周玲英 相文強(qiáng)
摘 要:高純四氯化硅是熱氫化、催化氫化、等離子氫化、光纖生產(chǎn)的原料,其品質(zhì)要求達(dá)到9N。在改良西門子法生產(chǎn)多晶硅過程中,副產(chǎn)物工業(yè)四氯化硅,其中的各項(xiàng)金屬雜質(zhì),硼磷雜質(zhì)含量較高,并且含有高聚物,硅粉。采用常規(guī)的精餾法,吸附法,易出現(xiàn)堵塞,采用絡(luò)合法,易出現(xiàn)絡(luò)合劑分離不開的問題。通過采用四級精餾,一級脫重,去除其中的高聚物和大量的金屬雜質(zhì),二級再脫重,去除金屬雜質(zhì),回流采出輕組分,側(cè)線采出產(chǎn)品,進(jìn)入三級脫輕塔,去除其中的三氯氫硅,塔釜依靠壓差,進(jìn)入四級脫重塔,塔頂?shù)玫礁呒兯穆然璁a(chǎn)品。四級精餾得到的高純四氯化硅,避免外雜質(zhì)的引入,易得到9N產(chǎn)品。
關(guān) 鍵 詞:工業(yè)四氯化硅;高聚物;堵塞;四級精餾
中圖分類號:TQ 028 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼: A 文章編號: 1671-0460(2016)03-0599-03
Abstract: The high purity silicon tetrachloride is the raw material of thermal hydrogenation, cold hydrogenation, plasma hydrogenation and optical fiber production. In the modified Siemens polysilicon production process, the industrial silicon tetrachloride is one of byproducts, it contains many impurities, such as metal, boron and phosphorus, high-polymer components and silica fume. Conventional distillation method, adsorption method and complexing method cannot better remove these impurities.So four towers were used to rectify the industrial silicon tetrachloride. The function of the first grade tower was to remove the high-polymer components and most of metallic impurities. The residual metal impurities were removed in the second grade tower, and lighter components were recovered by reflux. The side draw product from the second grade tower was fed into the third grade tower to remove trichlorosilane. The silicon tetrachloride from the third grade towers bottoms was fed into the fourth grade towers by pressure. The high-purity silicon tetrachloride product was distilled from the top of the fourth grade tower. By using the four-grade distillation, high-purity silicon tetrachloride product could be easily obtained.
Key words: Industrial silicon tetrachloride;High-polymer components;Blockage;Four-grade rectification
隨著化石能源挖掘越來越困難,以及二氧化碳排放造成全球變暖加劇,能源短缺問題日漸突出,環(huán)保問題成為焦點(diǎn)話題。太陽能光伏發(fā)電本身因清潔、維護(hù)少、相對較安全等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已經(jīng)成為了全世界的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。目前從中國范圍來看,光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)帶動(dòng)了多晶硅產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,中國范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)營的十六家多晶硅企業(yè),面對多晶硅副產(chǎn)物SiCl4污染環(huán)境的嚴(yán)峻形勢,目前國內(nèi)對SiCl4的應(yīng)用,有熱氫化、催化氫化、冷氫化、氯氫化、等離子氫化,還原制備SiHCl3,實(shí)現(xiàn)了多晶硅產(chǎn)業(yè)的閉路循環(huán),是最理想的處理方式。除了在多晶硅生產(chǎn)過程中閉路循環(huán)降低硅耗比以外,國內(nèi)也有工藝成熟,易于操作,對設(shè)備要求低,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益高,以SiCl4為原料制備白炭黑、硅酸酯類、光纖。這些對SiCl4的純度要求比較高,尤其是熱氫化、催化氫化、等離子氫化、光纖,需要高純SiCl4的純度達(dá)到99.999 999 9%[1]。所以,副產(chǎn)物工業(yè)SiCl4的純化,顯得尤為重要。
1 SiCl4的純化
1.1 SiCl4純化存在的問題
四氯化硅,分子式:SiCl4,無色透明重液體。有窒息性氣味。相對密度1 480 kg/m3。熔點(diǎn)-70 ℃。沸點(diǎn)57.6 ℃。在潮濕空氣中水解而成硅酸和氯化氫,同時(shí)發(fā)生白煙。對眼睛及上呼吸道有強(qiáng)烈刺激作用,引起角膜混濁,呼吸道炎癥,甚至肺水腫。眼睛直接接觸可致角膜及眼瞼嚴(yán)重灼傷。皮膚接觸后可引起組織壞死。濺入耳朵,會引起耳膜穿孔。
通常對SiCl4的純化的方法有:
1.1.1 精餾法
精餾法是利用SiCl4與各種雜質(zhì)氯化物揮發(fā)度的差異進(jìn)行分離,去除其中的金屬雜質(zhì)。對SiCl4提純應(yīng)用最為廣泛的是篩板塔、填料塔、浮閥塔。但是精餾法對強(qiáng)極性的B、P雜質(zhì),會有一定的限制。