艾志錄,孫茜茜,潘治利,2,謝新華,索 標(biāo),田萍萍(.河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,鄭州450002;2.速凍面米及調(diào)制食品河南省工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,河南省高校重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育基地,鄭州450002;3.河南糧食作物協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心,鄭州450002)
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不同來源淀粉特性對(duì)水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)的影響
艾志錄1,3,孫茜茜1,潘治利1,2,謝新華1,索標(biāo)1,田萍萍1
(1.河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,鄭州450002;2.速凍面米及調(diào)制食品河南省工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,河南省高校重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育基地,鄭州450002;3.河南糧食作物協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心,鄭州450002)
摘要:為了研究原料淀粉特性對(duì)水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)的影響,該文選用小麥、玉米、馬鈴薯、木薯、綠豆5種淀粉原料,測(cè)定并分析淀粉顆粒特性、破損淀粉含量、糊化特性與水晶皮的透明性、質(zhì)構(gòu)等品質(zhì)的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明:不同來源的淀粉制作水晶皮品質(zhì)差異較大,小麥淀粉皮品質(zhì)最好,其次是馬鈴薯、木薯、玉米淀粉皮,綠豆淀粉皮品質(zhì)最差。淀粉顆粒特性、破損淀粉含量與水晶皮品質(zhì)指標(biāo)密切相關(guān)。平均粒徑、膨脹度越大,水晶皮亮度、透明性越好;適宜的破損淀粉含量能夠保證水晶皮較好的綜合質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì);淀粉的糊化特性與水晶皮品質(zhì)指標(biāo)之間存在顯著相關(guān)性;淀粉峰值粘度和衰減值與水晶皮透光率呈極顯著正相關(guān)。谷值粘度、最終粘度、回生值與水晶皮硬度、彈性、咀嚼性、剪切力呈極顯著正相關(guān),起始糊化溫度與水晶皮品特性相關(guān)性不顯著。因此,在水晶皮制作進(jìn)行原料選擇時(shí),可以測(cè)定淀粉粒徑、膨脹度、峰值粘度、衰減值來預(yù)測(cè)淀粉皮亮度與透光率;測(cè)定淀粉破損淀粉含量、谷值粘度、最終粘度、回生值來預(yù)測(cè)淀粉皮適口性等品質(zhì)特性。該文旨在為加工水晶產(chǎn)品原料選擇以及品質(zhì)改善提供基本的理論支撐。
關(guān)鍵詞:淀粉;品質(zhì)控制;農(nóng)產(chǎn)品;顆粒特性;水晶皮;糊化;質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)
艾志錄,孫茜茜,潘治利,謝新華,索標(biāo),田萍萍.不同來源淀粉特性對(duì)水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2016,32(01):318-324.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.01.044 http://www.tcsae.org
Ai Zhilu, Sun Xixi,Pan Zhili, Xie Xinhua, Suo Biao, Tian Pingping.Effect of different starch source properties on crystal leather textural quality[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2016, 32(01): 318-324.(in Chinese with English abstract)doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.01.044 http://www.tcsae.org
自古以來,在人們的主食結(jié)構(gòu)中,面制品都扮演著非常重要的角色。如今,隨著面制品市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)品的日益豐富,人們對(duì)產(chǎn)品的要求,除了要好吃、營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富以外還要求要美觀并有較強(qiáng)的可接受性。水晶類淀粉制品如:水晶蝦餃、水晶月餅等,以其剔透的外觀、光滑的表面、細(xì)膩而有韌性的口感深受消費(fèi)者的喜愛,因此提高這類產(chǎn)品的透明度等品質(zhì)就尤為重要。淀粉類產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì)及品質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣,不僅與加工過程中相關(guān),更與淀粉的品種及其糊化性質(zhì)密切相關(guān)[1-5]。近些年來許多學(xué)者對(duì)淀粉糊透明性影響因素進(jìn)行探究,認(rèn)為淀粉的顆粒大小、膨脹能力、介質(zhì)環(huán)境、常用添加劑、改性淀粉都顯著影響淀粉糊的透明性[6-10]。杜先鋒等[7]研究了淀粉糊的透明度以及氯化鈉、蔗糖、檸檬酸等食品成分和老化作用對(duì)透明度的影響。認(rèn)為分子結(jié)構(gòu)是影響淀粉糊透明度高低的內(nèi)在因素,對(duì)于所添加的食品成分來說氯化鈉降低淀粉糊的透明度,而蔗糖、檸檬酸則提高糊液的透明度。黎曉等[6]認(rèn)為,與原淀粉相比,木薯淀粉磷酸酯透明度和表觀黏度明顯提高。且隨取代度的增大而增高,不同介質(zhì)對(duì)其透明度和表觀黏度影響不同,其中氯化鈉對(duì)其影響較大。然而這些研究都只是對(duì)于淀粉糊的研究,而對(duì)于真正的淀粉類產(chǎn)品的透明度,以及破損淀粉對(duì)于淀粉產(chǎn)品透明度的影響國(guó)內(nèi)外卻鮮有研究。
本文選擇小麥、玉米、馬鈴薯、木薯、綠豆等常用淀粉原料,測(cè)定并分析淀粉特性、破損淀粉含量對(duì)水晶皮的透明性等品質(zhì)的影響,旨在為加工水晶產(chǎn)品原料選擇以及品質(zhì)改善提供基本的理論支撐。
1.1試驗(yàn)材料
小麥淀粉(含水率12.27%,蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.40%),范縣黃河實(shí)業(yè)有限公司;玉米淀粉(含水率12.62%,蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.37%)、馬鈴薯淀粉(含水率20.63%,蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.18%)、木薯淀粉(含水率11.55%,蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.17%)、綠豆淀粉(含水率16.6%,蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.27%),無錫市天之源食品有限公司;豬油,沂城金鑼肉制品集團(tuán)有限公司;試驗(yàn)所用的無水乙醇、硼酸、碘化鉀、硫代硫酸鈉均為分析純。
1.2主要儀器與設(shè)備
Rise-2008型激光粒度分析儀,濟(jì)南潤(rùn)之科技有限公司;T6新世紀(jì)紫外可見分光光度計(jì),北京普析通用儀器有限公司;RVA4500粘度分析儀,瑞典波通儀器公司;TDL-5-A低速大容量離心機(jī),上海安亭科學(xué)儀器廠;RQH-250型程控人工氣候箱,上海新諾儀器設(shè)備有限公司;SD mat ic型破損淀粉測(cè)定儀,法國(guó)肖邦公司;A-XT2i物性分析儀,英國(guó)Stable Micro System;Sortourius電子天平,北京賽多利斯天平有限公司;SHZ-82A水浴恒溫震蕩器,金壇市醫(yī)療儀器廠;DHG-9143BS-Ⅲ-電熱恒溫鼓風(fēng)干燥箱,上海新苗醫(yī)療器械制造有限公司;Minolta Color Miniscan CR400色差儀,日本美能達(dá)公司。
1.3試驗(yàn)方法
1.3.1淀粉特性的測(cè)定
1)淀粉粒徑測(cè)定
采用Rise-2008型激光粒度分析儀測(cè)定,測(cè)定條件:遮光比1%~2%;分散劑:乙醇;分散劑折光率:1.33%,測(cè)定量程:0.02~1 200 μm。
2)淀粉膨脹性質(zhì)的測(cè)定[11]
將不同品種的淀粉分別配制成質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為2%的淀粉乳,在不同溫度的水浴中加熱攪拌30 min,在3 000 r/min條件下離心30 min,取上清液在水浴上蒸干,并在105℃烘至恒重,稱重得被溶解淀粉質(zhì)量A,按公式(1)計(jì)算淀粉的溶解度S;由離心管中膨脹淀粉質(zhì)量P,即離心后離心管中沉淀淀粉質(zhì)量,按公式(2)計(jì)算淀粉的膨脹度B:
式中:W為淀粉質(zhì)量,g,以干基計(jì)。
3)淀粉中破損淀粉含量的測(cè)定
使用肖邦SD matic型破損淀粉測(cè)定儀進(jìn)行測(cè)定,在反應(yīng)杯中加入120 mL蒸餾水、3 g硼酸和3 g碘化鉀,將反應(yīng)杯放入卡槽內(nèi)時(shí)加入1滴硫代硫酸鈉(0.1 mol/L),再稱取1 g淀粉樣品,放到儀器樣品小斗中,點(diǎn)擊開始,測(cè)定破損淀粉值,用碘吸收率(%)來表示破損淀粉含量。
4)淀粉糊化特性的測(cè)定[12]
采用RVA-Super4粘度分析儀對(duì)淀粉糊化特性進(jìn)行測(cè)定,測(cè)定時(shí)先在RVA專用樣品筒中加入(25±0.1)mL蒸餾水(按14%濕基換算),然后稱?。?.0±0.01)g淀粉(按14%濕基校正),移入已加有蒸餾水的樣品筒中。最初10 s轉(zhuǎn)子以960 r/min攪拌,待樣品筒中形成均勻懸濁液后,保持160r/min轉(zhuǎn)速直至試驗(yàn)結(jié)束。采用美國(guó)谷物化學(xué)家協(xié)會(huì)(American Association of Cereal Chemists,AACC)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度模式即RVA初始溫度為50℃保持1 min,然后升高至95℃,在95℃保持2.5 min后,再降至50℃并保持2 min。測(cè)量結(jié)果單位用快速粘度分析儀單位(cp)表示,每個(gè)樣品重復(fù)3次,結(jié)果取平均值。
主要試驗(yàn)參數(shù):峰值粘度(peak viscosity)、谷值粘度(trough viscosity)、粘度破損值(breakdown)、最終粘度(final viscosity)、回生值(setback)、起始糊化溫度(pasting temperature)。
1.3.2水晶皮的制作
稱取淀粉100g,加水量為淀粉質(zhì)量的80%,水溫100℃,豬油添加量為淀粉質(zhì)量的3%,和至成團(tuán),用紗布覆蓋,在25℃條件下,靜置熟化20 min。將熟化后的淀粉團(tuán)制成質(zhì)量約3 g的小劑子,用模具制成直徑約5 cm,厚約2 mm的淀粉皮,大火蒸制5 min備用。
1.3.3水晶皮品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的測(cè)定
1)水晶皮透明性的測(cè)定
參照李光磊[13]的方法略加改進(jìn),將蒸熟的淀粉皮冷卻5 min后,用刀切成寬約5 mm、長(zhǎng)約4 cm的長(zhǎng)條,放入1 cm的石英比色皿中(每次保證淀粉皮處于比色皿同一側(cè))在620 nm波長(zhǎng)條件下測(cè)其透光率。每種樣品制成6個(gè)長(zhǎng)條進(jìn)行測(cè)定,6次結(jié)果求平均值。
2)水晶皮亮度的測(cè)定
水晶皮亮度采用色彩色差計(jì)進(jìn)行測(cè)定。方法如下:采用CIE—L*a*b*色空間表示方法,L代表亮度。將熟制的淀粉皮冷卻3 min后進(jìn)行亮度的測(cè)定。每種樣品測(cè)定6次求平均值。
3)水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)特性的測(cè)定
參照樊奇良和葉曉楓[14-15]的方法,將熟制的淀粉皮冷卻5 min后用質(zhì)構(gòu)儀測(cè)定。每種樣品取樣6次測(cè)定并求平均值,物性分析儀的具體參數(shù)設(shè)定見表1。
表1 物性分析儀參數(shù)設(shè)定Table 1 Parameter of texture analyzer
1.3.4數(shù)據(jù)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS13.0進(jìn)行單因素方差分析和相關(guān)性分析,用Origin8.0軟件作圖。
2.1不同來源淀粉的粒徑分布
由圖1和表2可知,不同來源的淀粉顆粒粒徑分布有明顯的差異。粒徑較大的是馬鈴薯淀粉,粒徑范圍為:9~105 μm,平均粒徑為30.35 μm。粒徑最小的是綠豆淀粉,粒徑范圍為:4~74 μm,平均粒徑為19.27 μm。小麥、玉米、木薯淀粉的粒徑較為接近,平均粒徑分別為:27.92、25.63和26.35 μm。周愛梅等[11]認(rèn)為淀粉顆粒的大小由遺傳決定,與淀粉的生物合成機(jī)理有關(guān),并且直接影響淀粉粒的相關(guān)性質(zhì)。有研究表明,淀粉的許多理化性質(zhì),如膨脹能力,與水結(jié)合能力,糊化以及凝膠化能力等都與淀粉的平均顆粒尺寸有關(guān)[16]。
圖1 不同來源淀粉顆粒粒徑分布圖Fig.1 Particle size distribution of starch from various sources
表2 不同來源淀粉顆粒粒徑分布Table 2 Particle size distribution of starch from various sources
2.2不同來源淀粉的膨脹特性
圖2和圖3是不同來源淀粉溶解度和膨脹度隨溫度變化情況圖。由圖可知淀粉的溶解度和膨脹度都是隨著溫度的升高而增大。除了在85℃時(shí)木薯淀粉的溶解度高于馬鈴薯淀粉,其余溫度下馬鈴薯淀粉的溶解度和膨脹度均是最高的。這可能是因?yàn)槭眍惖矸塾休^低的糊化溫度,直鏈淀粉較早溶出,淀粉顆粒表現(xiàn)出了較高的膨脹度。玉米、小麥、綠豆淀粉則有著相對(duì)較小且較為接近的溶解度和膨脹度,這與袁美蘭等[17]的研究結(jié)果一致。
圖2 不同來源淀粉的溶解度Fig.2 Solubility of starch from various sources
圖3 不同來源淀粉的膨脹度Fig.3 Swelling of starch from various sources
2.3不同來源淀粉的破損淀粉含量
破損淀粉是指在制粉時(shí),由于機(jī)械的碾壓作用,有少量的淀粉外層細(xì)胞膜被損傷,從而造成淀粉粒的損傷。破損淀粉對(duì)面制品的蒸煮品質(zhì)有一定影響,其含量太高或太低均不能制作出優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品[18]。由表3可知,5種淀粉的破損淀粉含量數(shù)值差異顯著(P<0.05)。碘的吸收率大小表現(xiàn)為:木薯淀粉>馬鈴薯淀粉>小麥淀粉>玉米淀粉>綠豆淀粉,即5種淀粉的破損淀粉含量大小順序?yàn)椋耗臼淼矸郏抉R鈴薯淀粉>小麥淀粉>玉米淀粉>綠豆淀粉。有研究表明破損淀粉吸水率比未破損淀粉高2.5倍,因此破損淀粉含量高的淀粉擁有較高的吸水性,這與本文膨脹度的測(cè)定結(jié)果一致。
表3 不同來源淀粉的破損淀粉含量Table 3 Damaged starch content of starches from various sources
2.4不同來源淀粉的糊化特性
RVA測(cè)定的是從淀粉顆粒吸水和溶脹開始,到顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)在剪切力的作用下被破壞,淀粉分子浸出的過程[19]。不同來源淀粉糊化特性值如表4所示,可以看出5種淀粉的糊化特性值差異性顯著(P<0.05)。峰值黏度反映的是淀粉在糊化升溫過程中淀粉顆粒的膨脹程度。由表4可知馬鈴薯淀粉的峰值黏度最大,玉米淀粉的峰值黏度最小。這表明馬鈴薯淀粉顆粒在糊化過程中有較大膨脹程度,玉米淀粉膨脹程度較小。衰減值反映淀粉熱糊的穩(wěn)定性,由表4可知小麥和玉米淀粉的衰減值較小,這表明淀粉顆粒膨脹過程中強(qiáng)度比較大,不易破裂,熱糊的穩(wěn)定好,而馬鈴薯淀粉和木薯淀粉的衰減值較大,說明熱糊穩(wěn)定性差?;厣捣从车矸劾浜姆€(wěn)定性和老化程度[20]。表4結(jié)果表明綠豆淀粉的回生值最高,馬鈴薯淀粉的回生值最低,說明馬鈴薯淀粉穩(wěn)定性差,易老化。由表4可知起始糊化溫度由高到低的淀粉分別為小麥、玉米、綠豆、木薯、馬鈴薯淀粉,研究表明這可能與淀粉顆粒的粒徑有關(guān),由于小顆粒淀粉之間堆積緊密,造成糊化比較困難,至使淀粉的成糊溫度較高[21]。
表4 不同來源的淀粉糊化特征值Table 4 Gelatinization characteristics of starch from various sources
2.5不同來源淀粉皮的質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性
有研究表明,產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)構(gòu)特性與其感官品質(zhì)之間有顯著相關(guān)性[22-23],因此用質(zhì)構(gòu)儀來測(cè)定淀粉皮的質(zhì)構(gòu)特性可以避免人為感官帶來的差異,測(cè)定結(jié)果更為真實(shí)可靠。不同來源的淀粉皮品質(zhì)特性值如表5所示,從表中可以看出,不同來源的淀粉制皮后品質(zhì)指標(biāo)差異顯著。亮度和透明度是水晶皮的重要指標(biāo),由表5可知在相同的條件下小麥淀粉皮亮度最高,玉米、木薯、馬鈴薯淀粉制皮亮度差異不顯著,綠豆淀粉皮亮度最差,可能是與原料自身略帶顏色有關(guān)。對(duì)于透光率,馬鈴薯淀粉皮透光率最高,其次是木薯、小麥淀粉皮,且兩者差異不顯著,綠豆淀粉皮透明性最差。從淀粉皮質(zhì)構(gòu)特性分析,綠豆淀粉皮略硬,玉米淀粉皮質(zhì)地較軟爛,而相較于透明度較好的馬鈴薯與木薯淀粉皮,小麥淀粉皮有較好的咀嚼性,較為適中的硬度、彈性和剪切力,即擁有較好的適口性,且在工藝制作上,由于薯類淀粉粘性較大,不太容易制皮,因此綜合分析小麥淀粉更易制作水晶皮,且擁有較為優(yōu)異的品質(zhì)特性。
表5 不同來源的淀粉皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性值Table 5 Crystal leather textural quality characteristic values from different sources
2.6淀粉特性與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性相關(guān)性分析
2.6.1淀粉顆粒特性、破損淀粉含量與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性相關(guān)性分析
表6為淀粉顆粒特性、破損淀粉含量與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果,從表中可以看出淀粉平均粒徑與水晶皮亮度、透光率均呈極顯著正相關(guān),這與何晉浙、常虹等[24-25]研究結(jié)果一致。淀粉平均粒徑與水晶皮彈性呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與咀嚼性呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),說明淀粉粒徑越大,越易膨脹,淀粉持水性越強(qiáng),淀粉皮彈性、咀嚼性越差,譚洪卓等[26]在蠶豆淀粉與粉絲品質(zhì)關(guān)系研究結(jié)果中也有相同的表述。淀粉顆粒在95℃條件下的膨脹度與水晶皮的透光率顯著正相關(guān),與水晶皮其他品質(zhì)特性沒有顯著相關(guān)性。淀粉中破損淀粉含量與水晶皮亮度顯著正相關(guān),與透光率呈極顯著正相關(guān),這是因?yàn)槠茡p淀粉的存在使得水晶皮在蒸制過程中吸收相對(duì)較多的水分,淀粉顆粒易于膨脹,直/支鏈淀粉能夠充分伸展,產(chǎn)品呈現(xiàn)較高亮度和透明度。但是破損淀粉含量與產(chǎn)品的彈性和咀嚼性均成顯著負(fù)相關(guān),這說明破損淀粉含量高時(shí)產(chǎn)品的適口性較差,因此綜合考慮水晶皮的質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性,淀粉的破損淀粉含量應(yīng)控制在一定的范圍內(nèi),對(duì)于本研究中的5種淀粉,小麥淀粉的破損淀粉含量(約為93.94%)較為適宜。
表6 淀粉顆粒特性、破損淀粉含量與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性相關(guān)性分析Table 6 Correlations between starch granules characteristic, damaged starch content and crystal leather textural quality characteristic
2.6.2淀粉糊化特性與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性相關(guān)性分析
表7為淀粉糊化特性與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果。對(duì)于水晶類制品,透明性是相對(duì)較為重要的指標(biāo),直接影響消費(fèi)者對(duì)于水晶類制品的感官認(rèn)知,由表7可以看出淀粉峰值粘度和衰減值與水晶皮透光率呈極顯著正相關(guān),說明淀粉的膨脹程度越大,熱糊穩(wěn)定性越好,淀粉皮透明性越好?;厣蹬c最終粘度與透光率有顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性,這是由于回生值在一定程度上反映淀粉的老化趨勢(shì),淀粉老化分子重組必然降低水晶皮透明性。因此在水晶類產(chǎn)品制作時(shí),為提高產(chǎn)品的亮度和透明度,原料應(yīng)有較高的粒度、膨脹度、峰值粘度和衰減值,較低的回生值和最終粘度。
淀粉皮的質(zhì)構(gòu)特性反映的是產(chǎn)品的適口性,谷值粘度、最終粘度、回生值與水晶皮硬度、彈性、咀嚼性、剪切力呈極顯著正相關(guān),說明提高這些糊化特征值能夠使水晶皮有較好的彈韌性和咀嚼性。因此谷值粘度、最終粘度、回生值是表征淀粉皮的質(zhì)構(gòu)特性的重要指標(biāo),按顯著程度的大小排序:最終粘度>回生值>谷值粘度。起始糊化溫度與水晶皮品質(zhì)特性沒有顯著相關(guān)性。因此在水晶皮制作原料選擇及品質(zhì)改良上,原料的糊化特性可以作為重要考核指標(biāo)。
表7 淀粉糊化特性與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性相關(guān)性分析Table 7 Correlations between starch pasting properties and crystal leather textural quality characteristic
1)不同來源的淀粉制做水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)差異較大,小麥淀粉皮品質(zhì)最好,亮度為77.81,透光率為22.83%,有較好的質(zhì)構(gòu)特性,其次是馬鈴薯、木薯、玉米淀粉皮,綠豆淀粉皮品質(zhì)最差。
2)淀粉顆粒特性、破損淀粉含量與水晶皮品質(zhì)指標(biāo)密切相關(guān)。平均粒徑、膨脹度越大水晶皮亮度、透明性越好。破損淀粉含量應(yīng)保持在一定范圍內(nèi),水晶皮才能有相對(duì)較好的綜合質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì),本研究中破損淀粉含量用碘吸收率表示為93.94%時(shí),水晶皮品質(zhì)較好。
3)淀粉的糊化特性與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品質(zhì)特性之間存在顯著相關(guān)性。對(duì)于透光率而言,淀粉峰值粘度和衰減值與水晶皮透光率呈極顯著正相關(guān)。谷值粘度、最終粘度、回生值與水晶皮硬度、彈性、咀嚼性、剪切力呈極顯著正相關(guān),按顯著程度的大小排序:最終粘度>回生值>谷值粘度。起始糊化溫度與水晶皮質(zhì)構(gòu)品特性相關(guān)性不顯著。
4)制作蝦餃等水晶類制品的外皮要求有較高的透明性,有光澤同時(shí)要有適當(dāng)?shù)捻g性、彈性,有較好的適口性。因此評(píng)價(jià)淀粉品種對(duì)于水晶皮制作適應(yīng)性時(shí),可以測(cè)定淀粉粒徑、膨脹度、峰值粘度、衰減值來預(yù)測(cè)淀粉皮亮度與透光率;測(cè)定淀粉破損淀粉含量、谷值粘度、最終粘度、回生值來預(yù)測(cè)淀粉皮適口性等品質(zhì)。
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Effect of different starch source properties on crystal leather textural quality
Ai Zhilu1,3, Sun Xixi1, Pan Zhili1,2, Xie Xinhua1, Suo Biao1, Tian Pingping1
(1.College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 2.Henan Engineering Laboratory and Key Laboratory Base of Quick-frozen Flour-rice and Prepared Food, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 3.Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crop, Zhengzhou 450002, China)
Abstract:High transparency and delicate taste are the most important quality indices of the crystal starch products.In order to clarify the effect of starch characteristics on the crystal products' textural quality, 5 kinds of starch originated from wheat, corn, potato, cassava and mung bean were selected as research material to determine the starch granule property, damaged starch content, gelatinization property, as well as their correlation with crystal skin transparency and texture quality.The brightness, transparency and texture properties were chosen as indices for evaluating the quality of crystal starch product, which could not only reflect the product palatability, but also avoid the difference of artificial factors.The indices were determined by the colorimeter, the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and the texture analyzer, respectively.The experiment was carried out in Henan Agricultural University from March to June in 2015.The results showed that different starch skin showed significant difference in the quality.By evaluating the starch skin brightness, transparency and texture qualities, the wheat starch skin showed the best quality, followed by potato, cassava and corn.The worst quality was found in mung bean starch product.The brightness of wheat starch skin was 77.81, which was the highest brightness in research.The wheat starch skin had the light transmittance of 22.83%, and it also had better chewiness, more moderate hardness, springiness and firmness under the same condition.Therefore, wheat starch skin demonstrated the best palatability to make crystal skin, because it had more excellent quality characteristics.The average particle size of starch was significantly and positively correlated with crystal skin brightness and light transmittance, which should be attributed to the reason that starch molecules with larger size were easier to swell and be fully extended.The average particle size of starch was significantly and negatively correlated with crystal skin springiness and chewiness.The results suggested that excess starch inflation would lead to a water-based starch, which was adverse to the springiness and chewiness of the starch skin.The expansion of the starch granules at 95℃was significantly(P<0.05)related to the light transmittance of crystal skin, but not significantly related to other quality characteristics.The damaged starch content of the starch had significantly positive correlations(P<0.05)with crystal skin brightness and light transmittance.Whereas, the damaged starch content had negative correlations with springiness and chewiness.Therefore, the best overall crystal skin texture quality would be obtained only when the damaged starch content was moderate.In this study, the crystal skin quality was good when iodine absorption rate was 93.94%.Moreover, the crystal starch product quality also showed a close relationship with starch gelatinization, which was evident by the results that starch peak viscosity and breakdown had significantly(P<0.01)positive correlation with the light transmittance of crystal starch products.The results suggested that the starch with greater swelling was easier to form better thermal paste stability, and as a result the transparency of the starch skin was higher.Setback and final viscosity had negative correlation with the light transmittance.Setback reflected the aging trend of starch.Starch aging would lead to the reorganization of molecules, which reduced crystal skin transparency.The positive correlation was also observed between the trough viscosity, final viscosity, setback and the crystal starch product hardness, springiness, chewiness, firmness.However, there was no significant correlation between the gelatinization temperature and the crystal starch products quality.To sum up, the present results suggest that when one kind of raw material is selected for crystal starch products, the viscosity is capable of being used as an important evaluation index.Meanwhile, the particle size, swelling, peak viscosity and breakdown can be well used for predicting the crystal starch product's brightness and light transmittance.The damaged starch content, trough viscosity, final viscosity and setback are the crucial factors that affect the palatability of the crystal starch products.The present result has a great application potential in crystal starch product processing industry, and especially offers a basic theoretical support for raw material selection and quality improvement.
Keywords:starch; quality control; agricultural products; particle characteristics; crystal leather; pasting; textural quality
作者簡(jiǎn)介:艾志錄,男,教授,博士,研究方向:農(nóng)產(chǎn)品精深加工。鄭州河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,450002。Email:Zhila@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:新型速凍米面食品高效冷凍節(jié)能加工技術(shù)研究(30600514)
收稿日期:2015-08-06
修訂日期:2015-11-18
中圖分類號(hào):TS236.5
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1002-6819(2016)-01-0318-07
doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.01.044