王蘭芳 林娟 王小敏 吉貞料
【摘要】目的:考察聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(PCR)與血清酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)在生殖器皰疹中的應(yīng)用效果差異。方法:選取140例生殖器皮膚、黏膜損傷患者,分別采用聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)與血清酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)標(biāo)本中單純皰疹病毒,對(duì)兩種結(jié)果不符患者采用第二種PCR進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。結(jié)果:140例樣本中,PCR檢測(cè)出陽(yáng)性樣本59例,單純HSV-1感染患者6例,單純HSV-2感染患者46例,混合感染患者7例。ELISA檢出陽(yáng)性樣本57例。140例樣本中,有17例結(jié)果不符,采用第二種PCR進(jìn)行檢查證實(shí),ELISA檢測(cè)法敏感性為96.3%、特異性為98.8%、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為89.8%。PCR法敏感性為97.1%、特異性為92.8%、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為95.6%。結(jié)論:相比于PCR法,ELISA法具有更高的敏感度和特異性,避免了樣本間的相互污染,具有臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
【關(guān)鍵詞】生殖器皰疹;PCR檢測(cè);ELISA檢測(cè)
【Abstract】Objectives: To compare the detection effect of polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay on herpes simplex virus infection. Methods: A total of 140 patients were selected in this study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) were used to detect herpes simplex virus respectively. Another PCR method was applied when the results were different.Results: Among those 140 patients, through PCR, there were 57 positive cases, 6 cases of HSV-1 infection, 46 cases of HSV-2 Infection and 7 cases of mixed infection detected. Through ELISA, there were 59 positive cases. Among 140 cases, 17 cases showed no coherent results. In comparison with PCR detection, the sensitivities, specificities and positive predictive values of ELISA were 96.3%, 98.8%, and 89.8%, PCR were 97.1%, 92.8% and 95.6% respectively. Conclusion: It is indicated that ELISA is simple, rapid, high sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of genital herpes; the method is suitable for the testing of large batches of clinical specimens, which is recommended for clinical application.
【Key words】Genital herpes; Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection; Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) detection
【中圖分類號(hào)】R752.1【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】A
生殖器皰疹(genital herpes,GH)是臨床上最為常見的性傳播疾病之一,感染患者不僅生理健康受到嚴(yán)重威脅,還會(huì)顯著影響患者生存質(zhì)量[1,2]。精確的診斷是治療生殖器皰疹的基礎(chǔ),然而目前臨床上多以臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行診斷,錯(cuò)誤率較高且敏感度較低[3,4]。PCR和ELISA是兩種常用的病毒感染臨床檢驗(yàn)方法,分別檢測(cè)病原的DNA和蛋白質(zhì)[5,6]。然而,兩種方法應(yīng)用于生殖器皰疹病毒的檢測(cè)效果卻少有比較。
1材料與方法
1.1病人
選取門診收治的疑似生殖器皰疹病毒感染患者140例,入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡15~70歲;(2)生殖器部位皮膚或黏膜損傷;(3)近2周內(nèi)未服用抗病毒藥物或抗生素,損害局部未用藥?;颊咧橥夂?,取局部滲出液或水泡液送檢,分別進(jìn)行PCR和ELISA檢測(cè)。
1.2檢測(cè)
PCR檢測(cè)采用單純皰疹病毒Ⅰ和Ⅱ型核酸分型檢測(cè)試劑盒(中山大學(xué)達(dá)安基因股份有限公司,批號(hào)H20131025)及HSV核酸擴(kuò)增試劑盒(中山大學(xué)達(dá)安基因股份有限公司,批號(hào)H20140219),先使用分型檢測(cè)試劑盒進(jìn)行檢測(cè),若檢測(cè)結(jié)果與ELISA檢測(cè)不相同則使用HSV核酸擴(kuò)增試劑盒進(jìn)行第二次檢測(cè)。ELISA檢測(cè)采用單純皰疹病毒抗原酶聯(lián)免疫試劑盒(丹麥DAKO公司,批號(hào)K20140513)。檢測(cè)步驟均嚴(yán)格依照說明書進(jìn)行。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用SPSS 19.0軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率表示,計(jì)算ELISA和PCR法測(cè)定的敏感性、特異性、陰性及陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值。
2結(jié)果
2.1檢測(cè)情況
入選樣本140例,其中男性97例,女性43例。年齡17~69歲,平均(37.9±7.2)歲。PCR檢測(cè)出陽(yáng)性樣本59例檢出率42.1%,單純HSV-1感染患者6例,單純HSV-2感染患者46例,混合感染患者7例。ELISA檢出陽(yáng)性樣本57例檢出率40.7%。140例樣本中,有12例結(jié)果不符,采用第二種PCR進(jìn)行檢查證實(shí),具體結(jié)果見表1。
2.2兩種診斷方法評(píng)價(jià)
利用兩種診斷方法進(jìn)行檢測(cè),出現(xiàn)9例ELISA檢測(cè)陰性而PCR-HSV陽(yáng)性,經(jīng)第二次PCR后6例陰性,3例陽(yáng)性。而3例ELISA檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性而PCR-HSV陰性樣本中,經(jīng)第二次PCR后1例陰性,2例陽(yáng)性。分型PCR的敏感性、特異性、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)率和陰性預(yù)測(cè)率分別為96.3%、92.8%、89.8%、94.4%。ELISA的敏感性、特異性、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)率和陰性預(yù)測(cè)率分別為97.1%、98.8%、95.6%、94.0%。
3討論
性傳播疾病中生殖器皰疹病毒感染最為常見,且HSV感染常與HIV感染并發(fā),有研究稱HSV感染會(huì)促進(jìn)HIV的傳播[7]。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,我國(guó)的生殖器皰疹發(fā)病率為萬分之一至萬分之五[8-10]。目前,對(duì)于生殖器皰疹的診斷主要依據(jù)患者的臨床癥狀進(jìn)行判斷,但是部分患者臨床癥狀不典型或合并了其他疾病如梅毒、尖銳濕疣等[11-13],增加了檢測(cè)難度,因此依據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查增加檢測(cè)靈敏度和特異性有助于改善HSV感染患者的治療。
目前,對(duì)于HSV實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)的方法包括:血清抗體[14]、PCR[15]、細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)[16]和抗原檢測(cè)等[17]。細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)靈敏度和特異性最佳,但其技術(shù)要求較高,培養(yǎng)周期較長(zhǎng)不適合臨床應(yīng)用。血清抗體檢測(cè)最為方便快捷,但其靈敏度和特異性較差[18]。ELISA和PCR是兩種靈敏度、特異性較高且臨床應(yīng)用較為簡(jiǎn)便的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)方法。PCR法敏感性高,在痕量組織中便可以擴(kuò)增到目的條帶,尤其是隨著酶學(xué)的進(jìn)步各種高保真擴(kuò)增酶和抗雜質(zhì)擴(kuò)增酶的出現(xiàn)使得PCR檢測(cè)法可以良好的檢測(cè)樣本。然而由于PCR反應(yīng)過于靈敏因此其容易出現(xiàn)樣本間的污染導(dǎo)致假陽(yáng)性,特異性較低。ELISA法同樣具有較高的敏感性,且特異性也具有較高的保障,但操作較PCR復(fù)雜[20]。本研究中分型PCR的敏感性、特異性、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)率和陰性預(yù)測(cè)率分別為96.3%、92.8%、89.8%、94.4%,也側(cè)面證實(shí)了這一情況。ELISA法是檢測(cè)HSV的保守蛋白,由于檢測(cè)反應(yīng)不涉及擴(kuò)增操作,因此不容易出現(xiàn)樣本間的污染。本研究證實(shí),ELISA的敏感性、特異性、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)率和陰性預(yù)測(cè)率分別為97.1%、98.8%、95.6%、94.0%,與分型PCR法相比較具有更高的特異性和陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)率。然而,由于本研究中應(yīng)用的ELISA檢測(cè)試劑盒無法進(jìn)行分型檢測(cè),因此對(duì)于需要具體鑒別HSV亞型的情況可以聯(lián)合應(yīng)用兩種檢測(cè)方法以提高檢測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性。
綜上所述,相比于PCR法,ELISA法具有更高的敏感度和特異性,避免了樣本間的相互污染,具有臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
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(收稿日期:2015-11-02)