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涓流細(xì)雨
“Many challenges lie ahead, including the need for new accommodation to meet our data centre requirements; the development of an Earth system approach best able to further improve the skill of our ensemble-based predictions; and the development and implementation of a more sustainable and scalable approach to our science. The future promises to be just as exciting as the past.”
“我們面臨很多挑戰(zhàn),包括滿足數(shù)據(jù)中心需求的新址,能夠進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)我們集合預(yù)報(bào)技巧最佳的地球系統(tǒng)方法的開發(fā),以及開發(fā)和改進(jìn)更加可持續(xù)和可拓展的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。未來將和過去一樣令人振奮。”
——在歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報(bào)中心迎來成立40周年時(shí),2015年底,2011年7月開始任職的原中心主任Alan Thorpe退休,繼任者Florence Rabier女士在該中心2015年的年度報(bào)告以“挑戰(zhàn)和振奮的時(shí)代”為題所做的序言里,信心滿滿地做出上述表述。
“The new Strategy sets demanding targets for medium- and long-range numerical weather prediction, including the ability to make skilful ensemble predictions of high-impact weather up to two weeks ahead. It will underpin the Centre's research efforts and guide its programme to adapt the forecasting system to future supercomputer architectures.”
“新戰(zhàn)略設(shè)立了中期和長期數(shù)值天氣預(yù)報(bào)苛求目標(biāo),包括提前2周高影響天氣高技巧的集合預(yù)報(bào)能力。戰(zhàn)略將支持中心的研究,指導(dǎo)中心業(yè)務(wù)適應(yīng)未來的超級計(jì)算設(shè)施?!?/p>
——2016年7月1日結(jié)束的歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報(bào)中心理事會,通過了該中心2016—2025年戰(zhàn)略。這份36頁的戰(zhàn)略立刻成為全球氣象界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),理事會會主席Gerhard Adrian認(rèn)為這份戰(zhàn)略的通過,對于中心員工和合作的成員國都是好消息,他還如上闡述了新戰(zhàn)略核心。
“We cannot do all the necessary research ourselves, it has to be supported and embraced by the scientific community in our Member States as well as worldwide. We will continue to rely on the space programmes being planned with EUMETSAT. We need to consider more parts of the Earth system, and the ones that we have included need to be better described”
“我們不可能自己完成所有需要的研究,必須得到成員國以及全球科學(xué)共同體的支持。我們將繼續(xù)依賴正在和EUMETSAT計(jì)劃中的空間項(xiàng)目。我們需要考慮地球系統(tǒng)更多部分,我們包括的部分需要更換的描述?!?/p>
——針對歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報(bào)中心最新出臺的2016—2025年戰(zhàn)略,該中心研究部主任Erland K?llén在和《ECMWF通信》編輯的訪談中,做了如上表述。
“The assimilation of Jason-3 OGDR sea surface height and significant wave height into the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System improves the operational medium- to long-range weather forecasts and surface wind speed and total column water vapour measurements are important for model verifcation.”
“Jason-3 OGDR海洋表面高度和重要的海浪高度同化進(jìn)入歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報(bào)系統(tǒng),改進(jìn)業(yè)務(wù)化的中期和長期天氣預(yù)報(bào),地面風(fēng)和柱體總水汽觀測是模式驗(yàn)證的重要依據(jù)。”
——?dú)W洲氣象衛(wèi)星組織2016年7月1日宣布,美歐聯(lián)合研發(fā)的Jason-3海洋監(jiān)測衛(wèi)星開始發(fā)布準(zhǔn)實(shí)時(shí)業(yè)務(wù)地球物理數(shù)據(jù)記錄(Operational Geophysical Data Records,OGDR)數(shù)據(jù)和非關(guān)鍵時(shí)間(non-time critical)中間時(shí)間地球物理數(shù)據(jù)記錄(Interim Geophysical Data Record,IGDR),提供給所有用戶。這也標(biāo)志著該衛(wèi)星于2016年1月17日升空后,經(jīng)歷半年時(shí)間的調(diào)試和試運(yùn)行,實(shí)現(xiàn)了業(yè)務(wù)化應(yīng)用。作為該衛(wèi)星的主要用戶機(jī)構(gòu),歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報(bào)中心的Saleh Abdalla博士對最新海洋監(jiān)測衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)的意義做出了評價(jià)。
“Measurements will be most valuable in the tropics and over the oceans. There are very few wind profile measurements in the tropics, and for that region wind observations are more important than temperature observations.”
“[歐洲空間局計(jì)劃發(fā)射的Aeolus衛(wèi)星]觀測將在熱帶和海洋上非常有價(jià)值。在熱帶,風(fēng)廓線觀測非常稀少,對這些地區(qū)而言,風(fēng)觀測較溫度觀測更加重要?!?/p>
——?dú)W洲空間局(ESA)計(jì)劃在2017年發(fā)射Aeolus衛(wèi)星,這顆極地軌道衛(wèi)星能夠提供大量急需的風(fēng)廓線觀測數(shù)據(jù),可用于模式診斷和數(shù)據(jù)同化,這一點(diǎn)在熱帶區(qū)域尤其關(guān)鍵。目前的天氣預(yù)報(bào)和氣候模式,在熱帶區(qū)域的誤差要大很多,這也影響到溫帶地區(qū)的可預(yù)報(bào)性。談到Aeolus衛(wèi)星的重要性,ECMWF和ESA就該衛(wèi)星發(fā)射成立的合作團(tuán)隊(duì)成員Lars Isaksen信心滿滿地做出如上表示。
“User-oriented verification is about finding measures of forecast quality that relate to the impact the forecasts have on people, for example whether or not the forecasts correctly predicted the start and the end of a major heat wave”
“基于用戶的驗(yàn)證就是要發(fā)現(xiàn)預(yù)報(bào)質(zhì)量的量化和預(yù)報(bào)對人影響之間的聯(lián)系,例如,預(yù)報(bào)是否準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測出主要熱浪的開始和結(jié)束?!?/p>
——2016年6月6—9日召開的ECMWF用戶大會(UEF)上,近100位用戶集中討論了評估天氣預(yù)報(bào)的新方法,自2012年起負(fù)責(zé)年度UEF大會的Anna Ghelli博士,對這個(gè)主題進(jìn)行了如上解釋。
“It was fascinating that most of what I had learnt from lectures and textbooks did not work for that storm. It did not have an upper-level trough and there was no disturbance at the tropopause. The cyclone remained small as it moved extremely rapidly from Newfoundland towards central Europe. The sea level pressure drop was not dramatic. And still the damage was enormous..”
“我在課堂上和教科書里學(xué)的大多數(shù)知識,對這個(gè)風(fēng)暴完全不靈,這點(diǎn)令人著迷。系統(tǒng)并沒有高空槽,在對流層頂也未受到干擾。氣旋在從紐芬蘭快速向歐洲中部移動時(shí),保持很小范圍。海平面氣旋下降也不劇烈。但是系統(tǒng)還是帶來了巨大損失?!?/p>
——瑞士蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院大氣動力學(xué)教授Heini Wernli最近獲得了ECMWF資助,開展高影響天氣研究。Wernli教授發(fā)現(xiàn),風(fēng)暴可以完全不顧氣象教科書中的描述行事,正是這一點(diǎn)讓他著迷,他認(rèn)為激烈天氣事件中的物理過程細(xì)節(jié),能夠幫助氣象學(xué)者搞清楚為什么一些預(yù)報(bào)是錯(cuò)誤的。這個(gè)想法的建立,始于他如上介紹的發(fā)生在1999年12月,一個(gè)名為Lothar的風(fēng)暴的過程。
“These three decades have seen EUMETSAT evolving into a world-leading operational space agency.”
“這30年見證了EUMETSAT演變成為世界領(lǐng)先的業(yè)務(wù)空間機(jī)構(gòu)?!?/p>
——1986年成立的歐洲氣象衛(wèi)星組織(EUMETSAT),2016年迎來了成立30周年,EUMETSAT 主任Alain Ratier充滿自信的評價(jià),或許能讓人們期待更多。
“We wanted to demonstrate that a real-time system of this scale was feasible, but it's also a research project that can help the community learn more about the predictability of different kinds of weather events.”
“我們想顯示這種尺度的實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)是可行的,盡管它還是一個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目,該項(xiàng)目能幫助學(xué)界知曉更多各種天氣事件的可預(yù)報(bào)性?!?/p>
——自2016年春天開始,NCAR開始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)特別的高分辨、實(shí)時(shí)集合天氣預(yù)報(bào)系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)也是世界上第一個(gè)。一年多來,該系統(tǒng)每6小時(shí)處理5~7萬個(gè)觀測數(shù)據(jù),每天輸出9萬張?zhí)鞖鈭D。該集合天氣預(yù)報(bào)系統(tǒng)還允許研究者利用和延伸各自的研究。這樣的預(yù)報(bào)模式或許預(yù)示著未來的天氣預(yù)報(bào)系統(tǒng),NCAR學(xué)者Craig Schwartz如此描述了該系統(tǒng)的目的和意義所在。
“We can now be confdent that the things we've done have put the planet on a path to heal, which is pretty good for us, isn't it? Aren't we amazing humans, that we did something that created a situation that we decided collectively, as a world, ‘Let's get rid of these molecules'? We got rid of them, and now we're seeing the planet respond.”
“我們現(xiàn)在可以肯定,我們所做的一切在將星球推向治愈的軌道,這對我們難道不是最美好的嗎?難道我們不是讓人驚異的人類,我們做了些事情,并共同做出決定,全世界一起行動可否‘去除這些微粒'?我們做到了,現(xiàn)在看到了星球的回饋?!?/p>
——MIT學(xué)者為首的科學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì),在近期Science上發(fā)表論文稱,他們第一次觀測到南極臭氧層在恢復(fù)的信號。論文主要作者,MIT大氣化學(xué)和氣候科學(xué)教授Susan Solomon興奮心情溢于言表。
“You couldn't even see the hurricane. that's how devastated the imagery was.”
“你甚至無法看到颶風(fēng),圖像被破壞到驚人程度?!?/p>
——手機(jī)已經(jīng)成為包括快速發(fā)生氣象信息的現(xiàn)代通信主要手段,但手機(jī)信號對氣象衛(wèi)星探測的影響令人擔(dān)憂。2015年10月22日,NOAA的GOES衛(wèi)星上受到手機(jī)信號影響產(chǎn)生的“黑帶”干擾了太平洋區(qū)域的圖像數(shù)據(jù),讓當(dāng)時(shí)區(qū)域內(nèi)的颶風(fēng)也躲藏起來,NOAA的數(shù)據(jù)管理人Al Wissman如是說。美國政府讓無線公司共享氣象業(yè)務(wù)無線頻率引發(fā)了進(jìn)一步爭議和氣象學(xué)界的擔(dān)心。
Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology2016年4期