李宏鈞,孔亞平,張巖(.北京林業(yè)大學(xué) 水土保持與荒漠化防治教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,00083,北京; 2.交通運(yùn)輸部科學(xué)研究院 道路路域生態(tài)學(xué)與生態(tài)修復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,00029,北京)
?
植物纖維毯生態(tài)防護(hù)效益研究述評
李宏鈞1,孔亞平2?,張巖1
(1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué) 水土保持與荒漠化防治教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,100083,北京; 2.交通運(yùn)輸部科學(xué)研究院 道路路域生態(tài)學(xué)與生態(tài)修復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,100029,北京)
摘要:隨著我國工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的飛速發(fā)展,邊坡的土壤流失現(xiàn)象越來越嚴(yán)重,這促進(jìn)各種護(hù)土固坡技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生。植物纖維毯防護(hù)技術(shù)是一種新型的生態(tài)防護(hù)技術(shù),具有施工快、保水固土、生態(tài)降解無污染等特點(diǎn),可以在植被成型前起到良好的護(hù)坡作用;因此,逐漸受到人們的關(guān)注。本文介紹近年來國內(nèi)外在植物纖維毯控制侵蝕方面的研究進(jìn)展,比較不同類型植物纖維毯在生態(tài)護(hù)坡方面的特點(diǎn)以及在水土保持、土壤改良和促進(jìn)植物生長等方面的功能,分析目前研究存在的不足和未來發(fā)展的前景。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):植物纖維毯可以有效控制水土流失,相比裸地減少產(chǎn)沙量56% ~98.9%,減少徑流26% ~81%。植物纖維毯對產(chǎn)流的影響與徑流大小及植物纖維毯本身性質(zhì)等有關(guān);植物纖維毯的改土功能主要為:增加地表粗糙度,延長徑流滯留時間,增加徑流入滲,同時避免陽光直射土壤,緩和地表溫度波動幅度,保持土壤水分;且植物纖維毯可自身降解以改善土壤理化性質(zhì),增加土壤肥力;植物纖維毯促進(jìn)植被恢復(fù)的功能主要表現(xiàn)為增加植物成活率,同時促進(jìn)植被生長,增加植株密度和植物生物量。從實(shí)際應(yīng)用角度來看,植物纖維毯在生態(tài)護(hù)坡方面具有多重優(yōu)勢,在工程建設(shè)中作為生態(tài)防護(hù)的重要技術(shù),應(yīng)用前景非常廣闊。從科學(xué)研究角度來看,開展野外試驗(yàn),深入研究生態(tài)防護(hù)效益,仍是近期研究的主要趨勢;根據(jù)不同應(yīng)用環(huán)境和條件,開發(fā)不同材質(zhì)纖維毯,挖掘其在改良土壤、隔水、隔熱等方面應(yīng)用也將會成為新的研究熱點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:植物纖維毯;水土保持;生態(tài)護(hù)坡;植被恢復(fù)
項(xiàng)目名稱:河北省交通廳科技項(xiàng)目“植物纖維毯植被恢復(fù)技術(shù)在路域生態(tài)工程中的開發(fā)應(yīng)用研究”(Y2d006)
生態(tài)防護(hù)植物纖維毯又名土工織物[1 2]、人工防蝕生草膜[3]、生態(tài)墊[4]等,其定義為“用于土壤、地基、巖石、土地或者任何巖土工程相關(guān)的有滲透性的紡織品”[5],由自然材料(黃麻纖維、椰殼纖維、劍麻纖維、谷類秸稈、棉纖維和棕櫚樹樹葉等)或人工合成材料(尼倫、聚丙烯、聚酯和聚乙烯等)制成[6]。
植物纖維毯最早在德國開始使用,用于控制侵蝕已經(jīng)超過50年[7 8],在歐美等國得到廣泛應(yīng)用,具有施工快、綠化快、保水固土、防塵、生態(tài)可降解等特點(diǎn)。國內(nèi)植物纖維毯研究與應(yīng)用起步于20世紀(jì)80年代末,應(yīng)用于河堤的防護(hù),隨著研究的深入,逐步推廣到道路、河道邊坡的防護(hù)等土木工程項(xiàng)目中。關(guān)于植物纖維毯功能的研究,主要集中于植物纖維毯對土壤侵蝕的防護(hù)作用,對其有效控制擊濺侵蝕和改良土壤方面的研究則相對有限[9]。
筆者回顧了這些年來植物纖維毯在邊坡防護(hù)中的研究現(xiàn)狀,總結(jié)植物纖維毯控制侵蝕的效果以及在邊坡防護(hù)中的應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢,分析植物纖維毯在國內(nèi)廣泛的應(yīng)用前景,力求為植物纖維毯在道路邊坡治理、水土流失防治和生態(tài)恢復(fù)等方面的應(yīng)用提供參考。
1.1植物纖維毯的水土保持效益
植物對控制土壤侵蝕非常有效[6,10 13];但是,在地表挖掘裸露、植物播種之后至植被恢復(fù)之前這段時間內(nèi),土壤容易發(fā)生劇烈侵蝕,植物纖維毯則能夠在這個植被防護(hù)的真空期控制地表侵蝕,保持坡面水土、促進(jìn)植被恢復(fù)。
如表1所示,相關(guān)研究多集中于土壤流失和入滲率方面,且大多為模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)[14 16],許多研究表明植物纖維毯可以有效控制水土流失[17],能夠顯著減少產(chǎn)沙量[8,18 20];而由于環(huán)境、植物纖維毯材質(zhì)、纖維毯紡織密度等因素的不同,相對裸地其減少土壤侵蝕量略有差異為56% ~98.9%[8,21]。不同條件下纖維毯對徑流量的影響差異很大,研究[19]表明植物纖維毯能夠有效減少產(chǎn)流,相比裸地可減少26% ~81%;也有研究[6]表明植物纖維毯并不能夠明顯減少產(chǎn)流,尤其是初期黃麻纖維毯覆蓋的樣地產(chǎn)流為裸地的 247%[8];而其他研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)植物纖維毯對產(chǎn)流的影響與徑流大小、植物纖維毯本身性質(zhì)等有關(guān),認(rèn)為在小徑流事件中由于降雨會直接在植物纖維毯表面形成徑流,使得徑流量增大,而在其他徑流事件中可以顯著減少徑流量。與其他材質(zhì)的植物纖維毯相比,稻草纖維毯的徑流系數(shù)最?。?5]。以往研究大多為模擬實(shí)驗(yàn),植物纖維毯作為一種護(hù)坡產(chǎn)品,應(yīng)注重實(shí)地應(yīng)用研究,故在今后研究其水土保持效益時應(yīng)增加野外實(shí)地實(shí)驗(yàn)。
表1 纖維毯水土保持效益研究現(xiàn)狀Tab.1 Research status about the geotextiles of soil and water conservation
表1(續(xù))Continued from Tab.1
表1(續(xù))Continued from Tab.1
1.2纖維毯改良土壤功能
覆蓋植物纖維毯后,可以縮短沙土裸露時間[28],有效地避免陽光對土壤的直射,減少太陽輻射,緩和地表極端溫度的波動幅度[29];覆蓋植物纖維毯明顯改變土壤蒸發(fā)過程,延長土壤蒸發(fā)時水蒸氣從土壤到大氣的運(yùn)動路徑,減緩?fù)寥篮康南陆邓俣龋?0];同時增加地表粗糙度,減少徑流,為植物的生長創(chuàng)造良好的生長環(huán)境[31 34]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):在鋪設(shè)植物纖維毯后,5~10 cm土層的溫度日變化比較平緩,日均溫可降低4.5°;且0~15、15~30、30~ 45 cm 3個土層含水量相對裸地分別提高了167.33%、53.1%和52.56%??梢姕\層土壤含水量提高更加明顯[29]。沙漠地區(qū)覆蓋植物纖維毯后,0~20 cm土層的日平均地溫為31.46℃,相比裸地的45.73℃降低 45%;且覆蓋植物纖維毯后增加0~60 cm土層的含水量,其中0~20 cm土層的含水量相比裸地提高14%,20~40 cm土層含水量提高56%,40~60 cm土層含水量提高58%。這表明植物纖維毯對于提高干旱區(qū)造林成活率和促進(jìn)苗木生長有很大的作用[35]。
纖維毯的降解可改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu),提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)[36],增強(qiáng)土壤微生物活動,促進(jìn)成土過程,進(jìn)而增加土壤肥力。這既促進(jìn)植物生長,又可實(shí)現(xiàn)道路早期綠化,從而達(dá)到保水保土的目的。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),覆蓋植物纖維毯后,土壤的理化性質(zhì)也向有利于成土作用的方向發(fā)展:土壤孔隙度明顯增大,飽和滲透率顯著提高[3]。
綜合以往的研究結(jié)果,植物纖維毯的改土功能主要為:增加地表粗糙度[31],延長徑流在地表滯留時間,增加入滲;避免陽光直射土壤,緩和土壤表層溫度波動幅度,保持土壤水分,相比裸地,不同種類的纖維毯可提高表層土壤水分 14.00%~167.33%[29,35];同時植物纖維通過自身降解可改善土壤理化性質(zhì),增加土壤肥力,增強(qiáng)微生物活動。植物纖維毯的種類是多樣的,改土功能各有差異;因此,在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中應(yīng)根據(jù)具體氣候環(huán)境和植被,選擇最適的植物纖維毯,以達(dá)到更好的護(hù)坡效果。
1.3植物纖維毯促進(jìn)植被恢復(fù)功能
植物纖維毯能夠促進(jìn)植被恢復(fù):植物纖維毯可通過接觸保護(hù)表土穩(wěn)定性,阻擋雨滴,減緩徑流,避免種子受到雨滴打擊和徑流沖刷而被帶走,保證植被順利恢復(fù)。研究[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),鋪設(shè)植物纖維毯的樣地植被覆蓋率比液體噴播的樣地高2%,同時覆蓋纖維毯樣地上的植株平均高度明顯高于裸地坡面;也有研究[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),植物纖維毯覆蓋的多年生草本具有更高的生產(chǎn)力,可顯著提高豆科植物的密度73.3%~91.3%,增加植物根系干重50.5%。
植物纖維毯能夠平穩(wěn)表土溫度變化并保持水分,為種子萌發(fā)和植被生長創(chuàng)造適宜的微生態(tài)環(huán)境;其分解后可提供營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),從而促進(jìn)植被恢復(fù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)林地鋪設(shè)可降解纖維毯可有效抑制雜草生長[4],提高困難立地條件下植物的成活率[38],提高林木保存率和林木生長量[39]。
就目前研究看來,植物纖維毯促進(jìn)植被恢復(fù)主要表現(xiàn)為增加植物的成活率[38],同時促進(jìn)植被生長[37],增加植株密度和植物生物量,且相比裸地,覆蓋植物纖維毯樣地的植物具有更高的生產(chǎn)力[25]。纖維毯對植被恢復(fù)的促進(jìn)作用還取決于植被類型,今后的研究可側(cè)重于植物纖維毯對不同植被類型恢復(fù)的影響。
植物纖維毯由于其取材特征,在控制侵蝕和植被恢復(fù)方面更高效[14],因此工程應(yīng)用前景廣泛,優(yōu)勢眾多。
1)植物纖維毯可變廢為寶。我國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國,每年產(chǎn)生大量的秸稈等農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物,為耕作方便,這些材料通常以焚燒的方式處理[15],污染環(huán)境。植物纖維毯以稻草、秸稈、椰絲等天然材料為原料,能夠大量吸收富余的秸稈等農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物,通過加工制成植物纖維毯用于水土防護(hù)等工程,在一定程度上又可為農(nóng)民增加收入,一舉多得。
2)使用植物纖維毯防護(hù)能夠明顯縮短工期。植物纖維毯防護(hù)技術(shù)單位面積施工時間與其他工程相比明顯縮短,因?yàn)樵谄秸旅?刷坡)結(jié)束后,只需將制成的纖維毯沿坡面鋪設(shè),在坡頂和坡底開20 cm深錨固溝將纖維毯上下兩端掩埋入土并壓實(shí),用U型釘加固即可;同時,植物纖維毯防護(hù)技術(shù)可以在幾乎不增加大型機(jī)械和額外投入的情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)全線同時施工,從而大幅縮短工期時間,這是其他任何防護(hù)技術(shù)無法比擬的。
3)植物纖維毯造價成本低。由于原料來源廣泛,生產(chǎn)制造工序簡單,成本低,2001年英國什羅普郡實(shí)驗(yàn)采用的椰絲毯造價折合人民幣5.6~13.6 元/m2,稻草纖維毯3.4~6.8元/m2[24],人工合成材料纖維毯造價是天然材料的 10倍以上[14]。在國內(nèi),2006年門頭溝附近的108國道邊坡采用的植被毯造價為15元/m2[31],2014年鄭民高速公路邊坡采用的植物纖維毯為28元/m2[40],而 2002年在臺山市新臺高速公路上采用傳統(tǒng)方法漿砌片石護(hù)面墻進(jìn)行工程防護(hù)造價為62元/m2,三維植被網(wǎng)防護(hù)為21 元/m2[41],2006年北京新開渠采用的液體噴播 18 元/m2[37]。
4)植物纖維毯技術(shù)能夠節(jié)約水資源且后期維護(hù)簡單。鋪設(shè)植物纖維毯后,能夠蓄水保墑,減少蒸發(fā),減少灌溉頻率和灌溉量,只需在天氣干旱的情況下進(jìn)行適量澆灌,保證初期順利發(fā)芽即可。
植物纖維毯的生態(tài)防護(hù)功能在國外的發(fā)展應(yīng)用較多,技術(shù)相對比較成熟,特別是日本、德國等國家已形成自己的技術(shù)體系。國內(nèi)相關(guān)技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展較晚,就目前看來僅對植物纖維毯的生產(chǎn)、加工技術(shù)進(jìn)行了簡單的引入,雖做了一定的研究工作,但是在以下方面缺乏較為系統(tǒng)全面的研究。
目前國內(nèi)對植物纖維毯減少侵蝕,保沙固土方面做了大量的研究,對植物纖維毯改良土壤和促進(jìn)植物生長方面的研究相對缺乏,并且在這2方面的研究大多只是停留在定性層面,缺乏定量的數(shù)據(jù)支持,理論支撐不夠。
植物纖維毯由于制作材質(zhì)的不同具有的功效也不盡相同,對于不同材質(zhì)的植物纖維毯以及其所適用的條件缺乏一個指導(dǎo)說明,如高密度的椰絲毯在一定程度上可以作為阻水材料或隔熱材料,稻草纖維毯可作為土壤改良劑等,這方面已有工程開始應(yīng)用,但相關(guān)研究則較為匱乏。
因此,今后可從以下3方面進(jìn)一步開展研究。
1)目前研究的土壤條件多為砂壤土,而由于植物纖維毯的諸多優(yōu)勢,市場前景很大,可根據(jù)市場需求,調(diào)查農(nóng)田、草原、荒漠、山地等不同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)邊坡綠化模式,根據(jù)實(shí)地需求制作合適的植物纖維毯、選擇合適的施工工藝和合適的植物種子配比進(jìn)行防護(hù),切實(shí)為植物纖維毯的推廣應(yīng)用提供理論支持。
2)目前植物纖維毯的植物組合大多根據(jù)植物自身的生長習(xí)性進(jìn)行配比,往往忽視本土植物的選擇,可能會導(dǎo)致一定程度浪費(fèi)或影響本地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。可在項(xiàng)目動工前,對高速公路及河道邊坡所處的區(qū)域的生態(tài)環(huán)境、植物習(xí)性作詳盡的調(diào)查研究,選擇合適的施工工藝,盡量采用以本土植物為主的植物纖維毯護(hù)坡技術(shù)。
3)結(jié)合各地不同的降雨條件,加強(qiáng)野外試驗(yàn),對比設(shè)計(jì)室內(nèi)模擬人工降雨實(shí)驗(yàn)和實(shí)地自然降雨實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,評估不同材質(zhì)的植物纖維毯在不同降雨強(qiáng)度下的護(hù)坡效益,選出對應(yīng)不同雨強(qiáng)的最適植物纖維毯護(hù)坡技術(shù)。
[1]Dembicki E,Niespodzinska L.Geotextiles in coastal engineering practice[J].Geotextiles and Geomembranes,1991,10(2):147.
[2]Heerten G.Geotextiles in Coastal Engineering-25 years experience[J].Geotextiles and Geomembranes,1984,1 (2):119.
[3]張科利,細(xì)山田健三.人工防蝕生草膜保持及改良土壤作用的研究[J].土壤侵蝕與水土保持學(xué)報,1997,3(4):21.Zhang Keli,Kenzo Hosoyanada.Effects of multi-function filter on soil conservation and improvement[J].Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1997,3 (4):21.(in Chinese)
[4]高甲榮,孫保平,王淑琴,等.可降解生態(tài)墊在河灘地造林中抑制雜草的效果[J].中國水土保持科學(xué),2004,2(1):38. Gao Jiarong,Sun Baoping,Wang Shuqin,et al.Weed controlling effect of degradable ecomat in river-beach afforestation[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,2(1):38.(in Chinese)
[5]John N W.Geotextiles[M].New York:Chapman and Hall,1987:330 340.
[6]Rickson R J.Controlling sediment at source:an evaluation of erosion control geotextiles[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31(5):550.
[7]Datye K R,Gore V N.Application of natural geotextiles and related products[J].Geotextiles andGeomembranes,1994,13(6/7):371.
[8]Mitchell D J,Barton A P,F(xiàn)ullen M A,et al.Field studies of the effects of jute geotextiles on runoff and erosion in Shropshire,UK[J].Soil Use and Management,2003,19(2):182.
[9]Bhattacharyya R,F(xiàn)ullen M A,Davies K,et al.Use of palm-mat geotextiles for rainsplash erosion control[J].Geomorphology,2010,119(1/2):52.
[10]Coppin N,Richards I G.Use of vegetation in civil engineering[M].CIRIA,Butterworths(England),1990:11 16.
[11]Ree W.Hydraulic characteristics of vegetation for vegetated waterways[J].Agricultural Engineering,1949,30 (4):184.
[12]Laflen J,Colvin T.Effect of crop residue on soil loss from continuous row cropping[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1981,(3):605.
[13]Hayes J,Barfield B,Barnhisel R.Performance of grass filters under laboratory and field conditions[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1984,27(5):1321.
[14]Bhattacharyya R,Smets T,F(xiàn)ullen M A,et al.Effectiveness of geotextiles in reducing runoff and soil loss:A synthesis[J].Catena,2010,81(3):184.
[15]Han Luo,Zhao Tingning,Mei Dong,et al.Field studies on the effects of three geotextiles on runoff and erosion of road slope in Beijing,China[J].Catena,2013,109: 150.
[16]Podwojewski P,Janeau J L,Grellier S,et al.Influence of grass soil cover on water runoff and soil detachment under rainfall simulation in a sub-humid South African degraded rangeland[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2011,36(7):911.
[17]Smets T,Poesen J.Effectiveness of palm and simulated geotextiles in reducing run-off and inter-rill erosion on medium and steep slopes[J].Soil Use and Management,2007,23(3):306.
[18]Krenitsky E,Carroll M,Hill R,et al.Runoff and sedi-ment losses from natural and man-made erosion control materials[J].Crop Science,1998,38(4):1042.
[19]Bhattacharyya R,F(xiàn)ullen M A,Booth C,et al.Effectiveness of biological geotextiles for soil and water conservation in different agro-environments[J].Land Degradation &Development,2011,22(5):495.
[20]Smets T,Poesen J,Bhattacharyya R,et al.Evaluation of biological geotextiles for reducing runoff and soil loss under various environmental conditions using laboratory and field plot data[J].Land Degradation& Development,2011,22(5):480.
[21]Smets T,Poesen J,Langhans C,et al.Concentrated flow erosion rates reduced through biological geotextiles[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009,34(4): 493.
[22]Ziegler A D,Sutherland R A.Reduction in interrill sediment transport by rolled erosion control systems[J].Soil &Tillage Research,1998,45(3/4):265.
[23]胡封兵,高甲榮,劉瑛.可降解生態(tài)墊在河灘區(qū)造林中對土壤含水量的影響[J].水土保持應(yīng)用技術(shù),2006,(3):1.Hu Fengbing,Gao Jiarong,Liu Ying.Effect on soil water content of Degradable Ecomat in River-beach Afforestation [J].Technology of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,(3):1.(in Chinese)
[24]Kathleen Davies,Michael A.A pilot project on the potential contribution of palm-mat geotextiles to soil conservation[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31(5):561.
[25]Jankauskas B,Jankauskiene G.Soil conservation on road embankments using palm-mat geotextiles:field studies in Lithuania[J].Soil Use and Management,2012,28(2): 266.
[26]岳恒陛,楊建英,馬得利,等.邊坡綠化中植被毯技術(shù)保水效益評價[J].四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報,2014,32(1): 23.Yue Huanbi,Yang Jianying,Ma Deli,et al.Evaluation on water retention benefit of side slope vegetation carpet [J].Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2014,32(1):23.(in Chinese)
[27]岳恒陛,楊建英,楊陽,等.不同降雨條件下植被毯護(hù)坡技術(shù)的產(chǎn)流特性[J].中國水土保持科學(xué),2015,13 (1):35.Yue Huanbi,Yang Jianying,Yang Yang,et al.Runoff producing characteristics of vegetation carpet greening technology at different rainfall intensities[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(1):35.(in Chinese)
[28]苗紅昌.南水北調(diào)中線總干渠潮河風(fēng)沙區(qū)段風(fēng)沙防護(hù)措施設(shè)計(jì)[J].中國水土保持,2011(3):34.Miao Hongchang.Design of sandstorm protective measures for Chaohe sandstorm section of South-to-North Water Transfer Project[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2011(3):34.(in Chinese)
[29]楊越,曹波,孫保平,等.生態(tài)墊對流動沙地土壤溫濕度和養(yǎng)分的影響[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(3): 81.Yang Yue,Cao Bo,Sun Baoping,et al.Effect of ecomat on soil temperature and moisture and soil nutrient in drifting sand land[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(3):81.(in Chinese)
[30]石鑫,孫海龍,李紹才.秸稈纖維網(wǎng)覆蓋下纖維用量對土壤蒸發(fā)的影響[J].中國水土保持,2012(2):47.Shi Xin,Sun Hailong,Li Shaocai.Effect of fiber content on soil evaporation under the cover of straw fiber network [J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2012(2): 47.(in Chinese)
[31]顧小華,丁國棟,劉勝,等.一種新型的高速公路邊坡生態(tài)防護(hù)技術(shù)[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(1): 106.Gu Xiaohua,Ding Guodong,Liu Sheng,et al.A new bioengineering technique for slope protection in expressway [J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13 (1):106.(in Chinese)
[32]逄紅,祁有祥,趙廷寧,等.北京市人民渠生態(tài)護(hù)岸技術(shù)應(yīng)用研究[J].中國水土保持,2007(6):37.Pang Hong,Qi Youxiang,Zhao Tingning,et al.Beijing municipal drainage ecological revetment technology application research[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2007(6):37.(in Chinese)
[33]張力,王樹.生態(tài)墊在龍慶峽荒灘植被恢復(fù)和重建中應(yīng)用效果研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(3): 365.Zhang Li,Wang Shu.The effect of applying the eco-mat tothevegetationrestorationandrehabilitationin Longqingxia wasteland[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(3):365.(in Chinese)
[34]曹波,劉菊芳,孫保平.北京市廢棄礦山工程綠化技術(shù)模式研究[J].水土保持應(yīng)用技術(shù),2008(5):38.Cao Bo,Liu Jufang,Sun Baoping.Study on greening technology mode of abandoned mine project in Beijing City[J].Technology of Soil and Water Conservation,2008 (5):38.(in Chinese)
[35]張建生,張梅花,李慶會,等.生態(tài)墊覆蓋對沙漠土壤水分和溫度的影響[J].中國沙漠,2008,28(2): 280.Zhang Jiansheng,Zhang Meihua,Li Qinghui,et al.Effects of eco-mat mulch on soil temperature and water content in desert[J].Journal of Desert Research,2008,28(2):280.(in Chinese)
[36]Fullen M A,Booth C A,Sarsby R W,et al.Contributions of biogeotextiles to sustainable development and soil conservation in developing countries:the BORASSUS Project[C]∥Southampton,UK:Ecosystems and Sustainable DevelopmentⅥ.Southampton,UK:Wessex Institute of Technology Press,2007:123 141.
[37]趙方瑩,逄紅,祁有祥,等.城市河渠生態(tài)護(hù)坡技術(shù)效益對比:以北京市新開渠為例[J].中國水土保持科學(xué),2006,4(S1):67.Zhao Fangying,Pang Hong,Qi Youxiang,et al.Comparative study on benefit of ecology revetment technology of urban waterway:a case of Xinkai waterway in Beijing [J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,4 (S1):67.(in Chinese)
[38]王代軍,胡桂馨,高潔.公路邊坡侵蝕及坡面生態(tài)工程的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀[J].草原與草坪,2000(3):22.Wang Daijun,Hu Guixin,Gao Jie.The principle and application ofexpressway'sSlopeEco-engineering[J].Grassland and Turf,2000(3):22.(in Chinese)
[39]楊曉暉,王小平,秦永勝.生態(tài)墊在京北石質(zhì)山區(qū)盤山公路邊坡綠化工程中應(yīng)用效果評價[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(3):119.Yang Xiaohui,Wang Xiaoping,Qin Yongsheng.Effects of ecomat on greening engineering on the side-slope of winding mountain highway in stony mountains of northern beijing[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(3):119.(in Chinese)
[40]袁衛(wèi)鎖.植物纖維毯在粉砂土路基邊坡及邊溝中的應(yīng)用[J].中外公路,2014,34(2):82.Yuan Weisuo.Application of geotextile in silty sand subgrade slope and side ditch[J].Journal of China and Foreign Highway,2014,34(2):82.(in Chinese)
[41]邱國鋒,王孟霞.三維植被網(wǎng)護(hù)坡在高速公路邊坡中的試驗(yàn)[J].重慶交通學(xué)院學(xué)報,2002,21(1):74.Qiu Guofeng,Wang Mengxia.The test of application of the three-dimensional vegetation net grass-planting revetment in the banks of expressway[J].Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University,2002,21(1):74.(in Chinese)
A review of geotextiles ecological protection technology
Li Hongjun1,Kong Yaping2,Zhang Yan1
(1.Key Lab.of Soil and Water Conservation&Desertification,Ministry of Education,Beijing Forestry University,100083,Beijing,China;2.Lab.of Road Ecology and Ecological Restoration,China Academy of Transportation Sciences,100029,Beijing,China)
Abstract:[Background]With the rapid development of construction projects,soil and water loss from artificial slopes becomes more and more serious,which leads to the birth of various soil protection methods.The newly-invented geotextiles ecological protection technology has the characteristics of rapid construction,soil and water conservation,and degradable biomaterial.Geotextiles are a possible temporary alternative before vegetation establishes itself,and offer immediate soil protection on slopes.Hence,more and more attention has been paid to the research of this technology.[Methods]This paper reviews the progress of geotextiles research in recent years.The characteristics of different types of geotextiles are compared in terms of ecological slope protection and their functions in soil and water conservation,soil improvement,and plant growth.[Results]Studies have shown that the geotextiles can significantly reduce the sediment yield by 56% -98.9%and reduce runoff by 26% -81%,compared tobare land.However,the effect of geotextiles on soil and water conservation varies greatly owing to the material and density of geotextiles,the rainfall intensity and field conditions.Geotextiles made of borassus fibre reduce soil erosion most effectively because of their high anti-scouribility,while geotextiles made of wheat straw reduce runoff most effectively due to their high water contention capacity.Geotextiles ameliorate soil quality through increasing the surface roughness and prolonging the residence time in the surface to increase the infiltration.The geotextiles can also avoid direct sunlight,moderate soil surface temperature fluctuations,and maintain soil moisture,while degradation themselves improves the physical and chemical properties of soil,increases soil fertility,and enhances microbial activity.The geotextiles increase the survival rate of plants,increase plant density and plant biomass and accelerate the growth of vegetation.The plants covered by geotextiles have higher productivity than the bare plots.From the practical application point of view,the geotextiles have multiple advantages in the aspect of ecological slope protection,and has a prospect of wide application in engineering construction as an important technology of ecological protection.First,the technology can utilize surplus agricultural waste such as straw and borassus fiber,which not only reduces the environmental pollution caused by burning,but also generates income for the farmers.Second,the technology of geotextiles can significantly shorten the construction period of soil and water conservation projects.Third,the materials of geotextiles are easy to get and process so as to save the project investment.Last but not least,the geotextiles can reduce evaporation and decrease irrigation frequency,thus saving the water resource.[Conclusions]And from the angle of scientific research,in-depth study of the ecological benefits of geotextiles in field experiments is still the main trend in recent studies.Development of different geotextiles adapting for application in different conditions of climate,soil,vegetation and for different purposes such as water insulation and heat insulation will become a new research hotspot.
Keywords:geotextiles;soil and water conservation;ecological slope protection;revegetation
中圖分類號:U41
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1672-3007(2016)03-0146-09
DOI:10.16843/j.sswc.2016.03.019
收稿日期:20141114修回日期:20150908
第一作者簡介:李宏鈞(1989—),男,碩士研究生。主要研究方向:自然資源監(jiān)測與管理。E-mail:196962282@qq.com?通信 孔亞平,(1976—),女,研究員。主要研究方向:交通環(huán)保。E-mail:kongyaping@motcats.com.cn