韓艷妮,王格慧
(1.中國(guó)科學(xué)院地球環(huán)境研究所 黃土與第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安710061;2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京100049)
華北農(nóng)村大氣PM2.5中水溶性物質(zhì)化學(xué)組成、吸濕性能及光學(xué)特征
韓艷妮1,2,王格慧1
(1.中國(guó)科學(xué)院地球環(huán)境研究所 黃土與第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安710061;2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京100049)
2013年6月10—25日在河北保定市固城鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)用大流量采樣器進(jìn)行每3小時(shí)1次PM2.5樣品采集,對(duì)其進(jìn)行有機(jī)碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、水溶性有機(jī)碳(WSOC)、水溶性有機(jī)氮(WSON)、水溶性總氮(WSTN)、吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子、吸光度以及無(wú)機(jī)離子分析,探討其濃度、組成、吸濕性能與吸光性的變化特征。結(jié)果表明:采樣期間固城鎮(zhèn)PM2.5中WSON 平均濃度為5.0 ± 4.0 μg·m-3,最高濃度達(dá)15 μg·m-3;污染期WSON為6.9 ± 3.9 μg·m-3,是清潔期的四倍。整個(gè)采樣期間WSON與、和呈強(qiáng)線性相關(guān)(R2>0.89),污染天陽(yáng)陰離子當(dāng)量比值F= 1.01,清潔天F= 1.45,表明污染期顆粒物酸性增強(qiáng)有利于氣態(tài)有機(jī)胺等WSON通過(guò)酸堿中和轉(zhuǎn)移到顆粒相。不同相對(duì)濕度下水溶性組分的吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子(Gf)測(cè)量結(jié)果顯示:[WSOC+WSON]/離子的比值越大,吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子越小,表明與無(wú)機(jī)離子相比,水溶性有機(jī)物吸濕性能較低。固城夏季大氣PM2.5中WSOC在365 nm波長(zhǎng)下質(zhì)量吸收效率(MAE)均值為0.52 m2·g-1,表明WSOC對(duì)PM2.5整體消光效應(yīng)具有重要貢獻(xiàn)。
PM2.5;水溶性離子;組成;吸濕性;質(zhì)量吸收效率MAE
大氣顆粒物通過(guò)吸收和散射太陽(yáng)光降低能見(jiàn)度,直接影響全球能量平衡,此外,大氣顆粒物通過(guò)成為云凝結(jié)核和冰核,影響云的形成和分布,從而間接影響全球氣候。PM2.5是指大氣中粒徑小于2.5 μm的顆粒物,約占大氣總顆粒物的20%—90%。衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)顯示我國(guó)京津冀地區(qū)是全球大氣PM2.5高污染地區(qū)。高濃度PM2.5導(dǎo)致灰霾事件頻發(fā),并呈現(xiàn)區(qū)域性特征。研究表明:北京周邊省份的污染物傳輸是導(dǎo)致北京灰霾的重要原因之一。然而,關(guān)于PM2.5的研究大多集中在北京地區(qū),而有關(guān)北京周邊地區(qū)尤其是農(nóng)村PM2.5的來(lái)源和形成機(jī)制研究還很缺乏。
水溶性物質(zhì)是PM2.5的重要組成部分,占其質(zhì)量的三分之一以上,可分為水溶性無(wú)機(jī)離子和水溶性有機(jī)物兩部分。由于具有親水性,PM2.5中水溶性物質(zhì)可吸收空氣中的水分,在顆粒物上形成水相,一方面使得顆粒物長(zhǎng)大,增強(qiáng)其消光性能;另一方面也為各種氣態(tài)物質(zhì)在顆粒物上進(jìn)一步富集和發(fā)生多相化學(xué)反應(yīng)提供了媒介。因此,充分了解水溶性物質(zhì)的理化特性對(duì)PM2.5的有效控制具有重要意義。
本研究以北京西南上風(fēng)向農(nóng)村地區(qū)夏季大氣為對(duì)象,著重探討PM2.5中水溶性物質(zhì)的組成、來(lái)源、形成機(jī)制、吸濕性能和光學(xué)特征,以期為全面理解京津冀地區(qū)灰霾成因提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1 樣品采集
應(yīng)用Anderson大流量(1.13 m3·min-1)便攜式采樣器于2013年6月10—25日在河北省保定市固城鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行采樣,每3 h采集一個(gè)樣品,共采集121個(gè)樣品。所有樣品均采用石英纖維濾膜(Whatman QM/A)收集。濾膜使用之前于馬弗爐中450℃灼燒6 h以去除可能存在的有機(jī)污染物。采樣后濾膜保存于-20℃冰箱中待分析。
1.2 有機(jī)碳OC和元素碳EC分析
OC、EC的分析采用DRI Model 2001熱光碳分析儀,在采樣濾膜上截取一定面積濾膜片,應(yīng)用IMPROVEA熱光反射原理分析(Chow et al,2004,2007)。
1.3 水溶性碳、氮和無(wú)機(jī)離子分析
所有樣品均采用TOC-L型總有機(jī)碳分析儀(日本島津公司)進(jìn)行水溶性總碳(water-solution total carbon,WSTC)、水溶性有機(jī)碳(water-solution organic carbon,WSOC)、水溶性無(wú)機(jī)碳(watersolution inorganic carbon,WSIC)以及水溶性總氮(water-solution total nitrogen,WSTN)分析。無(wú)機(jī)離子采用(Dionex)DX-600型離子色譜儀進(jìn)行分析。具體操作如下:剪取一定面積濾膜,加入50 mL超純水(R>18.2 MΩ),超聲萃取4次,每次15 min,隨后經(jīng)脫色搖床振蕩1 h后靜置。萃取后水溶液用一次性針管和0.45 μm水系過(guò)濾器(德國(guó)MEMBRANA公司生產(chǎn))過(guò)濾,取28 mL萃取液用于水溶性碳、氮分析,4 mL用于無(wú)機(jī)離子分析。
水溶性有機(jī)氮(WSON)的濃度通過(guò)水溶性總氮(WSTN)與水溶性無(wú)機(jī)氮(WSIN)的差值來(lái)獲得,即WSON=WSTN - WSIN。其中,WSIN由離子色譜所測(cè)的硝酸鹽()、銨鹽()二者之和來(lái)計(jì)算。公式如下:
1.4 顆粒物吸濕性能與光學(xué)特性分析
顆粒物吸濕性能分析的前處理步驟與無(wú)機(jī)離子相同,先剪取一定面積樣品濾膜,用Mill-Q超純水超聲萃取,萃取液過(guò)濾后置于氣溶膠發(fā)生器中。用美國(guó)MSP公司生產(chǎn)的吸濕性串聯(lián)差分電遷移率分析儀(HTDMA,Hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer)在相對(duì)濕度(RH)分別為20%、40%、60%、70%、75%、80%的條件下,測(cè)量氣溶膠發(fā)生器產(chǎn)生的100 nm干粒子的粒徑增長(zhǎng),計(jì)算其吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子(Gf=Dwet/Ddry)(Swietlicki et al,2008)。
氣溶膠光學(xué)特性測(cè)量的前處理步驟與無(wú)機(jī)離子相同。取萃取液3 mL于比色皿中,用上海邁普達(dá)公司生產(chǎn)的型號(hào)為UV-6100S的紫外可見(jiàn)分光光度計(jì)掃描365 nm波長(zhǎng)處樣品的吸光度,并計(jì)算質(zhì)量吸收效率(MAE)。質(zhì)量吸收效率是吸光性物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量濃度與吸光度之間轉(zhuǎn)換的有效參數(shù),是一個(gè)重要的光學(xué)特征量。本研究中水溶性有機(jī)碳MAE的計(jì)算公式如下(吳一凡等,2013;閆才青等,2014; Yan et al,2015):
其中,ATNλ由紫外可見(jiàn)分光光度計(jì)直接測(cè)量;ATN700作為吸收基線扣除;Vw為萃取液的體積,mL;Va為顆粒物樣品的采樣體積,L;l為光程,m;WSOC為水溶性有機(jī)物質(zhì)量濃度,μg·m-3;MAEλ指波長(zhǎng)λ處水溶性有機(jī)物的單位質(zhì)量吸光效率,m2·g-1。
2.1 化學(xué)組成
2.1.1 采樣期污染狀況概述
表1 2013年夏季河北固城鎮(zhèn)PM2.5中水溶性各組分濃度(單位:μg·m-3)Tab.1 Concentrations of water-soluble species of PM2.5in Gucheng, Hebei Province during the summer of 2013 (Unit: μg·m-3)
由表1可知,2013年夏季固城鎮(zhèn)大氣中PM2.5的平均質(zhì)量濃度為135 ± 90 μg·m-3(范圍是5 —372 μg·m-3),約為國(guó)家環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB 3095—2012,75 μg·m-3)的2倍。陽(yáng)離子中各離子濃度大小依次為,陰離子中各離子濃度大小依次為其中是最主要的水溶性無(wú)機(jī)離子,3小時(shí)平均質(zhì)量濃度分別為18 μg·m-3、19 μg·m-3和9.1 μg·m-3,分別占總離子的29%、30%、14%。本次研究與北京(靳軍莉等,2014;刀谞等,2015;黃玉虎等,2015;張大偉等,2015)、天津(刀谞等,2015)、保定(刀谞等,2015)、石家莊(靳軍莉等,2014;刀谞等,2015)以及同時(shí)段固城(孟昭陽(yáng)等,2015)等國(guó)內(nèi)城市PM2.5以及無(wú)機(jī)離子對(duì)比見(jiàn)表2。
固城夏季PM2.5濃度低于同年冬季固城及石家莊的污染水平,但高于北京夏、冬兩季。與2014年夏季相比,固城和的濃度均高于北京,但略低。主要來(lái)源于養(yǎng)殖業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉和有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解等過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的NH3在大氣中的氣固轉(zhuǎn)化(Neff et al,2002;張婷等,2007;Zhang et al,2008),化肥的施用也會(huì)增加大氣中NH3的含量(Zhu et al,2000)。孟昭陽(yáng)等(2015)研究表明,固城站NH3主要來(lái)自農(nóng)作物施肥等農(nóng)業(yè)源以及牛羊的放牧活動(dòng),由于夏季溫度高,土壤、動(dòng)植物和垃圾中的NH3易于揮發(fā)至大氣中,所以的濃度較高。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果顯示:與和呈線性強(qiáng)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)R2分別為0.92和0.90,與[+]摩爾比為1.0,表明上述三種離子是以NH4HSO4和NH4NO3的形式存在于大氣中。由于Mg2+、Ca2+均為粉塵源,因此也呈現(xiàn)較強(qiáng)線性相關(guān)(R2= 0.68)。諸多研究表明大氣細(xì)粒子中Cl-和K+主要來(lái)源于生物質(zhì)燃燒,本次觀測(cè)期間固城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)農(nóng)村大氣PM2.5中Cl-和K+相關(guān)系數(shù)R2= 0.44,表明生物質(zhì)燃燒對(duì)華北農(nóng)村大氣PM2.5有一定貢獻(xiàn)。
表2 固城與周邊城市PM2.5及、、濃度比較Tab.2 Comparison of concentration of,,and PM2.5between Gucheng and other cities
表2 固城與周邊城市PM2.5及、、濃度比較Tab.2 Comparison of concentration of,,and PM2.5between Gucheng and other cities
地點(diǎn)Site采樣時(shí)期TimePM2.5/(μg·m-3)/(μg·m-3)/(μg·m-3)本研究This study北京-榆垡Beijing-Yufa /(μg·m-3)參考文獻(xiàn)Reference固城Gucheng 2013.06.10—06.25 135 ± 9 (5.0—372) 18 ± 15 (0.8—60) 19 ± 15 (0.9—66) 9.1 ± 6.8 (0.1—28) 2012.08—2013.07143.7 ± 101.319.6 ± 16.921.1 ± 20.914.7 ± 13.4張大偉等,2015 Zhang et al,2015北京-城區(qū)Beijing-urban 2012.08—2013.07126.3 ± 86.520.7 ± 25.118.1 ± 17.712.7 ± 12.5張大偉等,2015 Zhang et al,2015固城Gucheng孟昭陽(yáng)等,2015 Meng et al,2015北京Beijing 2013.06.01—08.31—11.3 ± 9.1 (1.1—9.1) 20.5 ± 13.6 (3.3—117.0) 19.8 ± 33.2 (1.1—340.6) 2013.01—2013.03Mean 69——靳軍莉等,2014 Jin et al,2014均值69固城Gucheng石家莊Shijiazhuang 2013.01—2013.03 2013.01—2013.03 Mean 149——靳軍莉等,2014 Jin et al,2014均值149 Mean 241——靳軍莉等,2014 Jin et al,2014均值241北京Beijing 2013.10—2014.0868.9 ± 10.67.9 ± 2.317.3 ± 3.29.7 ± 2.1黃玉虎等,2015 Huang et al,2015北京Beijing刀谞等,2015 Dao et al,2015石家莊Shijiazhuang刀谞等,2015 Dao et al,2015天津Tianjin 2014.11.03—11.20—13.9 (1.2—45.2) 5.39 (1.48—13.8) 5.37 (0.904—12.7) 2014.11.03—11.20—21.5 (1.86—78.5) 12.6 (2.78—43.1) 11.9 (1.39—39.4)刀谞等,2015 Dao et al,2015保定Baoding 2014.11.03—11.20—15.9 (1.17—44.6) 12.2 (1.29—37.9) 10.7 (1.52—30.3) 2014.11.03—11.20—18.2 (1.65—42.4) 10.5 (1.65—22.8) 11.8 (2.27—26.6)刀谞等,2015 Dao et al,2015
2013年夏季固城PM2.5中WSOC、WSIC濃度分別為12 μg·m-3、4.7 μg·m-3;WSON、WSIN分別為5.0 μg·m-3、11 μg·m-3。圖1是WSON與水溶性離子、、和K+的相關(guān)分析, 從中可以看出,WSON與,,這三種離子的線性關(guān)系較強(qiáng)(R2> 0.89),與的相關(guān)系數(shù)最高(R2= 0.98)。WSON主要包括類(lèi)似的小分子量有機(jī)胺(Ge et al,2011),比如甲胺、二甲胺、乙胺、二乙胺等,它們都是揮發(fā)性堿性氣體,與氨氣理化性質(zhì)近似,易與和發(fā)生酸堿中和反應(yīng)。另外,分析還發(fā)現(xiàn)WSOC與K+有很好的相關(guān)性(R2= 0.73),進(jìn)一步證明生物質(zhì)燃燒是該區(qū)域PM2.5的重要來(lái)源。
2.1.2 污染期與清潔期比較
圖2為2013年夏季固城采樣期間PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度、WSOC、WSON的時(shí)間變化序列。我國(guó)國(guó)家環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB 3095—2012)規(guī)定的PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度日均值二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是75 μg·m-3,據(jù)此我們將采樣期間PM2.5濃度大于75 μg·m-3的時(shí)段定義為污染期,小于75 μg·m-3的時(shí)段定義為清潔期。2013年夏季固城PM2.5污染期和清潔期3 h平均質(zhì)量濃度分別為184 ± 72 μg·m-3和42 ± 21 μg·m-3,污染期PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度約為清潔期的4.4倍。
大氣顆粒物的酸堿性一般用中和度(F)來(lái)定義,它是指陽(yáng)離子與陰離子的比值:若F>1,說(shuō)明陽(yáng)離子多于陰離子,多余的陽(yáng)離子未被中和,即顆粒物呈堿性;同理,若F<1,則說(shuō)明顆粒物呈酸性。
圖1 采樣期間大氣PM2.5中WSON與、、、K+相關(guān)性Fig.1 Linear fit regression of WSON with,,, and K+
圖2 水溶性有機(jī)氮、水溶性有機(jī)碳以及PM2.5時(shí)間變化序列(陰影部分為污染期,PM2.5>75 μg·m-3;其余為清潔期,PM2.5<75 μg·m-3)Fig.2 Temporal variations of WSON, WSOC and PM2.5(The time with PM2.5>75 μg·m-3is de fi ned as polluted period and marked in grey color)
陰陽(yáng)離子當(dāng)量濃度根據(jù)以下公式計(jì)算:
經(jīng)分析可知,整個(gè)采樣期中和度F均值為1.17,其中清潔期為1.45,污染期為1.01。相關(guān)分析表明WSON與中和度(F)呈負(fù)相關(guān)(R2= 0.3),這是因?yàn)榇髿庵杏袡C(jī)胺等氣態(tài)水溶性含氮有機(jī)物可與顆粒相中酸性物質(zhì)發(fā)生酸堿中和反應(yīng),使氣態(tài)類(lèi)物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至顆粒相中,并且較高的濕度、較低的溫度和靜風(fēng)等氣象條件有利酸堿中和反應(yīng),促進(jìn)氣固相之間的轉(zhuǎn)化從而生成更多的WSON(程玉婷等,2014)。圖3顯示,清潔期和污染期都是陽(yáng)離子當(dāng)量濃度小于陰離子當(dāng)量濃度,且污染期陽(yáng)離子當(dāng)量濃度缺失的比例更大,即污染期顆粒物酸性強(qiáng)于清潔期。圖4為污染期與清潔期九種離子的摩爾百分比,其中清潔期陽(yáng)離子當(dāng)量濃度占總離子當(dāng)量濃度的61%,而污染期陽(yáng)離子當(dāng)量濃度之占總離子當(dāng)量濃度的53%。與清潔期相比,摩爾比重上升10個(gè)百分點(diǎn),、比重下降。在清潔天風(fēng)力較大,Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+三種離子的濃度較高約占到30%,污染期由于靜風(fēng)等氣象因素,粉塵粒子易于干沉降,因此Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+三種離子總和只占到10%。K+作為生物質(zhì)燃燒的標(biāo)志物,并無(wú)明顯變化。
圖3 污染期(紅點(diǎn))與清潔期(綠點(diǎn))陰陽(yáng)離子平衡Fig.3 Correlations between cations and antions during pollution and clean periods
圖4 污染期與清潔期陰陽(yáng)離子摩爾百分比Fig. 4 Molar ratios of inorganic ions during polluted and clean periods
從表1中可看出,污染時(shí)段WSOC、WSON的濃度分別為16 ± 7.4 μg·m-3和6.9 ± 4.0 μg·m-3,分別是清潔時(shí)段濃度的3.4倍和4.0倍;WSIN污染期濃度是清潔期濃度的3.6倍;WSON/WSOC的比值從污染期的0.44降到清潔天的0.38,這和程玉婷等(2014)研究結(jié)果相一致,表明污染時(shí)段酸性氣溶膠更利于WSON的生成。
2.2 吸濕性能與光學(xué)特性
根據(jù)WSOC濃度以及氣象條件,我們選取五個(gè)典型樣品(已在圖1中標(biāo)出)進(jìn)行吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子和光學(xué)特性的測(cè)定。其中,Sample 1和Sample 2是WSOC濃度最小和最大的兩個(gè)樣品;Sample 3和Sample 4,為典型清潔期樣品,Sample 5是PM2.5濃度最高的樣品(見(jiàn)表3)。
表3 2013年夏季固城PM2.5典型樣品的物質(zhì)組成和吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子(Gf)Tab.3 Composition and hygroscopic growth factor (Gf) of selected PM2.5samples in Gucheng
2.2.1 吸濕性能
相同粒徑顆粒物從大氣環(huán)境中吸收水份而長(zhǎng)大的能力取決于其化學(xué)組成。葉興南和陳建民(2013)、王宗爽等(2013)、劉新罡和張遠(yuǎn)航(2010)、王軒等(2011)的研究表明,可溶性無(wú)機(jī)鹽對(duì)氣溶膠吸濕增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)最大,粒徑為100 nm的硫酸銨、硝酸銨和氯化鈉在各自的潮解點(diǎn)的吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子分別為1.46、1.23和1.88。黃耀等(2015)的研究表明沙塵粒子由于其本身含有一定量的水溶性無(wú)機(jī)鹽,因此沙塵粒子也具有一定吸濕性。此外,有研究表明:有機(jī)物對(duì)氣溶膠吸濕增長(zhǎng)也有一定貢獻(xiàn)(Svenningsson and Rissler,2006)。
圖5為上述典型樣品不同相對(duì)濕度下的吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子變化趨勢(shì)。從中可以看出:隨著相對(duì)濕度(RH)升高,吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子(Gf)越來(lái)越大。水溶性有機(jī)碳、水溶性有機(jī)氮之和與離子總量比值([WSOC+WSON]/[total ions])越大,增長(zhǎng)因子越小,這與有機(jī)物吸濕性能較低相符。相對(duì)濕度(RH)為80%時(shí),吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子與離子總量和水溶性碳、氮的比值之間呈強(qiáng)相關(guān)(R2= 0.98),進(jìn)一步表明:對(duì)顆粒物的吸濕性起主要作用的是無(wú)機(jī)離子。在相對(duì)濕度為80%時(shí),Sample 1至Sample 5的吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子分別為1.42、1.31、1.29、1.37和1.24。在這5個(gè)典型樣品中,Sample 1處于清潔期,無(wú)機(jī)離子與水溶性有機(jī)物的比值最大,吸濕增長(zhǎng)因子也高于污染期的其他4個(gè)樣品。近幾年灰霾席卷我國(guó)眾多城市,有研究表明在灰霾期間硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽和銨鹽等無(wú)機(jī)鹽暴增,加上灰霾期濕度相對(duì)較高,促進(jìn)了灰霾顆粒在高濕條件下的吸濕增長(zhǎng),體積的增長(zhǎng)會(huì)加強(qiáng)顆粒物的消光作用,進(jìn)一步降低了大氣能見(jiàn)度。
2.2.2 光學(xué)特性
“棕色碳”是指能夠在波長(zhǎng)為200 —550 nm的紫外—近可見(jiàn)光波段吸收光的有機(jī)碳,被學(xué)者廣泛研究的多為小于400 nm波段(Zhang et al,2011;Hoffer et al,2006;Liu et al,2013),為排除硝酸鹽等其他吸光性物質(zhì)的干擾,較多選擇λ= 365 nm處的光吸收作為棕色碳的表征(閆才青等,2014)。運(yùn)用1.4中公式,經(jīng)計(jì)算,本研究觀測(cè)期間5個(gè)典型樣品的WSOC在365 nm下的MAE值分別為0.55 m2·g-1、0.61 m2·g-1、0.50 m2·g-1、0.41 m2·g-1和0.54 m2·g-1。為進(jìn)一步了解固城采樣點(diǎn)PM2.5的吸光特性,表4比較了國(guó)內(nèi)外不同地區(qū)大氣PM2.5的MAE 值。
圖5 固城典型樣品吸濕性Fig.5 Hygroscopic growth factor (Gf) of PM2.5aerosols collected from Gucheng, a rural site near Beijing
通過(guò)比較,我們發(fā)現(xiàn):就季節(jié)與地區(qū)來(lái)說(shuō),MAE普遍表現(xiàn)出冬季大于夏季,城市MAE值大于鄉(xiāng)村(見(jiàn)表4)。此外,從表4還可以看出:北京和固城水溶性棕色碳的吸光能力強(qiáng)于美國(guó)、韓國(guó)的城市和鄉(xiāng)村。例如:本研究中固城WSOC的MAE值0.52 ± 0.06 m2·g-1大于同期美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村所測(cè)得MAE值,小于2009年夏季在北京所測(cè)的MAE值,更小于北京冬季觀測(cè)到的MAE值,這可能與冬季化石燃料燃燒排放增強(qiáng)相關(guān),因?yàn)榛剂显串a(chǎn)生的WSOC中富含吸光性不飽和C = C鍵化合物。Cheng et al(2011)與Du et al(2014)研究表明柴油車(chē)排放的棕色碳的MAE大于來(lái)自生物質(zhì)燃燒棕碳的MAE值,Zhang et al(2011)研究表明人為源棕色碳的吸光能力強(qiáng)于天然源棕色碳。上述不同地區(qū)和季節(jié)MAE比較,表明:我國(guó)城市大氣中富含吸光性棕碳、特別是冬季取暖燃煤產(chǎn)生的棕碳相對(duì)增加導(dǎo)致城市冬季MAE最高。
(1) 2013年夏季固城鎮(zhèn)大氣中PM2.5的3 h濃度水平在5—372 μg·m-3,平均為135 ± 90 μg·m-3,約為國(guó)家環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB 3095—2012,75 μg·m-3)的2倍;、和是最主要的水溶性無(wú)機(jī)離子,三者占總離子濃度的百分比依次為29%、30%、14%,共計(jì)約74%;水溶性有機(jī)物約占PM2.5質(zhì)量濃度的20%。
表4 不同研究中獲得的MAE值Tab.4 Comparison of MAE measured at Gucheng site with those at other sites around the world
(3) 固城典型樣品的吸濕特性和光學(xué)特性分析表明:污染期PM2.5中無(wú)機(jī)離子含量顯著增加,隨著濕度增加,灰霾粒子吸濕增長(zhǎng),消光能力增強(qiáng),進(jìn)一步降低了大氣能見(jiàn)度。
(4) 固城PM2.5中WSOC的光吸收效率均值為0.52 m2·g-1,高于美國(guó)、韓國(guó)等地區(qū)。與國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn):WSOC的光吸收效率普遍表現(xiàn)出:城市大于鄉(xiāng)村,冬季高于夏季。這是因?yàn)榕c自然源WSOC 相比,人為源產(chǎn)生的WSOC中富含吸光性不飽和鍵化合物。
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Composition, hygroscopicity and light absorption of water-soluble fraction of PM2.5at a rural site near Beijing
HAN Yanni1,2, WANG Gehui1
(1. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)
Background, aim, and scopeHaze episodes have frequently occurred in North China Plain (NCP) due to rapid increases in vehicle numbers and fossil fuel consumption. Beijing is the largest megacity in NCP and has experienced severe air pollution. Previous studies indicate that the transportation of fi ne particulates from NCP is an important source to haze formation in Beijing. Many researches about PM2.5have focused on Beijing urban aerosols, while the information about the physical-chemical properties of aerosols from Beijing surrounding regions especially the rural areas is very limited. Hygroscopicity is one of the key factors affecting the behavior of an aerosol in the atmosphere, because by water vapor uptake aerosol may signi fi cantly alter its physical-chemical properties such as light scattering and absorbing, transportation, gasparticle phase partitioning and aqueous reaction. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition,hygroscopic growth factor and optical absorption ef fi ciency of fi ne particles at Gucheng, a rural site with a distance of about 100 km southwest to Beijing.Materials and methods121 PM2.5samples were collected during June 10th—25th 2013 at Gucheng, Hebei Province by using high-volume sampler (1.13 m3·min-1) with a 3 h interval. The samples were measured for element carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), inorganic ions, hygroscopic growth factor (Gf) and optical mass absorption efficiency (MAE) at 365 nm light wavelength.ResultsDuring sampling period PM2.5ranged from 5.0 μg·m-3to 372 μg·m-3with an average of 135 μg·m-3, which was about two times the national air quality secondary standard (GB 3095—2012, 75 μg·m-3). During the sampling period,andwere the dominant inorganic ions, accounting for 29%, 30%, 14% of the total inorganic ions, respectively. The average concentration of WSON was 5.0 ± 4.0 μg·m-3with a maximum of 15 μg·m-3during the whole campaign and four times higher in polluted periods (6.9 ± 3.9 μg·m-3) than in the clean periods (1.7 ± 0.9 μg·m-3). In the whole sampling period WSON well correlated with,and(R2> 0.89), and enahced with an increase in the equivalent ratio of cations to anions from 1.01 in the polluted periods to 1.45 in the clean periods, suggesting that acidity of PM2.5was favorable for the gas-to-particle partitioning of WSON species such as low molecular weight amines. Hygroscopic growth factors (Gf) of the water-soluble fraction of the PM2.5samples were measured by hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). The results showed thatGfnegatively correlated with the mass ratio of (WSOC + WSON) to (inorganic ions), indicating that water-soluble organic compounds were less hygroscopic in comparison with inorganic ions. Mass absorption ef fi ciency (MAE) of WSOC at the Gucheng site was 0.52 m2·g-1, higher than that in the United States, South Korea and other regions.DiscussionBy comparison the concentrations of,,, and PM2.5from the Gucheng site with those from other cities, we found that Cl-and K+at Gucheng site mainly derived from biomass burning. A comparison of MAE values measured in this study with those in the literature suggests that the values of MAE of WSOC are generally greater in cities than in rural regions and higher in winter than summer. Moreover, the Gucheng MAE values, together with others reported, showed that MAE was higher for Chinese aerosols those for any other countries, suggesting the importance of anthropogenic WSOC in China.ConclusionsHigh-volume PM2.5samples were collected during June 10th—25th 2013 at Gucheng, a rural site near Beijing, and determined for chemical composition including inorganic ions, organic carbon, elemental carbon, water-soluble organic carbon and water-soluble organic nitrogen, hygroscopic growth factor, and light absorption to investigate the sources, formation mechanisms, hygroscopicity and optical properties of PM2.5in NCP. During the whole period,andwere dominant inorganic ions, and acidity of aerosols was stronger in pollution period than clean period which was favorable for the gas-to-particle partitioning of low molecular weight amines. Hygroscopicity analysis showed thatGfof the samples was largely determined by its water-soluble inorganic fraction. MAE was higher in Gucheng than in other cities because of the consumption of coal in winter.Recommendationsand perspectivesIn current work sources, hygroscopic and optical properties of PM2.5were investigated in rural area near Beijing. Water-soluble organic compounds constitute an important fraction of the rural fine particles, and have been found to be light absorbing in UV-visible wavelength range. Details in molecular compositions of the water-soluble organic compounds are needed for explaining the haze formation in China.
PM2.5; water-soluble matter; composition; hygroscopicity; mass absorption ef fi ciency (MAE)
WANG Gehui, E-mail: wanggh@ieecas.cn
10.7515/JEE201601006
2015-11-23;錄用日期:2016-01-21
Received Date:2015-11-23;Accepted Date:2016-01-21
國(guó)家杰出青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41325014)
Foundation Item:National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (41325014)
王格慧,E-mail: wanggh@ieecas.cn