請同學(xué)們先看下面教材里的典型句子,認(rèn)真體會(huì)斜體部分的用法:
1.A huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses,roads and canals.(人教課標(biāo)版教材模塊一Unit4 P26)
2.The story was about a god who wanted to burn down the town.(北師大版教材模塊一Unit3 Lesson1 P36)
以上從課本中選取的句子中,斜體部分的 that和who是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞,在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語。引導(dǎo)定語從句的連詞稱之為關(guān)系詞,它代表先行詞,根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在句子中所起的作用又分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。通常關(guān)系代詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分,常用的關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose等;關(guān)系副詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作狀語,常用的關(guān)系副詞有where,when,why。下面就從限制性定語從句解讀引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞。
一、that,which
(一)一般情況下,先行詞指物時(shí)that/which都可以用。如:
Do you understand the sentence which / that I have just explained to you?
你們懂不懂我剛才給你們講的那個(gè)句子?
She takes a look at the dog that can talk,then walks into the bedroom.
她看了看那條會(huì)說話的狗,然后走進(jìn)臥室。
【例】 Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world.
A.when B.where C.which D.whom
【答案】 C
(二)但是下列情況下用that。
1.先行詞被形容詞最高級、被序數(shù)詞the last/ the first/ the second等、被形容詞the only(唯一的)/ the very(正是)、被all/ no/ few/ little/ any等修飾時(shí),用that;在從句中作表語時(shí)用that。如:
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.我上的第一節(jié)課將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記。
This is the very book that I lost yesterday.這就是我昨天弄丟的那本書。
This is the only example that I know.我知道的例子只有這一個(gè)。
Be very careful about any offers that involve your coming to a meeting or having someone visit your house.
如果有人以贈(zèng)送禮物為由要求你前去赴會(huì),或提出登門拜訪時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)高度警惕。
【例】 China is no longer the country she used to be.
【答案與解析】 that。根據(jù)be動(dòng)詞看出關(guān)系代詞that在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作表語,用that。句意:中國不再是過去那樣的國家了。
2.先行詞本身是指物的不定代詞everything/nothing/all/much/little/few/something等,其中something也可以用which,不過以that最常見。如:
All that glitters is not gold.閃閃發(fā)光者并非都是金子。
Everything that happens has a cause and an effect.一切事情的發(fā)生均有其因果。
【例】 There?蒺s nothing stops you from going to bed if you want to.
【答案與解析】 that。定語從句的先行詞是指物不定代詞nothing,用that。句意:如果你想去睡覺,沒有什么事能阻止你去睡(或你盡管睡去)。
3.先行詞是指人和指物的兩個(gè)名詞或代詞時(shí)。如:
My father often tells me the things and persons that he met in the past.
父親常常跟我講起他過去所經(jīng)歷的人和事。
【例】 During the adventure,he met a series of things and persons surprised him.
【答案與解析】 that。先行詞things and persons指物和人,關(guān)系代詞who和which只能指代其一,用that既可以指物,也可以指人。句意:在冒險(xiǎn)期間,他遇到了一系列讓他吃驚的人和事。
4.在which引起的特殊疑問句中,為了避免重復(fù)用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句,取代which。如:
Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程?
二、who,whom
(一)who在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語,在非正式文體中可以代替作賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom。whom在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作賓語,如果是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)則只可以用whom,不可以用 who。
She is the girl whom/who/that I have come to know at the club.她是我在俱樂部認(rèn)識的女孩。(關(guān)系代詞whom作定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞know的賓語,口語中可以用who或that,也可以省掉)
The girl who has been wanted for several years by the police was a nurse.
警方追緝了幾年的女子原來是個(gè)護(hù)士。(who在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語,既不可以省略,也不可以用whom代替)
He was suddenly grateful for someone to whom he could talk about it.對能叫他說說這件事的人,他突然感到非常感激。(在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系代詞不可以用who或that)
【例】 In the dark street,there wasn’t a single person to she could turn for help.
【答案與解析】 whom。題中包含短語“turn to sb.for help”,意思是“向某人求助”。本句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成:In the dark street,there wasn’t a single person (whom/ who/ that) she could turn to for help.屬于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。句意:在漆黑的大街上,連一個(gè)她可以求助的人都沒有。
(二) 在下列情況下用who而不用whom:(1)先行詞是one/ ones/ those/ anyone等人稱不定代詞時(shí);(2)當(dāng)先行詞是I/you/he/they等,主要用于諺語中;(3)there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:
God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。
He who laughs best laughs last.誰笑在最后,誰笑得最好(別高興得太早)
They who live in glass houses should not throw stones.自己有缺點(diǎn),就別說別人的壞話。
【例】 Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strengths.
A.whom B.who C.what D.which
【答案】 B
三、who,that
(一)that與who均可指人,有時(shí)可互換。如:
All that/who heard him were delighted.所有聽了他講話的人都很高興。
Have you met anybody that /who has been to Paris?你遇見過去過巴黎的人嗎?
He is the only one among us that/who knows Russian.他是我們中間唯一懂俄語的人。
(二)在下列情況,通常要用 that:1.當(dāng)先行詞是who時(shí)(為避免重復(fù));2.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)(可省略);3.當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí)。但是在分割性定語從句中,由于先行詞后面有較長的修飾語或其他成分隔開,當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),為了避免歧義用who。如:
Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion?
有同情心的人誰會(huì)在那個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)笑呢?
Tom is not the boy (that) he was.湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個(gè)樣子了。
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.
我就我在國外所見到的人和事做了報(bào)告。
I was the only person in my office who was invited to the palace ball.
我是我們辦公室里唯一一個(gè)被邀請參加宮廷舞會(huì)的人。(定語從句的先行詞是person,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句被in my office隔開,如果用that則可能會(huì)誤以為office是先行詞)
四、whose
不管先行詞是“人”還是“物”,都可以用關(guān)系代詞whose作定語修飾后面的名詞,指代“……人的”或“……物的”,其本身在定語從句中作定語。相當(dāng)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”中的of whom或of which。如:
This book is for the students whose native language is not English.
這本書是為那些母語不是英語的學(xué)生編寫的。(whose native language=the native language of whom)
Do you know who is living in that house whose windows face south?
你知道那棟窗戶朝南的房子里住的是誰嗎?(whose windows=the window of which)