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      沖刺階段,語(yǔ)法填空的那點(diǎn)事兒

      2016-04-08 22:28:21安徽張彩霞
      教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2016年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:介詞副詞形容詞

      安徽 周 輝 張彩霞

      沖刺階段,語(yǔ)法填空的那點(diǎn)事兒

      安徽 周 輝 張彩霞

      語(yǔ)法填空是高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷在2016年第三次使用的題型,但是對(duì)于許多2016年才使用全國(guó)卷的省市的考生來說,則是一個(gè)全新的題型,這些考生應(yīng)如何更好地攻克此新題型呢?本文結(jié)合近年高考真題,為考生解讀語(yǔ)法填空的那點(diǎn)事兒。

      一、給提示詞的空

      根據(jù)2016年的考試說明,給提示詞的空,要求考生根據(jù)上下文填寫所提供單詞的正確形式,主要就是考查動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞以及人稱代詞。

      1.對(duì)動(dòng)詞的考查

      動(dòng)詞是歷年語(yǔ)法填空最重要的考點(diǎn),試題主要從以下三個(gè)方面考查。

      (1)考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

      對(duì)于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查,主要考查的是動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài),所以考生應(yīng)熟練掌握新課標(biāo)要求掌握的10種時(shí)態(tài)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)和將來進(jìn)行時(shí))和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本知識(shí)。如:

      ①(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)It was raining lightly when I 61(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.

      ②(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)This cycle 68(go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消)for the outside temperatures.

      ③(2014遼寧卷)Be patient! Tai Chi 66 (call)“shadow boxing” in English.

      【答案與解析】①本句為when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,主句用了一般過去時(shí),根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,從句應(yīng)與主句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致,故填 arrived。②結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知,這里應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)狀,由于主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)形式,故填goes。③因?yàn)椤癟ai Chi”和“call”之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又因是客觀介紹,所以應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),故答案為is called。

      (2)考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

      對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查,就是對(duì)動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)、現(xiàn)在分詞(動(dòng)詞的-ing形式)和過去分詞(動(dòng)詞的-ed形式)以及它們的相關(guān)變式的考查。如:

      ①(2015上海卷)As I squeezed back into my car,I spotted the same lady 28(look) in at me. “Hello,”she said,hesitantly.

      ②(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without 64(use)electric equipment.

      ③(2015上海卷)31 (shock),I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.

      【答案與解析】①該句前面的“As I squeezed back into my car”是一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)句子成分可知,主句已經(jīng)有了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“spot”,可判斷出空格處應(yīng)填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。結(jié)合句意“當(dāng)我倒車的時(shí)候,我看到同一位女士正在看著我”,可得出答案為looking。②介詞without后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),故填using。③正確答案為Shocked,是過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。注意首字母要大寫。

      (3)考查動(dòng)詞的名詞、形容詞或副詞形式

      沖刺階段,對(duì)于常見的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí),比如常見的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞、動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞和形容詞的否定及副詞形式的常見變化規(guī)則,學(xué)生可以適當(dāng)?shù)丶訌?qiáng)了解。如:

      ①(2014廣東卷)She was 22 (surprise)helpful.

      ②(2014新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ) While there are 68 (amaze)stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.

      【答案與解析】①修飾形容詞要用副詞形式,故答案為surprisingly。②放在名詞前,應(yīng)用形容詞作定語(yǔ),又因修飾物要用-ing類形容詞,故答案為amazing。

      2.對(duì)名詞的考查

      對(duì)名詞的考查就是考查它的復(fù)數(shù)形式或該名詞的形容詞或副詞形式。如:

      (1)(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 65 (painting).

      (2)(2014新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)Just be 70 (patience).

      【答案與解析】(1)many 修飾的是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,故答案為paintings。(2)本句為祈使句,在be動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)用形容詞作表語(yǔ),故填patience的形容詞形式patient。

      3.對(duì)形容詞和副詞的考查

      當(dāng)提示詞是形容詞或副詞時(shí),主要考查三種情況:形容詞(副詞)的比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)、形容詞(副詞)的副詞(形容詞)形式以及形容詞(副詞)的否定前綴。如:

      (1)(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it 69 (regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

      (2)(2015上海卷) It was 32 (nice)gift I’d ever received,and it was from a complete stranger.

      (3)(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ,短文改錯(cuò)改編)There the air is clean and the mountains are green._____(fortunate),with the development of industrialization,the environment has been polluted.

      【答案與解析】(1)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞要用副詞,所以本題應(yīng)填regularly。(2)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處應(yīng)用最高級(jí),故填the nicest。(3)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境易知,前后兩句之間是對(duì)比關(guān)系,所以應(yīng)填Unfortunately。溫馨提示:此考點(diǎn)近年各省市高考均沒有涉及,但是在各類模擬題中卻常常出現(xiàn),考生可以適當(dāng)關(guān)注??忌鷳?yīng)注意常見形容詞(副詞)的否定前綴(如-un/-dis/-il/-ir/-im/-in等)以及由它們構(gòu)成的常見的形容詞(副詞)。

      4.對(duì)人稱代詞的考查

      對(duì)人稱代詞的考查主要就是考查人稱代詞的主格、賓格、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞性物主代詞以及反身代詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化。語(yǔ)法填空對(duì)人稱代詞的考查,有時(shí)給出提示詞,有時(shí)則不給提示詞。如:

      (1)(2014新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)Then the driver stood up and asked,“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh,dear! It’s 69 (I).”

      (2)(2014上海卷)I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted,so I did it by 36 .

      【答案與解析】(1)司機(jī)詢問是否有人丟了手提箱,結(jié)合語(yǔ)境“是我丟的/手提箱是我的”可知,此空填me/ mine。(2)根據(jù)句意,此處考查的是介詞短語(yǔ)“by oneself(單獨(dú)地,獨(dú)自地)”,故答案為myself。

      二、沒有提示詞的空

      根據(jù)2016年的考試說明,語(yǔ)法填空中的沒有提示詞的空,要求考生根據(jù)上下文填寫空白處所需的內(nèi)容,但只可以填1個(gè)單詞。研究近年高考真題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),語(yǔ)法填空對(duì)于沒有提示詞的空的考查主要是考查冠詞、介詞、it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)、并列連詞 and/but/or/so、三大從句連詞以及從上下文語(yǔ)境的角度設(shè)題等六個(gè)方面。

      1.對(duì)冠詞的考查

      主要是考查冠詞的泛指、特指以及固定短語(yǔ)中的冠詞。如:

      (1)(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 most modern of architects and engineers.

      (2)(2015上海卷)Just as I approached my car,I saw the woman I’d let have my car spot earlier. She was giving me 27 odd look—half puzzled,half intent (熱切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day.

      (3)(2014廣東卷)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23 top floor.

      【答案與解析】(1)根據(jù)空后的最高級(jí)標(biāo)志most可知,本空填定冠詞the。(2)根據(jù)句意“她給了我一個(gè)奇怪的表情,一半困惑,一半熱切”可知,此空應(yīng)填不定冠詞an。(3)本句使用定冠詞the表示特指,特指她給了我們一個(gè)在頂樓上的VIP套房。

      2.對(duì)介詞的考查

      主要是考查介詞的一些固定搭配和常見介詞短語(yǔ)。如:

      (1)(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; 67 the same time,they warm up again for the night.

      (2)(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin,it’s only an hour away 66 car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.

      (3)(2015上海卷)You are just so much 30 her. You helped those people,I noticed,and you seemed so happy.

      【答案與解析】(1)“at the same time(與此同時(shí))”是固定短語(yǔ),故填at。(2)“by car(乘汽車)”為固定搭配,故填by。(3)根據(jù)句意“你和她非常像”可知,此空應(yīng)填介詞like。

      3.考查it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)

      考生只要在老師的指導(dǎo)下掌握it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)的常見句型及其句型特點(diǎn),就足以應(yīng)對(duì)此類題目了。如:

      (2009廣東卷)Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult 31 was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.

      【答案與解析】it。it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為空后的不定式。

      4.對(duì)并列連詞的考查

      并列連詞主要考查and/but/or/so。如:

      (1)(2014湖南卷)Neighbors should do all they can to avoid disturbing other people, 53 there are times when some level of disturbance is unavoidable.

      (2)(2014廣東卷)We were told that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, 19 for the week after.

      【答案與解析】(1)根據(jù)句意“鄰居要做所有能做的事情來避免打擾他人,但有時(shí)候一些打擾又是不可避免的”可知,上下文之間存在著轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故填but。(2)句意為:我們被告知我們的房間沒有被預(yù)訂在這個(gè)星期,而是在下一個(gè)星期。本題考查的是固定結(jié)構(gòu)not...but...(不是……而是……),故填but。

      5.對(duì)三大從句連詞的考查

      定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句的連詞也是無提示詞語(yǔ)法填空的一個(gè)考查重點(diǎn),它們的基本用法必須掌握。如:

      (1)(2015廣東卷)When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton in the market 24 people from the towns met regularly.

      (2)(2015上海卷)My local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient,but I’d noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. 25 I was in a good mood,I let her have it.

      (3)(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)As natural architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 69 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

      【答案與解析】(1)根據(jù)句意以及主從句之間的關(guān)系,易判斷出本題考查的是定語(yǔ)從句,且先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故根據(jù)語(yǔ)法填空無提示詞題的考查要求,答案為where。(2)分析句子成分可知,句子有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(was和let),所以此空必須填一個(gè)連詞;再根據(jù)句意“我心情很好,我讓她用這個(gè)”可知,前后分句之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,所以可填Because/As/Since,注意首字母要大寫。(3)本題填how。how修飾形容詞thick,并連接一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。

      6.從上下文語(yǔ)境的角度考查一些副詞

      常考語(yǔ)境副詞有before/after/however/therefore/later/ earlier等。如:

      (1)(2015新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)A few hours 62 ,I’d been at home in Hong Kong,with its choking smog.

      (2)(2014福建卷,短文填詞改編)Many of us were raised with the saying “Waste not,want not.” None of us, 76 ,can completely avoid waste in our lives.

      【答案與解析】(1)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,句意為“幾個(gè)小時(shí)前,我在香港的家中”,故填before或者earlier。(2)句意為“很多人都知道‘勤儉節(jié)約,吃穿不愁’,然而幾乎沒有人能夠做到不浪費(fèi)”,所以上下文之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故填however表示轉(zhuǎn)折。注意,however前后都需要使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)隔開。

      (作者單位:安徽省阜陽(yáng)市太和縣第一中學(xué))

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