李開春 杜杰 程詩宇 綜述 李進(jìn) 審校
小腸腺癌診治進(jìn)展
李開春杜杰程詩宇綜述李進(jìn)審校
小腸腺癌(small bowel adenocarcinoma,SBA)是一種預(yù)后不良,發(fā)病率增加,且比較少見的腫瘤。該疾病常被延誤診斷,大多數(shù)患者確診時已為晚期。由于缺乏隨機(jī)對照研究數(shù)據(jù),臨床治療決策較為困難。根治性手術(shù)通常認(rèn)為是必要的。輔助化療預(yù)計是有益的,但仍未被隨機(jī)研究結(jié)果證實。對于晚期SBA患者,回顧性研究表明以鉑類為基礎(chǔ)的化療方案似乎最有效。靶向治療仍缺乏足夠數(shù)據(jù)支持。本文綜述SBA的診斷與治療進(jìn)展。
小腸腺癌診斷治療
小腸包括十二指腸、空腸和回腸。小腸腫瘤占消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤比例不足5%,主要包括腺癌、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤、間質(zhì)瘤以及淋巴瘤等[1]。小腸腺癌(small bowel adenocarcinoma,SBA)約占小腸腫瘤40%。SBA的發(fā)病率有地域差異,北美及西歐高發(fā),亞洲低發(fā)。十二指腸是SBA的好發(fā)部位(55%~82%),其次空腸(11%~25%)和回腸(7%~17%)[2]。近年來,SBA發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢,主要因為十二指腸腺癌的增長[3]。本文僅討論SBA診治進(jìn)展。
1.1臨床表現(xiàn)
SBA最初臨床表現(xiàn)并不特異,診斷往往被延誤。常見臨床表現(xiàn)包括惡心、嘔吐、體質(zhì)量下降、貧血和腹痛等。Dabaja等[4]回顧分析217例SBA患者,66%患者診斷時表現(xiàn)為腹痛。SBA患者通常因為急腹癥,如腸梗阻(40%)或腸出血(24%)就醫(yī)而被診斷。
1.2檢查手段
SBA確診時多為晚期,優(yōu)化改進(jìn)檢查手段尤為重要。CT掃描及MRI造影顯像、雙氣囊小腸鏡等可以更有效地診斷早中期患者。
Dabaja等[4]回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),通過上消化道內(nèi)鏡檢查診斷SBA患者的比例為28%,手術(shù)為26%,鋇劑造影為22%,CT掃描為18%,超聲檢查為3%,體檢為3%。
1.2.1實驗室檢查SBA患者,外周血腫瘤標(biāo)記物如CEA、CA199、CA50等可能正?;蛏摺0橛新猿鲅?,可表現(xiàn)為便中隱血試驗陽性和血紅蛋白降低。
1.2.2特殊檢查1)X線鋇餐造影:X線鋇餐造影檢查敏感性較低,診斷小腸腫瘤的敏感性約為50%;2)CT及MRI檢查:CT掃描已成為小腸腫瘤最主要的診斷方法。CT掃描診斷小腸腫瘤的準(zhǔn)確率約為47%。隨著灌腸螺旋CT及MRI的應(yīng)用,小腸腫瘤的診斷率顯著提高。有文獻(xiàn)報道,多排螺旋CT小腸造影診斷小腸腫瘤的敏感性約為85%~95%,特異性約為90%~96%。磁共振注氣小腸灌腸檢查診斷小腸腫瘤的敏感性約為86%,特異性約為98%[2];3)上消化道內(nèi)鏡檢查:可以發(fā)現(xiàn)十二指腸降部以上小腸腫瘤,且可活檢明確診斷。限于技術(shù),對于十二指腸降部以下的小腸腫瘤不易發(fā)現(xiàn)。近年來,雙氣囊小腸鏡的臨床應(yīng)用在一定程度上彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷;4)膠囊內(nèi)鏡:膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查可以完整的探查整個小腸,且便于門診進(jìn)行。但有潛在腸梗阻的患者,不建議行膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查。對于不明原因消化道出血(常規(guī)胃腸鏡檢查未見明確出血灶),膠囊內(nèi)鏡檢查具有優(yōu)勢,診斷小腸腫瘤的敏感性約為89%~95%,特異性約為75%~95%;5)雙氣囊小腸鏡:雙氣囊小腸鏡可用于范圍廣泛的小腸檢查,但沒有膠囊內(nèi)鏡方便。雙氣囊小腸鏡的優(yōu)勢在于可以活檢組織進(jìn)行病理學(xué)確診。有文獻(xiàn)報道,雙氣囊小腸鏡能夠檢測到膠囊內(nèi)鏡漏診的小腸腫瘤[5];6)選擇性腸系膜動脈造影:小腸腫瘤合并活動性出血時,選擇性腸系膜動脈造影可發(fā)現(xiàn)造影劑自血管滲入腸腔。
手術(shù)切除是唯一可能的治愈方法。新輔助化療可能使初始不可切除的患者獲得根治手術(shù)的機(jī)會。SBA根治術(shù)后是否行輔助化療仍有爭議。一般建議Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期高危SBA患者術(shù)后行5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療方案6個月。就目前有限的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)表明,對于Ⅳ期患者且PS評分<2分,一線可選擇FOLFOX(奧沙利鉑+5-FU)或CapeOX(奧沙利鉑+卡培他濱)方案化療,二線可選擇FOLFIRI(伊立替康+5-FU)方案化療??寡軆?nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)或表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)的單克隆抗體貝伐珠單抗或西妥昔單抗用于晚期SBA的療效仍不確定。姑息性放療可能是局部晚期十二指腸腺癌的一個治療選擇[7]。
3.1手術(shù)治療
對于可行手術(shù)治療的SBA患者,原發(fā)腫瘤和區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)完全切除(R0切除)是必須的。為達(dá)到更準(zhǔn)確的疾病分期和較好的預(yù)后,通常推薦十二指腸腺癌手術(shù)清掃淋巴結(jié)5個以上,空回腸腺癌清掃淋巴結(jié)9個以上[8-9]。對于合并遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移患者,不推薦切除原發(fā)腫瘤,除非出現(xiàn)腸梗阻、穿孔或者不可控制的出血。如果遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移病灶和原發(fā)腫瘤可以分期或者同期切除,手術(shù)治療的價值目前仍不確定。
3.2新輔助化療
新輔助化療指術(shù)前進(jìn)行化療。目的使腫塊縮小,以及殺滅看不見的轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞,以利于后續(xù)的手術(shù)治療。對于局部晚期SBA患者,新輔助化療的地位缺乏足夠證據(jù)支持。通常認(rèn)為,對于原發(fā)腫瘤不可切除或者后腹膜淋巴結(jié)受侵,應(yīng)考慮術(shù)前新輔助化療,2~3個月新輔助化療后再評估根治手術(shù)的可能性。新輔助化療方案參照姑息化療方案[10]。
3.3SBA的輔助化療
輔助化療指根治術(shù)后所進(jìn)行的化療。目的在于殺滅手術(shù)無法清除的微小病灶,減少復(fù)發(fā),提高生存率。幾項回顧性研究表明[11-13],SBA根治術(shù)后行輔助化療并未生存獲益。然而Overman等[14]回顧分析54例行根治性手術(shù)切除的SBA患者,術(shù)后行輔助化療能夠延長無病生存時間(disease-free survival,DFS)(HR=0.27,P=0.05),高危復(fù)發(fā)組(淋巴結(jié)≥10%陽性)輔助化療能夠延長生存(HR=0.04,P=0.04)。Ecker等[15]回顧分析1998年至2011年美國國家癌癥數(shù)據(jù)庫(National Cancer Data Base,NCDB)1 674例術(shù)后接受輔助化療的SBA患者和3 072例單純接受手術(shù)的SBA患者,輔助化療能夠延長Ⅲ期SBA患者的中位生存時間(overall survival,OS)(42.4個月vs.26.1個月,P<0.001)。
盡管缺乏足夠證據(jù)支持術(shù)后輔助化療,NCDB分析顯示20年間(1985年至2005年)SBA術(shù)后輔助化療比例上升16%(8%~24%)[16]。
鑒于5-FU聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑在晚期SBA姑息化療和結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后輔助化療中的有效性,法國指南推薦5-FU聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療方案(12個周期FOLFOX方案)用于ⅡB期和Ⅲ期SBA術(shù)后輔助化療。對于低分化和清掃淋巴結(jié)<10個的ⅡA期SBA患者術(shù)后輔助化療需要酌情考慮,其他ⅡA期和Ⅰ期SBA輔助化療不推薦。
由國際罕見癌倡議發(fā)起的評估SBA的R0切除術(shù)后輔助化療價值的Ⅲ期臨床研究(BALAD研究)正在進(jìn)行中。
3.4晚期SBA的姑息化療
有回顧性研究表明[17-20],相比最佳支持治療(OS 僅4~7個月),姑息化療能夠延長晚期SBA患者OS (11~15個月)。常用的化療藥物包括5-FU、卡培他濱、奧沙利鉑、順鉑、吉西他濱和伊立替康等。5-FU藥物與鉑鹽的結(jié)合臨床驗證是最有效的化療方案。
有關(guān)晚期SBA化療的最大樣本研究(共入組93例患者)是來自法國的多中心回顧性AGEO研究[21],表明一線FOLFOX方案是最有效的含鉑化療方案。一線采用FOLFOX方案化療的晚期SBA患者的中位無進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survial,PFS)為6.9個月,中位OS為17.8個月。日本一項回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),姑息化療可以延長Ⅳ期SBA患者OS,中位OS為11個月,而未接受化療的Ⅳ期SBA患者僅3.3個月[22]。
迄今為止,仍缺乏前瞻性Ⅲ期隨機(jī)對照研究比較不同化療方案治療晚期SBA的療效區(qū)別。兩項前瞻性Ⅱ期臨床研究[23-24],分別采用一線改良FOLFOX 和CapeOX方案治療晚期SBA患者,客觀有效率(ob?jective response rate,ORR)分別為48.5%和52.0%,PFS分別為7.8個月和11.3個月,OS分別為15.2個月和20.4個月。
基于以上數(shù)據(jù),5-FU聯(lián)合鉑類可能被推薦為晚期SBA的一線化療方案。具體化療方案推薦FOLF?OX方案或CapeOX方案。發(fā)生于十二指腸乳頭的進(jìn)展期壺腹部腺癌,也可選擇吉西他濱為基礎(chǔ)的化療方案[25]。
現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)缺乏評估晚期SBA患者二線化療的數(shù)據(jù)。法國AGEO研究[26]回顧性發(fā)現(xiàn)一線采用含鉑化療方案失敗后,28例患者二線采用FOLFIRI方案化療的疾病控制率為52%,中位PFS為3.2個月。
3.5晚期SBA的靶向治療
盡管已有靶向藥物應(yīng)用于晚期SBA的個案報道[27-28],但目前仍缺乏抗血管生成藥物和抗EGFR藥物用于晚期SBA的確切療效數(shù)據(jù)。評價抗血管生成藥物和抗EGFR藥物用于晚期SBA的療效和安全性的Ⅰ期與Ⅱ期臨床研究正在進(jìn)行。
SBA的部位、大小和TNM分期是獨立預(yù)后因素,其中TNM分期是最重要的預(yù)后因素[29]。SBA總的5 年OS:Ⅰ期≥50%、Ⅱ期為40%~50%,Ⅲ期為10%~40%,Ⅳ期<5%[30]。
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(2016-03-29收稿)
(2016-05-20修回)
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small bowel adenocarcinoma
Kaichun LI,Jie DU,Shiyu CHENG,Jin LI
Correspondence to:Jin LI;E-mail:tianyoulijin@163.com
Department of Oncology,Tianyou Hospital of Tongji University,Shanghai 200331,China
Small bowel adenocarcinoma(SBA)is a relatively uncommon neoplasm with poor prognosis.However,the incidence rate of this condition increases.SBA is usually diagnosed at the late stages,and the majority of patients present with the advanced stage. Data are limited when making decisions for treatment because of the lack of randomized trials for SBA.Radical surgery is considered necessary when possible.Adjuvant chemotherapy is predicted to be beneficial,but this procedure has not yet been investigated through randomized trials.Platinum-based chemotherapy is apparently the most effective treatment regimen used in retrospective trials for advanced SBA.Targeted therapies,such as those against the angiogenetic pathway or the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway,have not yet been established for this type of cancer.This article reviews the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of SBA.
small intestine,adenocarcinoma,diagnosis,therapeutics
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.13.363
同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬天佑醫(yī)院腫瘤科(上海市200331)
李進(jìn)tianyoulijin@163.com
1.3TNM分期
SBA的TNM分類與SBA腫瘤分期[6](表1,2)。
表1SBA的TNM分類
Table 1TNM classification of small bowel adenocarcinoma
Note.The non-peritonealized perimuscular tissue for the jejunum and ileum is part of the mesentery.For the duodenum,it is part of the retroperitoneum in areas where there is no serosa
Item Primary tumour(T)TxT0 Tis T1 T1a T1b T2T3T4 Primary tumour cannot be assessed No evidence of primary tumour Carcinoma in situ Tumour invades the lamina propria,muscularis mucosa or submucosa Tumour invades the lamina propria or muscularis mucosa Tumour invades the submucosa Tumour invades the muscularis propria Tumour invades 2 cm or less into the subserosa or into the non-peritonealized perimuscular tissue(mesentery or retroperitoneuma)Tumour perforates the visceral peritoneum or directly invades other organs or structures,including: -other loops of the small intestine,mesentery or retroperitoneum by more than 2 cm -through the serosa into the abdominal wall -the pancreas(only for tumours in the duodenum)Regional lymph nodes(N)NxN0N1N2 Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed No regional lymph node metastasis Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes Metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes Distant metastasis(M)MxM0M1 Distant metastasis cannot be assessed No distant metastasis Distant metastasis
表2SBA的腫瘤分期
Table 2Tumor stages of small bowel adenocarcinoma
Stage T 0ⅠⅡA Tis T1,T2ⅡB ⅢA ⅢB ⅣT3T4 Any T Any T Any T N N0N0N0N0N1N2 Any N MM0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M1
李開春專業(yè)方向為惡性腫瘤化療和分子靶向治療。E-mail:shtumor@163.com