陳乃葆 張 巖,2▲ 朱苗苗 田雪丹
1.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院麻醉學(xué)系,山東濰坊261000;2.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科,山東濰坊261000
氫嗎啡酮應(yīng)用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)超前鎮(zhèn)痛的效果
陳乃葆1張巖1,2▲朱苗苗1田雪丹1
1.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院麻醉學(xué)系,山東濰坊261000;2.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科,山東濰坊261000
目的探討靜脈注射氫嗎啡酮用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)超前鎮(zhèn)痛中的效果及其不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。方法選擇我院擇期行婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)的60例患者(ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí)),隨機(jī)分為H組和C組,各30例。C組在縫皮前不予任何鎮(zhèn)痛藥,H組縫皮前15 min靜脈注射氫嗎啡酮0.01 mg/kg。兩組患者分別于術(shù)后1 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、8 h(T3)采集VAS、BCS評(píng)分,當(dāng)患者的VAS評(píng)分為10分,BCS評(píng)分為0級(jí)時(shí),以哌替啶50 mg肌注鎮(zhèn)痛,并記錄術(shù)后初次使用哌替啶的時(shí)間及使用次數(shù)、例數(shù),隨訪記錄不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率。結(jié)果H組術(shù)后T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)的VAS評(píng)分明顯低于C組,而BCS評(píng)分明顯高于C組(P<0.05);H組術(shù)后使用哌替啶例數(shù)及次數(shù)低于C組,哌替啶的初次使用時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于C組(P<0.05);H組和C組咽喉疼痛發(fā)生率分別為6.7%和53.3%(P<0.05);兩組的不良反應(yīng)中頭昏嗜睡和惡心嘔吐的比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論氫嗎啡酮用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)的超前鎮(zhèn)痛,對(duì)術(shù)后切口疼有顯著鎮(zhèn)痛效果,且可減少術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛藥用量,減少不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,患者術(shù)后蘇醒安全迅速。
氫嗎啡酮;超前鎮(zhèn)痛;婦科;腹腔鏡
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the effect and safety of preemptive analgesia with hydromorphone in gynaecological laparoscopic surgery through intravenous injection.Methods 60 female adult patients(ASAⅠorⅡ)who underwent the gynaecological laparoscopic surgery were randomly divided into two groups(30 cases of each group):hydromorphone group(group H)and placebo group(group C).Patients in group C were not given any analgesics before suture.Patients in group H were given 0.01 mg/kg hydromorphone through intravenous injection before suture,the interval was 15 minutes. After operation,the pain of incision was assessed by VAS and BCS scores at 1 h(T1),4 h(T2)and 8 h(T3)respectively. When the VAS scores reached 10 and the BCS score was 0,patients were given intramuscular administration of 50 mg meperidine to relieve the pain.The time used and intervals of meperidine,the cases of using meperidine,and the incidence of sore throat in patients were recorded.Results The VAS scores of patients at T2and T3after operation in group H were significantly lower than that of group C,while the BCS scores were higher than that of group C(P<0.05);The times of using meperidine,and the cases of using meperidine in group H were lower than those in group C,the initial use time of meperidine of group H was longer than that of group C(P<0.05).The incidence of sore throat was lower in group H than that of group C(6.7%vs 53.3%)(P<0.05),while there were no differences between the two groups in the incidence of vomiting and nausea(P>0.05).Conclusion Preemptive analgesia with hydromorphone can lighten the postoperative pain effectively,it can also reduce the usage of analgesics and adverse reactions,and has the advantages of safety and promote a faster recovery.
[Key words]Hydromorphone;Preemptive analgesia;Gynecology;Laparoscopy
氫嗎啡酮作為一種強(qiáng)效阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥,在臨床上已經(jīng)開始廣泛應(yīng)用[1]。作為一種半合成阿片類藥物,氫嗎啡酮主要激動(dòng)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)μ-阿片受體發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用。氫嗎啡酮因其在化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化使其在鎮(zhèn)痛作用、理化性質(zhì)等方面均優(yōu)于嗎啡[2]。本研究擬采用氫嗎啡酮靜脈注射用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)的超前鎮(zhèn)痛,并觀察其術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況,為其在臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1一般資料
選擇2015年11月~2016年3月在我院擇期行婦科腔鏡手術(shù)的60例患者(ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí)),排除患有嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎疾病及其他系統(tǒng)疾病者。將患者隨機(jī)分為氫嗎啡酮組(H組)和對(duì)照組(C組),各30例。術(shù)前告知視覺模擬評(píng)分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)和舒適度評(píng)分(bruggrmann comfort scale,BCS)的評(píng)分方法[3]。本研究經(jīng)院倫理委員會(huì)同意,患者知情并簽署知情同意書。兩組一般資料的比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組一般資料比較[(±s)]
表1 兩組一般資料比較[(±s)]
組別n年齡(歲)身高(cm)體重(kg)BMI(kg/m2)C組30 H組30 t值P 40.67±5.77 39.97±6.72 0.431>0.05 162.43±6.91 163.23±5.62 0.582>0.05 59.63±5.36 58.97±4.92 0.237>0.05 22.61±1.64 22.13±1.48 0.145>0.05
1.2方法
患者入室開放靜脈通道,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征,行氣管插管全身麻醉。手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min,H組患者靜注0.01 mg/kg氫嗎啡酮(宜昌人福藥業(yè)生產(chǎn),產(chǎn)品批號(hào):1150401),C組不給予任何鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,當(dāng)患者VAS評(píng)分為10分,BCS為0級(jí)時(shí),予哌替啶50 mg肌注鎮(zhèn)痛。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
術(shù)中監(jiān)測(cè)患者血氧飽和度、心率、血壓、心電圖。術(shù)后1 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、8 h(T3)進(jìn)行隨訪,進(jìn)行疼痛評(píng)分及舒適度評(píng)分,分別依據(jù)VAS評(píng)分法[4]和BCS評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。記錄術(shù)后初次使用哌替啶的時(shí)間及使用例數(shù)、次數(shù)。記錄不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS18.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,行χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,比較行t檢驗(yàn)及方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1兩組患者術(shù)后各時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分、BCS評(píng)分比較
H組患者術(shù)后T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)的VAS評(píng)分明顯低于C組(P<0.05),BCS評(píng)分明顯高于C組(P<0.05),見表2、3。
表2 兩組患者術(shù)后各時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分(±s,分)
表2 兩組患者術(shù)后各時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分(±s,分)
組別n T1T2T3C組H組t值P 30 30 1.00±0.79 0.17±0.38 1.264>0.05 5.57±0.73 1.47±0.51 6.438<0.05 7.03±0.81 3.93±1.11 6.015<0.05
表3 兩組患者術(shù)后各時(shí)點(diǎn)BCS評(píng)分(±s,分)
表3 兩組患者術(shù)后各時(shí)點(diǎn)BCS評(píng)分(±s,分)
組別n T1T2T3C組H組t值P 30 30 3.47±0.51 3.70±0.47 0.965>0.05 1.47±0.51 2.70±0.47 4.667<0.05 0.47±0.51 1.40±0.77 4.153<0.05
2.2兩組患者術(shù)后應(yīng)用哌替啶的情況比較
術(shù)后H組初次使用哌替啶的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于C組,且使用哌替啶的例數(shù)及次數(shù)均少于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。
表4 兩組患者術(shù)后應(yīng)用哌替啶的情況比較
2.3兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況比較
與H組2例(6.7%)相比,C組16例(53.3%)發(fā)生咽喉疼痛,組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);H組頭昏嗜睡與惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率高于C組,但組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);試驗(yàn)過程兩組患者均未發(fā)現(xiàn)呼吸抑制,見表5。
表5 兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況比較n(%)
近年來學(xué)界在疼痛治療中提出了“超前鎮(zhèn)痛”這一概念,“超前鎮(zhèn)痛”主要通過抑制外周和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的敏感化來阻斷疼痛的產(chǎn)生,從而起到術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的作用[5]。目前,婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)因其創(chuàng)傷小而被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,但患者術(shù)后仍存在疼痛刺激,對(duì)患者的住院時(shí)間及恢復(fù)有很大的影響。
氫嗎啡酮主要作用于阿片受體,其與傳統(tǒng)嗎啡的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)不同,其鎮(zhèn)痛作用是嗎啡的5~10倍。氫嗎啡酮與μ和δ受體的親和力高于嗎啡,氫嗎啡酮的鎮(zhèn)痛效果更顯著[6]。在術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛中氫嗎啡酮有著極其顯著的優(yōu)勢(shì),其不良反應(yīng)與其他阿片藥物相比要少很多[7]。氫嗎啡酮的脂溶性是嗎啡的10倍,易穿透血腦屏障快速作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),生物利用率高[8]。相關(guān)研究顯示[9-12],與嗎啡相比靜脈注射氫嗎啡酮的成癮率低、不良反應(yīng)少,且代謝產(chǎn)物無活性。
本研究采用手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min靜脈注射氫嗎啡酮0.01 mg/kg,結(jié)果在術(shù)后T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)H組患者的疼痛VAS評(píng)分明顯低于C組,BCS評(píng)分明顯高于C組,表明氫嗎啡酮對(duì)腹腔鏡手術(shù)術(shù)后切口性疼痛鎮(zhèn)痛效果明顯。術(shù)后H組患者初次使用哌替啶的時(shí)間相對(duì)于C組延長(zhǎng),且使用哌替啶的例數(shù)及次數(shù)均低于C組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,并且H組T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分明顯低于C組(P<0.05)。但氫嗎啡酮靜脈注射的作用持續(xù)時(shí)間僅為2~3 h,由于給藥時(shí)間點(diǎn)的差異,作用時(shí)間有了顯著的差異,單從藥理學(xué)機(jī)制無法解釋這一現(xiàn)象,其可能與氫嗎啡酮超前鎮(zhèn)痛抑制了中樞和外周疼痛敏化,從而能使H組患者的痛閾維持在較高水平,不產(chǎn)生過激的疼痛反應(yīng),進(jìn)而延長(zhǎng)鎮(zhèn)痛作用時(shí)間有關(guān)[13],氫嗎啡酮的這一藥理學(xué)特性可以起到良好的蘇醒期鎮(zhèn)痛作用,彌補(bǔ)術(shù)中所用的麻醉性鎮(zhèn)痛藥物在蘇醒期的作用減弱或者消失后導(dǎo)致的不良后果[14]。
在不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率方面,相對(duì)于C組16例(53.3%),H組只有2例(6.7%)發(fā)生咽喉疼痛,兩組之間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;兩組患者頭昏嗜睡與惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;兩組患者均未出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制。結(jié)果表明氫嗎啡酮不增加?jì)D科腹腔鏡手術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率,氫嗎啡酮超前鎮(zhèn)痛降低患者咽喉疼痛的發(fā)生率明顯低于C組,說明預(yù)注氫嗎啡酮超前鎮(zhèn)痛能有效降低術(shù)后相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率[15]。
綜上所述,氫嗎啡酮超前鎮(zhèn)痛用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù),對(duì)術(shù)后疼痛有顯著的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,可以減少術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥的使用和不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生,且符合快速康復(fù)這一理念,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
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Preemptive analgesia with hydromorphone in gynaecological laparoscopic surgery
CHEN Naibao1ZHANG Yan1,2ZHU Miaomiao1TIAN Xuedan1
1.Department of Anesthesiology,Weifang Medical University,Weifang261000,China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University,Weifang261000,China
R614
B
1673-9701(2016)24-0135-03
2016-05-08)