薛亞斌,呂紅博,杜同心,孫偉
微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)行喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃的臨床效果探討
薛亞斌,呂紅博,杜同心,孫偉△
目的探討微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)行喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃的可行性、安全性。方法回顧性分析新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院行微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)的食管鱗癌患者163例,依術(shù)式的不同分為常規(guī)組63例、右側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃組(右側(cè)組)53例、雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃組(雙側(cè)組)47例。比較各組患者術(shù)后病理情況、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后住院時(shí)長、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)及肺炎、吻合口瘺、喉返神經(jīng)損傷等并發(fā)癥情況。病理情況包括腫瘤部位、病理分化程度、T分期以及病理分期。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥隨訪至術(shù)后6個(gè)月。結(jié)果常規(guī)組、右側(cè)組、雙側(cè)組的腫瘤部位、病理分化程度、T分期以及病理分期差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。常規(guī)組出血量大于右側(cè)組和雙側(cè)組(P<0.05),右側(cè)組與雙側(cè)組出血量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;常規(guī)組、右側(cè)組及雙側(cè)組的總淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)及胸腔淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)依次升高,組間多重比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而其他組間手術(shù)情況及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)行雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃具有較好的安全性及可行性。
食管腫瘤;外科手術(shù),微創(chuàng)性;喉返神經(jīng);淋巴結(jié)切除術(shù);McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)
每年我國食管癌新發(fā)病例數(shù)占全球1/2以上,食管癌發(fā)病率居各類腫瘤第5位,死亡率居第4位[1-3]。目前,手術(shù)依然是治療食管癌的首選方式。近年,腔鏡輔助技術(shù)得到較快發(fā)展,其中微創(chuàng)食管切除手術(shù)(minimally invasive esophagectomy,MIE)具有創(chuàng)傷小、出血少、恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少和患者術(shù)后早期生活質(zhì)量高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),得到廣泛研究及應(yīng)用[4-6]。有研究顯示,食管癌喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率高達(dá)25.2%,嚴(yán)重影響食管癌術(shù)后的預(yù)后[7]。但作為MIE的一種術(shù)式,微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)在是否能達(dá)到根治性地完成縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃,尤其是喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃的可行性、安全性及徹底性問題仍存在爭議[8]。本文回顧性分析于我院行微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)的163例食管癌患者的喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)情況,以期為臨床提供參考。
1.1 研究對象選取2011年1月—2015年12月于我院胸外科行微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)者163例,男106例,女57例,年齡35~79歲,均于術(shù)前行胃鏡病理證實(shí)為食管鱗癌,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照食管癌規(guī)范化診療指南(第2版)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前均行胃鏡活檢病理診斷,術(shù)后經(jīng)病理學(xué)檢查確定診斷。(2)術(shù)前均行胸部及上腹部增強(qiáng)CT、腹部B超檢查排除遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者。(3)行微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前T分期>T3。(2)食管胃結(jié)合部腫瘤患者。(3)雜交微創(chuàng)食管癌手術(shù)者。(4)由于各種原因中轉(zhuǎn)為開放手術(shù)者。(5)由于術(shù)后失訪導(dǎo)致病例資料不全者。所有患者經(jīng)術(shù)前胸部平掃加增強(qiáng)CT均提示無明顯外侵,其中有2例行術(shù)前輔助放、化療,3例行術(shù)前DDP-5-FU[8]輔助化療方案化療。163例患者依術(shù)式的不同分為常規(guī)組、右側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃組(右側(cè)組)、雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃組(雙側(cè)組),各組年齡、性別、民族構(gòu)成差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
Tab.1Comparison of general clinical data between three groups of patients表1 患者一般臨床資料比較
1.2 手術(shù)方法各組術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備與常規(guī)食管癌手術(shù)相同,患者均采用左頸、右胸及腹的食管癌手術(shù)體位。手術(shù)過程:患者采用側(cè)腹臥位,依靠重力作用使右肺下垂并暴露后縱隔。參照文獻(xiàn)[9]行食管和腹部胃的游離、管狀胃的制作及頸部吻合。常規(guī)組淋巴結(jié)清掃包括隆突下淋巴結(jié),食管旁淋巴結(jié),胃小彎側(cè)淋巴結(jié),胃左、肝總與腹腔動(dòng)脈旁淋巴結(jié);右側(cè)組在常規(guī)組的基礎(chǔ)上增加右側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié);雙側(cè)組在常規(guī)組基礎(chǔ)上增加了右側(cè)和左側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃。
1.3 結(jié)果觀察比較各組患者術(shù)后病理情況、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中的出血量、術(shù)后住院時(shí)長、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)及并發(fā)癥情況。病理情況包括腫瘤部位、病理分化程度、T分期以及病理分期。T分期主要依據(jù)食管原發(fā)腫瘤的侵潤深度:Tis為重度不典型增生,T1為腫瘤侵犯黏膜固有層、黏膜肌層或者黏膜下層,T2為腫瘤侵犯食管肌層,T3為腫瘤侵犯食管纖維膜。病理分期以食管癌規(guī)范化診療指南(第2版)為準(zhǔn)。喉返神經(jīng)損傷診斷以術(shù)后3個(gè)月鼻咽喉鏡結(jié)果為準(zhǔn)。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥隨訪至術(shù)后6個(gè)月,以美國胸外科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(Society of Thoracic Surgery)普胸外科數(shù)據(jù)庫登記表2.081版為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10]。1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用表示,2組間均數(shù)比較用t檢驗(yàn),多組間均數(shù)比較用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較用采用SNK-q檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α= 0.05。
2.1 各組術(shù)后病理結(jié)果差異的比較常規(guī)組、右側(cè)組、雙側(cè)組的腫瘤部位、病理分化程度、T分期以及病理分期差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表2。
Tab.2Pathological condition after operation in three groups表2 各組術(shù)后病理情況
2.2 各組手術(shù)情況及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的比較常規(guī)組出血量大于右側(cè)組和雙側(cè)組(P<0.05),但右側(cè)組與雙側(cè)組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);常規(guī)組、右側(cè)組及雙側(cè)組的總淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)及胸腔淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)依次升高,組間多重比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);而其他組間手術(shù)情況及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表3。
我國食管癌以食管中段鱗癌最為常見,由于食管癌有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移特點(diǎn),中段食管鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移好發(fā)于上縱隔喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)[11-12],轉(zhuǎn)移率可高達(dá)25.2%[7]。與西方國家常見的因反流性食管炎引起的食管下段腺癌不同,我國食管中段淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移好發(fā)于上縱隔淋巴結(jié),所以手術(shù)方式上也有所區(qū)別,而微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)對于上縱隔喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)的清掃具有優(yōu)勢[13-14]。然而,喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)位于頸胸交界處,開放狀態(tài)下清掃困難,且腔鏡狀態(tài)下由于器械與操作角度的限制,清掃該區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)時(shí)可能增加喉返神經(jīng)損傷及肺部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的概率[15]。Safranek等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),喉返神經(jīng)損傷會(huì)導(dǎo)致吸痰,增加呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,短時(shí)間內(nèi)嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量。因此,本研究將患者按清掃情況分為常規(guī)組、右側(cè)組與雙側(cè)組,對比各組術(shù)中及術(shù)后6個(gè)月的相關(guān)指標(biāo)差異,以探討喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃的可行性及安全性。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,各組年齡、性別、族別、腫瘤部位差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性,在術(shù)后病理方面,各組腫瘤部位,病理分化程度,T分期及病理分期差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但常規(guī)組的Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期患者達(dá)43例,較右側(cè)組及雙側(cè)組多,提示我院在開展微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)的患者中以早期食管癌為主,主要考慮這在一定程度上可以降低手術(shù)難度及風(fēng)險(xiǎn),相關(guān)研究亦顯示對早期食管癌進(jìn)行手術(shù),術(shù)者可較快達(dá)到手術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)曲線平臺(tái)期[17]。
有研究顯示,雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃組與常規(guī)清掃組微創(chuàng)食管癌手術(shù)時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而前者出血量大于后者[18]。本研究亦顯示各組手術(shù)時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,與上述研究結(jié)果相近,但常規(guī)組出血量大于右側(cè)組及雙側(cè)組,與上述研究不同,考慮原因可能為一般情況下對常規(guī)組進(jìn)行手術(shù)的醫(yī)師主要處于微創(chuàng)手術(shù)早期學(xué)習(xí)階段,經(jīng)驗(yàn)相對行右側(cè)和雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃的醫(yī)師不足,可能導(dǎo)致了患者術(shù)中出血較多。本研究中各組術(shù)后住院時(shí)長和并發(fā)癥差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相似[18],分析原因可能為雖然右側(cè)組及雙側(cè)組較常規(guī)組增加了喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃,增加了手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷,但未明顯增加患者術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,排除醫(yī)師經(jīng)驗(yàn)影響,說明雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃具有一定的可行性和安全性。另外,雙側(cè)組總淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)和胸腔淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)高于右側(cè)組及常規(guī)組,與Ma等[9]的研究結(jié)果基本一致,而右側(cè)組和雙側(cè)組右喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,考慮原因可能為微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)經(jīng)右側(cè)胸腔清掃淋巴結(jié),而右側(cè)淋巴結(jié)與右側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)毗鄰,存在界限認(rèn)識(shí)差異。
綜上所述,微創(chuàng)McKeown食管癌切除術(shù)行雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)旁淋巴結(jié)清掃相對常規(guī)清掃和右側(cè)清掃,具有較好的安全性及可行性,然而本研究隨訪時(shí)間較短,長期預(yù)后情況仍需進(jìn)一步研究深入。
Tab.3The complications before and after operation in three groups表3 各組患者手術(shù)及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況
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(2016-04-26收稿2016-07-19修回)
(本文編輯陸榮展)
Feasibility and safety of McKeown-type minimally invasive esophagectomy in para-recurrent laryngeal nerve lymphadenectomy
XUE Yabin,LYU Hongbo,DU Tongxin,SUN Wei△
Thoracic Surgery,the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi 830001,China△
ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility and safety of Mckeown-type minimally invasive esophagectomy in para-recurrent laryngeal nerve lymphadenectomy.MethodsA total of 163 cases underwent minimally invasive McKeown resection for esophageal carcinoma in the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into routine treatment group(n=63),right recurrent nerve lymph node dissection group(right group,n=53)and bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node dissection group(bilateral group,n=47)according to the operation modes.The postoperative pathology,operation time,intraoperative bleeding volume,postoperative hospitalization time,number of lymph nodes and pneumonia,anastomotic fistula,laryngeal nerve injury and other complications were compared between three groups of patients.Pathological conditions were consisted of the location of tumor,the degree of differentiation,T stage and pathological stage.Postoperative complications were followed up for 6 months.ResultsThere were no significant differences in tumor location,pathological differentiation degree,T stage and pathologic stage between three groups.The amount of bleeding was more in the routine group than that of the right group and the bilateral group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the amount of bleeding between the right group and the bilateral group.The total lymph nodes and thoracic lymph nodes were increased in order in routine group,the right group and the bilateral group,and there was significant difference between three groups(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in other operation data and complications between three groups.ConclusionMcKeown-type minimally invasive esophagectomy shows good feasibility and safety for para-recurrent laryngeal nerve lymphadenectomy.
esophagealneoplasms;surgicalprocedures,minimallyinvasive;recurrentlaryngealnerve;lymphadenectomy;Mckeown-type minimally invasive esophagectomy
R735.1
A
10.11958/20160351
新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院胸外科(郵編830001)
薛亞斌(1990),男,碩士在讀,主要從事食管癌及肺癌的臨床與基礎(chǔ)研究
△通訊作者E-mail:sunw69@163.com