轉(zhuǎn)移的原發(fā)腫瘤是乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌等[3]。近年來,腫瘤研究發(fā)展日新月異,診治水平不斷提高,患者預(yù)后獲得改善,胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的發(fā)生率也逐年上升。其治療方法包括非手術(shù)治療和手術(shù)治療。對于伴有進展性脊髓受壓癥狀或明顯骨質(zhì)破壞的患者,一般采取手術(shù)治療。但傳統(tǒng)前路開胸手術(shù)并發(fā)癥多、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、患者術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)緩慢[4-6]。電視輔助 胸 腔 鏡 手 術(shù)(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)是電視和內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)相結(jié)合的微創(chuàng)手術(shù),其在脊柱外科的應(yīng)用始于1993年[7],后由Rosenthal等[8]首次在胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤前路減壓內(nèi)固定手術(shù)中成功運用。此后該技術(shù)的應(yīng)用價值逐漸受到外科醫(yī)生的關(guān)注,本文就VATS在胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤治療中的應(yīng)用作一綜述。
VATS技術(shù)一般采用全麻下氣管內(nèi)雙腔導(dǎo)管插管單肺通氣,患者取側(cè)臥位,依病變位置及生理解剖結(jié)構(gòu)選擇左側(cè)或右側(cè)切口[9-10]。其手術(shù)入路包括前路及前后路聯(lián)合入路,前者一般適用于腫瘤僅侵犯脊椎前中柱的情況;后者則主要應(yīng)用于腫瘤侵犯椎體后方及鄰近結(jié)構(gòu)、需徹底切除的病例,先行VATS前路手術(shù),再從后方行椎體整塊切除及椎體重建內(nèi)固定[11]。
既往VATS手術(shù)通常在鎖孔技術(shù)下開展,但人們在臨床應(yīng)用中發(fā)現(xiàn),標準鎖孔技術(shù)不能直接顯露術(shù)野,其工作通道操作空間也較為受限,無法對轉(zhuǎn)移瘤實施充分、完整的切除以及足夠的脊柱內(nèi)固定,手術(shù)時間也相對較長。有鑒于此,學(xué)者們設(shè)計了VATS輔助下小切口前路術(shù)式及各種改良方法,克服了鎖孔技術(shù)的缺陷,縮短了學(xué)習(xí)曲線,在充分進行椎體切除和內(nèi)固定手術(shù)的同時,極大地緩解了患者的術(shù)后疼痛,降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,其手術(shù)效果與傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)相當(dāng)[12-16];甚至有學(xué)者認為,當(dāng)患者具備胸椎前路手術(shù)的指征時,應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮采用VATS輔助小切口術(shù)式[9]。
與傳統(tǒng)前路開胸手術(shù)相比,VATS手術(shù)主要有以下優(yōu)點[4,6,17-22]:①手術(shù)切口小,出血量少,切口美觀,患者對手術(shù)耐受性好,滿意度高;②擴大視野,顯露清晰,術(shù)者可全面立體地觀察手術(shù)區(qū)域,準確掌握手術(shù)涉及的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),在充分直視的情況下進行分離、減壓、重建等操作,保證了手術(shù)的安全性和準確性;③保護胸腔正常組織,減少胸廓損傷及肺功能損害,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少,疼痛輕微,有助于患者術(shù)后康復(fù);④患者OICU停留時間及住院時間縮短,醫(yī)療成本相對較低,減輕了患者及其家庭的經(jīng)濟負擔(dān)。
3.1 適應(yīng)證和禁忌證
肖建如[23]總結(jié)脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的手術(shù)指征,包括:①對放、化療不敏感的腫瘤;②放、化療前、中、后期出現(xiàn)進行性神經(jīng)損害;③椎管內(nèi)有骨性致壓物壓迫或刺激神經(jīng);④病理性骨折引起脊柱不穩(wěn),造成難以緩解的疼痛和神經(jīng)損害;⑤神經(jīng)損傷發(fā)生在24 h內(nèi);⑥局限性脊柱病灶;⑦預(yù)計生存期>3個月;⑧診斷不明確,需進行組織病理學(xué)確診。與傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)相似,胸腔鏡手術(shù)同樣適用于侵犯脊椎前中柱、局限于椎體內(nèi)的病灶,如患者存在上述情況且適合前路手術(shù),則均可考慮選擇VATS;部分不能耐受傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者亦可行VATS手術(shù)治療;該技術(shù)還尤其適用于上胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除困難的病例[24-25]。
VATS的絕對禁忌證包括:FEV1<50%;嚴重的胸膜粘連或肥厚性胸膜炎;呼吸功能不全或呼衰;胸腔內(nèi)積膿或嚴重感染;既往開胸手術(shù)失敗;不能耐受單肺通氣或?qū)?cè)全肺切除;不能耐受麻醉及手術(shù)等[4-6,17,26]。其相對禁忌證主要有:伴有胸壁創(chuàng)傷或手術(shù)史;低氧血癥;凝血功能障礙或心血
管畸形;年齡過小和體重過輕嬰幼兒等[5,17,26]。
3.2 顯露節(jié)段
針對下胸椎病變,Sasani等[5]對T5~T11椎體轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者行胸腔鏡下腫瘤切除;而針對上胸椎病變,改良VATS工作通道入路可解決傳統(tǒng)胸腔鏡切口對T1~T3椎體顯露不佳的問題[27]。目前,VATS技術(shù)已能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對T1~L1節(jié)段椎體的全方位清晰顯露[28-29]。
3.3 開展術(shù)式
隨著電視技術(shù)與內(nèi)窺鏡技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,胸腔鏡手術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍得到極大拓寬,目前VATS技術(shù)治療胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤可開展的術(shù)式包括胸椎腫瘤活檢、神經(jīng)根和脊髓減壓術(shù)、胸椎間盤切除術(shù)、病變椎體切除術(shù)和椎體重建術(shù)以及脊柱內(nèi)固定術(shù)等[30-31]。
由于轉(zhuǎn)移瘤引起的椎體塌陷、脊柱不穩(wěn)定常壓迫脊髓前柱,因此以保護或保留神經(jīng)功能為目的直接前路椎體切除減壓手術(shù)是較為常見的VATS術(shù)式,其被證實對每一節(jié)段脊柱的轉(zhuǎn)移瘤均安全有效[32];經(jīng)后外側(cè)入路椎體切除減壓也是治療胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的常見術(shù)式[27,33];胸腔鏡經(jīng)橫膈入路可顯露胸腰椎聯(lián)合部,便于對涉及此區(qū)域的轉(zhuǎn)移瘤進行椎體切除、腹側(cè)脊髓減壓和內(nèi)固定手術(shù)[21,29];而VATS前路手術(shù)聯(lián)合后方入路行全脊椎整塊切除術(shù)治療則擴大了胸腔鏡在胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤手術(shù)中的適用范圍[11];黃聰仁[34]報道中國臺灣長庚醫(yī)學(xué)中心關(guān)于VATS脊柱手術(shù)的經(jīng)驗,治療的136例患者中包括57例脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,其手術(shù)操作包括引流、活組織檢查、胸椎間盤切除術(shù)、前路松解及融合、減壓、移植物融合等,結(jié)果表明,擴大操作切口及VATS與傳統(tǒng)脊柱儀器的結(jié)合是治療脊柱疾病的理想方法。
3.4 療效比較結(jié)果
董健等[9]對VATS和傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)進行比較后發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后兩組患者癥狀均完全緩解,前者在手術(shù)切口長度、術(shù)中出血量、胸腔引流量、胸痛時間、住院時間方面均明顯優(yōu)于后者(P<0.05),對患者進行平均15.8個月的隨訪,未見上下椎體腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)病例,術(shù)后影像學(xué)亦顯示病灶清除徹底,脊髓減壓充分,內(nèi)固定效果確切;Stoker等[35]采用VATS與傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)各治療4例侵襲T4椎體非小細胞肺癌,結(jié)果表明,胸腔鏡聯(lián)合后路脊柱重建手術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù)療效相似,但并發(fā)癥更少,恢復(fù)更快。這些研究結(jié)果均提示,VATS技術(shù)治療胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,其病灶清除、脊髓減壓、固定重建效果近似于傳統(tǒng)開胸手術(shù),但手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷更加輕微,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率更低,更有利于促進患者的術(shù)后康復(fù)。但目前關(guān)于胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤治療效果比較的臨床報道仍較少,且均為病例對照研究,亦存在隨訪時間短、樣本量小等問題。
3.5 并發(fā)癥
VATS治療胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤較開胸手術(shù)最大的優(yōu)勢固然是手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥少,但由于學(xué)習(xí)曲線問題、對手術(shù)相關(guān)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)認識不足、操作粗疏等原因,并發(fā)癥仍時有發(fā)生。主要包括神經(jīng)血管內(nèi)臟損傷、術(shù)中出血量過大(>2 000 mL)、手術(shù)切口感染、肺不張、氣胸、血胸以及與植骨內(nèi)固定相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥等[9,34,36-37],其中暫時性肋間神經(jīng)痛、肺不張是較為常見的并發(fā)癥;咽痛、皮下氣腫、心包損傷、乳糜胸、肺泡漏、胸腔積液、食管黏膜破裂、食管胸膜漏、胸腔感染、肺炎等也偶有報道[21,38-41]。嚴格把握手術(shù)適應(yīng)證和禁忌證、熟練掌握胸腔鏡操作技術(shù)、加強術(shù)者與麻醉師之間的默契合作是減少并發(fā)癥、保證手術(shù)安全性的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié);對患者病情的充分評估、完善相關(guān)術(shù)前準備、注重患者體位擺放、術(shù)中細致操作等也是預(yù)防和處理圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥的有效方法[41-42]。
VATS技術(shù)的應(yīng)用價值是在減少醫(yī)源性損傷的同時獲得與傳統(tǒng)開放性手術(shù)相同的治療效果。但胸椎解剖結(jié)構(gòu)特殊,血管走行復(fù)雜,造成該技術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)曲線陡峭、操作難度大、手術(shù)風(fēng)險高,術(shù)者需要具有豐富的開胸手術(shù)經(jīng)驗,并積極開展動物實驗訓(xùn)練,反復(fù)操作,以熟練掌握手術(shù)技巧,提高手術(shù)水平[43-44]。此外,胸腔鏡多為進口器械,手術(shù)費用昂貴,因此設(shè)計開發(fā)出適合國人的胸腔鏡設(shè)備、器械和內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)等對VATS的推廣具有重要意義;胸腔鏡前路手術(shù)入路無法對椎體椎板、棘突及對側(cè)椎弓根進行操作,具有一定的手術(shù)局限性,臨床上也需要改良相關(guān)的操作技術(shù)。
盡管我國在應(yīng)用VATS治療胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤方面仍處于探索階段,并無大量的隨訪研究進一步佐證其遠期臨床效果,但目前的研究結(jié)果證實該技術(shù)基本達到與開胸手術(shù)相同的臨床效果,不僅能夠較為徹底地切除腫瘤病灶,重建脊柱穩(wěn)定性,而且同時也具有損傷小、恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少的優(yōu)勢,但如何設(shè)計更加合理的操作器械,改進手術(shù)技術(shù),盡可能減少腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率,仍需開展深入研究及遠期療效觀察。在未來,基于圖像引導(dǎo)的外科導(dǎo)航手術(shù)、激光技術(shù)、機器人等與VATS的結(jié)合將是脊柱微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向[45-47],其在胸椎轉(zhuǎn)移瘤治療領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用將大有可為。
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Application of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in treatment of thoracic spinal metastases
YANG Caixia,ZHANG Kai,HU Wei.Hospital of Orthopaedics,Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510010,China
Corresonding author:ZHANG Kai,E-mail:744699799@qq.com
With the constant improvement of the level of diagnosis and treatment of cancer,survival time of patients who suffered from neoplasms have been prolonged gradually,the incidence of thoracic spinal metastases increases year by year,and its treatment also changes rapidly.The development of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery(VATS)and its relative technology skilled application,make it a kind of effective method for the treatment of thoracic spinal metastases.In this paper,surgical approaches and technical advantages of VATS were introduced in treating thoracic spinal metastases,and the indications and contraindications,exposure segments,applied surgical procedures,comparative therapeutic effects,surgical complications and limitations were reviewed,to provide references for thoracoscopic surgery in treatment of thoracic spinal metastases.
Thoracic vertebrae;Spinal neoplasms;Thoracoscopy;Video-assisted surgery;Surgical procedures,minimally invasive;Postoperative complications
R738.1,R443.7
A
1674-666X(2016)06-362-05
2016-08-19;
2016-10-10)
(本文編輯:白朝暉)
10.3969/j.issn.1674-666X.2016.06.008
510010廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院骨科醫(yī)院全軍創(chuàng)傷骨科研究所
章凱,E-mail:744699799@qq.com