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      抗癲藥物與心血管疾病危險因素

      2016-07-27 10:19:42王新新陸欽池
      神經病學與神經康復學雜志 2016年1期
      關鍵詞:尿酸氧化應激硬化

      王新新,陸欽池

      上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬仁濟醫(yī)院神經內科,上海 200127

      ?

      綜述Review

      王新新,陸欽池

      上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬仁濟醫(yī)院神經內科,上海 200127

      摘要

      陸欽池

      E-MAIL

      qinchilu@yahoo.com

      CONFLlCT OF lNTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

      Received Jan. 18, 2016; accepted for publication 1. March, 2016

      Copyright ? 2016 by Journal of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation

      To

      cite: WANG X X, LU Q C. Antiepileptic drugs and risk factors of cardiovascular disease. J Neurol and Neurorehabil, 2016, 12(1):36–40.

      LU Qinchi

      E-MAIL ADDRESS

      qinchilu@yahoo.com

      ABSTRACT

      There is a reciprocal causal relationship between epilepsy and cardiovascular disease (CVD),which means that epilepsy may increase the incidence rate and mortality of CVD, while the CVD may induce the sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on the risk factors of CVD including body weight, insulin resistance,metabolic syndrome, serum uric acid level, carotid artery intima-media thickness and markers of oxidative stress. In view of the fact that some antiepileptic drugs may increase or reduce the risk of occurrence of CVD, therefore, in individualized antiepileptic therapy,appropriate antiepileptic drugs should be selected for patients with high risk of CVD,meanwhile, the rational use of drugs which can reduce the risk of CVD is recommended.

      2 心血管疾病與癲猝死的關系

      3.1 受抗癲癇藥物影響的心血管疾病危險因素

      心血管疾病危險因素是指能夠增加心血管疾病發(fā)生風險的因素。某些抗癲藥物可增加心血管疾病的發(fā)生風險,提高心血管疾病的發(fā)生率及死亡率??拱d藥物影響的心血管疾病危險因素主要包括體質量、胰島素抵抗、代謝綜合征(metabolic syndrome,MetS)、頸動脈內膜中層厚 度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)、血清尿酸水平和氧化應激標志物等。

      體質量增加、胰島素抵抗及MetS是常見的血管危險因素,3者相互伴隨且互為因果。體質量增加常伴隨胰島素抵抗及MetS,使血清膽固醇水平升高,繼而引發(fā)動脈粥樣硬化。此外,體質量增加、胰島素抵抗及MetS可通過擴血管物質(一氧化氮)、縮血管物質(內皮素)及凝血因子(纖溶酶原激活物抑制因子1)的合成失平衡而導致血管內皮功能障礙[10]。伴胰島素抵抗的MetS患者的一氧化氮合成減少,而內皮素及纖溶酶原激活物抑制因子1合成增加,從而使血管過度收縮且抗凝能力下降,繼而導致血管內皮細胞受損,加速血栓及動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的發(fā)生進程,進而增加心血管疾病發(fā)生風險[10]。

      血清尿酸水平與心血管疾病的發(fā)生率和死亡率均密切相關。血清尿酸水平升高可增加心血管疾病發(fā)生風險。已有研究表明,尿酸具有致炎及促進氧化應激的作用[11],可作為MetS的提示因素,參與動脈粥樣硬化過程[12],增加動脈纖維化患者的卒中風險。血清尿酸水平與冠狀動脈粥樣硬化患者10年生存率密切相關。此外,血清尿酸水平還可作為CIMT的預測指標。CIMT是預測動脈粥樣硬化程度的標志,并且是獨立于其他心血管疾病危險因素(例如:年齡、性別、舒張壓、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白等)的一項預測指標。CIMT已被作為心血管疾病危險因素預測的重要檢測指標之一。

      基質金屬蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)作為氧化應激標志物,參與了動脈粥樣硬化、動脈瘤形成(斑塊的發(fā)展及不穩(wěn)定脫落)及血管成形術中的內膜增生。在血管再生過程中,伴隨炎性反應,細胞外基質增生;MMP-9分泌增加可使細胞外基質過度增生,繼而引發(fā)動脈瘤形成、血管重塑、動脈粥樣硬化以及心力衰竭等[13]。

      3.2 不同的抗癲藥物對心血管疾病危險因素的影響

      CIMT既是心血管疾病危險因素,又是一項預測指標。除拉莫三嗪以外,卡馬西平、丙戊酸和苯妥英鈉單藥治療均可導致CIMT的增加[27]。更重要的是,在罹患癲的個體中,男性患者的CIMT大于女性患者。除年齡、性別和氧化應激因素以外,使用抗癲藥物的時間長度也與CIMT存在一定的相關性。上述研究結果提示,長期使用抗癲藥物在一定程度上參與了勁動脈粥樣硬化的進展。

      表1  不同的抗癲癇藥物對心血管疾病的危險因素的影響[14–18, 27–29]

      已有研究表明,卡馬西平、丙戊酸鈉和苯巴比妥鈉治療均可導致氧化應激標志物(氧化低密度脂蛋白、丙二醛、硫代巴比妥酸反應物、過氧化氫脂質、非對稱性二甲基精氨酸)水平的升高,并導致總的抗氧化能力的下降[28-29]。然而,目前有關抗癲藥物對氧化應激標志物的影響的研究還很少,因此尚無法得出較為肯定的結論。

      4 結 論

      參考文獻

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      [2] CONRAD J, PAWLOWSKl M, DOGAN M, et al. Seizures after cerebrovascular events: risk factors and clinical features[J]. Seizure,2013, 22(4):275–282.

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      [4] LAMBERTS R J, BLOM M T, WASSENAAR M,et al. Sudden cardiac arrest in people with epilepsy in the community: Circumstances and risk factors[J]. Neurology, 2015,85(3):212–218.

      [5] BROTHERSTONE R, BLACKHALL B,MCLELLAN A. Lengthening of corrected QT during epileptic seizures[J]. Epilepsia, 2010,51(2):221–232.

      [6] GOLDMAN A M, GLASSCOCK E, YOO J, et al. Arrhythmia in heart and brain: KCNQ1 mutations link epilepsy and sudden unexplained death[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2009,1(2):2ra6.

      [7] JEHl L, SCHUELE S. Sudden death in epilepsy Where is the “heart”of the problem?[J]. Neurology, 2015,85(3):208–209.

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      [9] LA ROVERE M T. Baroreflex sensitivity as a new marker for risk stratification[J]. Z Kardiol, 2000(89 Suppl 3):44–50.

      [10] AHlRWAR A K, JAlN A, SlNGH A, et al. The study of markers of endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome[J]. Horm Mol Biol Clin lnvestig, 2015, 24(3):131–136.

      [11] TSOULl S G, LlBEROPOULOS E N,MlKHAlLlDlS D P, et al. Elevated serum uric acid levels in metabolic syndrome: an active component or an innocent bystander?[J]. Metabolism, 2006, 55(10):1293–1301.

      [12] PATETSlOS P, RODlNO W, WlSSELlNK W,et al. ldentification of uric acid in aortic aneurysms and atherosclerotic artery[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1996(800):243–245.

      [13] SlEFERT S A, SARKAR R. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular physiology and disease[J]. Vascular, 2012,20(4):210–216.

      [14] PYLV?NEN V, KNlP M, PAKARlNEN A J, et al. Fasting serum insulin and lipid levels in men with epilepsy[J]. Neurology, 2003,60(4):571–574.

      [15] SVALHElM S, LUEF G, RAUCHENZAUNER M,et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in epilepsy patients taking levetiracetam,carbamazepine or lamotrigine[J]. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl, 2010(190):30–33.

      [16] ZENG K, WANG X, Xl Z, et al. Adverse effects of carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate and lamotrigine monotherapy in epileptic adult Chinese patients[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg,2010, 112(4):291–295.

      [17] LUEF G, RAUCHENZAUNER M, WALDMANN M,et al. Non–alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance and lipid profile in antiepileptic drug treatment[J]. Epilepsy Res,2009, 86(1):42–47.

      [18] RlNG H A, HELLER A J, MARSHALL W J, et al. Plasma uric acid in patients receiving anticonvulsant monotherapy[J]. Epilepsy Res,1991, 8(3):241–244.

      [19] FlLlPPATOS T D, KlORTSlS D N,LlBEROPOULOS E N, et al. Effect of orlistat,micronised fenofibrate and their combination on metabolic parameters in overweight and obese patients with the metabolic syndrome: the FenOrli study[J]. Curr Med Res Opin,2005, 21(12):1997–2006.

      [20] ATHYROS V G, MlKHAlLlDlS D P,LlBEROPOULOS E N, et al. Effect of statin treatment on renal function and serum uric acid levels and their relation to vascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary heart disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant,2007, 22(1):118–127.

      [21] DEROSA G, MAFFlOLl P. Effects of amlodipine plus atorvastatin association in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients[J]. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther,2010, 8(6):835–843.

      [22] DASKALOPOULOU S S, ATHYROS V G,ELlSAF M, et al. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LlFE study[J]. Kidney lnt, 2004,66(4):1714–1715.

      [23] YUEN A W, SlNGH R, BELL G S, et al. The long–term retention of pregabalin in a large cohort of patients with epilepsy at a tertiary referral centre[J]. Epilepsy Res, 2009,87(2–3):120–123.

      [24] SCHERNTHANER G. Pleiotropic effects of thiazolidinediones on traditional and non–traditional atherosclerotic risk factors[J]. lnt J Clin Pract, 2009, 63(6):912–29.

      [25] FlLlPPATOS T D, KlORTSlS D N,LlBEROPOULOS E N, et al. A review of the metabolic effects of sibutramine[J]. Curr Med Res Opin, 2005, 21(3):457–466.

      [26] DASKALOPOULOU S S, ATHYROS V G,ELlSAF M, et al. Uric acid levels and vascular disease[J]. Curr Med Res Opin, 2004,20(6):951–954.

      [27] CHUANG Y C, CHUANG H Y, LlN T K, et al. Effects of long–term antiepileptic drug monotherapy on vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis[J]. Epilepsia, 2012,53(1):120–128.

      [28] OZ O, G?K?lL Z, BEK S, et al. ls asymmetric dimethylarginine responsible for the vascular events in patients under antiepileptic drug treatment?[J]. Epilepsy Res, 2009,87(1):54–58.

      [29] AYClCEK A, lSCAN A. The effects of carbamazepine, valproic acid and phenobarbital on the oxidative and antioxidative balance in epileptic children[J]. Eur Neurol, 2007, 57(2):65–69.

      DOI:10.12022/jnnr.2016-0021

      通信作者

      CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

      Antiepileptic drugs and risk factors of cardiovascular disease

      WANG Xinxin, LU Qinchi

      Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China

      KEy WORDS:Epilepsy; Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy; Antiepileptic drugs; Cardiovascular disease;Risk factors

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