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      玉米耐受鹽脅迫的調(diào)控機(jī)理研究進(jìn)展

      2016-12-17 22:23孫驗玲徐遠(yuǎn)超李帥
      山東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2016年11期
      關(guān)鍵詞:耐鹽性玉米

      孫驗玲+徐遠(yuǎn)超+李帥

      摘要:鹽脅迫是影響玉米生長和產(chǎn)量的一個重要環(huán)境限制因素。鹽脅迫易引發(fā)離子脅迫和滲透脅迫,最終導(dǎo)致植物葉面積擴(kuò)展受阻、光合作用以及生物量積累降低等。植物在適應(yīng)鹽脅迫環(huán)境時能形成許多耐受調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)理,如Na+的外排、Na+區(qū)隔化進(jìn)入液泡、可溶性物質(zhì)的積累和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的清除等。本文對近年來玉米耐鹽機(jī)理的研究進(jìn)展作一概述,內(nèi)容包括鹽脅迫對玉米生長和發(fā)育的影響,玉米對鹽脅迫的生理生化響應(yīng)及分子機(jī)制,基于離子平衡、滲透調(diào)節(jié)、清除活性氧和激素調(diào)節(jié) 4 個方面的玉米耐受鹽脅迫的調(diào)控機(jī)理,并對玉米耐鹽研究存在的問題和前景進(jìn)行了分析和展望。深入研究玉米耐鹽生理和分子機(jī)制,不僅具有重要的科學(xué)意義,而且還能為將來玉米的耐鹽育種提供重要的理論指導(dǎo)。

      關(guān)鍵詞:玉米;耐鹽性;耐鹽生理響應(yīng);耐鹽分子調(diào)控機(jī)制

      中圖分類號:S513.01 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識號:A 文章編號:1001-4942(2016)11-0157-07

      Abstract Salinity stress is one of the most serious environmental constraints to maize growth and productivity. It causes ionic and osmotic stresses, and finally inhibits leaf expansion, restricts photosynthesis and limits the accumulation of biomass. In response to salinity stress, plants have employed many adaptive strategies, such as the active exclusion of sodium ions (Na+) and/or their sequestration into the vacuole, the accumulation of soluble substances and the scavenge of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The research advances of maize salt tolerance in recent years were discussed in this paper, including the effects of salt stress on maize growth and development, the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of maize salt tolerance. Among them, ion homeostasis, osmoregulation, scavenge of ROS and phytohormone regulation were especially summarized about their regulation roles on adaptation to salt stress in maize. In addition, some problems and suggestions for the research of maize salt tolerance were provided. Understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms of maize salt tolerance not only had important scientific significance, but also could provide important theoretical guidance for maize salt resistant breeding in the future.

      Keywords Maize; Salt tolerance; Physiological response of salt tolerance; Molecular mechanism of salt tolerance

      土壤鹽漬化是造成農(nóng)作物減產(chǎn)的重要環(huán)境限制因素之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,全球約有20%的農(nóng)業(yè)耕地遭受鹽漬化的侵蝕,預(yù)計到2050年,有超過50%的耕地將被鹽漬化。我國有3 600×104 hm2的鹽漬地,其中有660×104 hm2是耕地,占全國耕地面積的6.62%,主要集中分布在東北、華北、西北地區(qū)和長江以北等糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)[1]。近年來,我國耕地由于灌溉和施肥不當(dāng)引起的次生鹽漬化問題日益嚴(yán)重,總鹽漬土面積不斷擴(kuò)大,對農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的影響逐年加重。因此,鹽漬地綜合利用與防治成為科研的熱點,其中選育抗鹽或耐鹽的農(nóng)作物品種是最經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的措施之一[2]。

      玉米(Zea mays L.)既是重要的糧食和飼料作物,又是重要的工業(yè)原料。隨著現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)進(jìn)程的加快,目前市場上玉米的需求量日益增大,提高玉米的綜合生產(chǎn)力亟待解決。玉米的耐鹽性相對較差[3,4],其中苗期是整個生長周期的關(guān)鍵時期,該時期對各種外界不利環(huán)境因素的脅迫比較敏感,鹽脅迫使玉米幼苗芽勢弱,胚根少且短,苗弱,成活率低,嚴(yán)重影響其后期生長發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量[5]。因此,對玉米苗期等關(guān)鍵生長期耐受鹽脅迫的調(diào)控機(jī)理研究不僅具有重要的科學(xué)意義,同時也為培育耐鹽品種、提高玉米耐鹽性和產(chǎn)量以及充分發(fā)揮鹽漬土的生產(chǎn)潛力提供理論依據(jù)。

      1 鹽脅迫對玉米生長發(fā)育的影響

      玉米對鹽脅迫較為敏感,其極限鹽度為 170 mmol/L(在一定鹽濃度下,50%的植物能正常生長,超過該濃度時,則50%以上的植物生長受阻,產(chǎn)量降低,這一鹽濃度稱為該植物的極限鹽度),每超過極限鹽度 10 mmol/L,玉米產(chǎn)量降低12%[6]。100 mmol/L NaCl的鹽脅迫可使根莖生長的受抑制程度分別達(dá)20%和50% 以上[7];250 mmol/L NaCl可導(dǎo)致玉米的生長嚴(yán)重受阻,枯萎死亡[8],由此可見,玉米的耐鹽能力較低。玉米遭受鹽脅迫時,其PSⅠ和PSⅡ遭到破壞,尤其是PSⅡ,其幼苗的凈光合速率下降,細(xì)胞間隙CO2濃度升高,氣孔導(dǎo)度降低[9]。另外,鹽脅迫抑制玉米對氮、鉀、鈣、錳和鐵等礦質(zhì)元素的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運,嚴(yán)重阻礙其正常生長和發(fā)育[10-17]。研究表明,玉米受到鹽脅迫后,植株干物質(zhì)積累速度變慢,干物質(zhì)下降,葉面積停止增加,黃葉指數(shù)增大,根變短變粗,節(jié)根條數(shù)增多,側(cè)根及根毛減少,葉、莖和根的鮮重及干重降低[18,19]。

      鹽脅迫誘發(fā)離子脅迫和滲透脅迫,直接傷害玉米植株,進(jìn)而影響植株體內(nèi)各種生理活動。Na+的過度積累影響對K+的吸收,進(jìn)而打亂氣孔運動的正常節(jié)律,導(dǎo)致水分嚴(yán)重缺失,以致玉米枯萎死亡[16, 20,21]。研究表明,NaCl脅迫使玉米幼苗的Na+濃度急劇升高,尤其是在根部[22]。隨著NaCl濃度的增大,地上部和根部的Na+、Cl-含量增加,而K+含量降低[23],抗鹽性高的玉米品種有明顯高的 K+/Na+比率[24]。另外,隨NaCl濃度升高,玉米體內(nèi)Ca2+含量急劇降低[25],生長受到抑制,這可能是因為過量的Na+競爭取代了細(xì)胞膜上結(jié)合的Ca2+,進(jìn)而引發(fā)質(zhì)膜滲漏和細(xì)胞損傷[26]。而Ca2+的加入明顯減輕玉米的鹽脅迫傷害,這可能與Ca2+能降低鹽脅迫引發(fā)的氣孔關(guān)閉、光合作用得到改善有關(guān)[27]。另外,鹽脅迫還可誘導(dǎo)玉米體內(nèi)活性氧過度積累,引發(fā)氧化損傷[28]。

      總之,玉米遭受鹽脅迫的傷害是多方面的,但最終都是質(zhì)膜受損,細(xì)胞內(nèi)離子穩(wěn)態(tài)被破壞,代謝紊亂失衡。

      2 玉米耐鹽的生理生化基礎(chǔ)

      植物在適應(yīng)鹽脅迫環(huán)境時可形成許多耐受調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)理,如離子穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)、有機(jī)滲透物質(zhì)的積累和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的清除等[29-31]。

      2.1 離子平衡的調(diào)控

      在鹽脅迫下,高濃度的Na+嚴(yán)重阻礙作物對K+和Ca2+的吸收和運輸。高濃度Na+可競爭抑制細(xì)胞膜上的Ca2+結(jié)合,破壞質(zhì)膜透性,細(xì)胞內(nèi)Na+急劇增加,而K+大量流失,Na+/K+值增大,從而打破原有的離子平衡,植物即受鹽害[32, 33]。并且,由于K+是細(xì)胞內(nèi)50多種酶的激活劑,細(xì)胞內(nèi)過高濃度的Na+將競爭K+的結(jié)合位點,破壞胞質(zhì)內(nèi)多種酶促過程[34,35]。鹽脅迫下,避免Na+進(jìn)入細(xì)胞和增加細(xì)胞中Na+排出,同時維持細(xì)胞中K+的吸收和減少K+流失,繼而提高K+/Na+比率,是植物應(yīng)對鹽脅迫共同的抵御策略[36]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),耐鹽性玉米雜交種比敏感型雜交種有較高的K+/Na+比率[37]。鹽處理液體培養(yǎng)條件下,玉米雜交種Pioneer 32B33和Pioneer 30Y87有較高的K+和Ca2+含量,以及較高的K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+比率,能產(chǎn)生更高的生物量[38]。

      玉米可把吸收的鹽分區(qū)隔化在根、液泡和質(zhì)外體中,也可通過生理上的調(diào)節(jié)忍受一定濃度的鹽分[39]。鹽脅迫下,玉米地上部和根部 Na+含量增加,根部 Na+、Cl-含量明顯高于地上部,從而使地上部鹽濃度保持較低水平,減緩鹽害作用[23]。同時,根部和進(jìn)入地上部的Na+均可被離子區(qū)隔化進(jìn)入液泡中,以降低細(xì)胞的滲透勢[39]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),100 mmol/L NaCl處理時,玉米液泡中 Na+含量較細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的 Na+含量明顯要高,且玉米質(zhì)外體中 Na+含量也較細(xì)胞質(zhì)明顯要高[23,40]。另外,玉米將過多的Na+和Cl-遷移至莖和葉鞘中,以降低葉片中的離子毒性,也是玉米適應(yīng)高鹽脅迫的策略之一[41]。

      2.2 有機(jī)滲透物質(zhì)的調(diào)節(jié)

      植物受到滲透脅迫造成的不平衡,通常在細(xì)胞內(nèi)積累滲透保護(hù)物質(zhì)(osmoprotectant)以降低細(xì)胞的滲透勢,有利于維持植物在脅迫狀態(tài)下的吸水,以保證植物正常的生理代謝需求。這些相容性溶質(zhì)主要包括脯氨酸(proline,Pro)、甜菜堿(betaine)、海藻糖(trehalose)和多胺(polyamine,PA)等[42-44]。鹽脅迫下,玉米的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)主要是可溶性糖、甜菜堿、游離氨基酸和有機(jī)酸等有機(jī)溶質(zhì),以有機(jī)滲透調(diào)節(jié)為主。脯氨酸(Pro)被認(rèn)為是植物在滲透脅迫下容易積累的一種相容滲透劑(compatibility osmoprotectant),研究表明,不同鹽濃度處理下,玉米幼苗根系的脯氨酸含量均明顯升高[45]。在 400 mmol/L NaCl脅迫下,甜玉米葉片可至少積累600 μmol/g 脯氨酸[46]。Mansour等[47]研究報道,鹽脅迫可促使玉米體內(nèi)脯氨酸和甜菜堿的大量積累。可溶性糖是許多非鹽生植物遭受逆境脅迫下主要的滲透調(diào)節(jié)劑,鹽脅迫條件下,耐鹽強(qiáng)的玉米品種其可溶性糖含量高于鹽敏感的玉米品種[48]。多胺(PA)是一類低分子量脂肪族含氮堿,在植物體內(nèi)既可作為滲透調(diào)節(jié)物對細(xì)胞內(nèi)離子平衡和 pH 進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),又可清除活性氧并增加保護(hù)酶的活性,且還可與含負(fù)電的蛋白、磷酸基團(tuán)和DNA 等大分子結(jié)合影響其構(gòu)象,調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)。研究表明,用不同濃度的鹽處理玉米離體葉片24 h后葉片中多胺含量明顯增加[49]。

      另外,研究報道,上述滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)如甜菜堿(betaine)和亞精胺 (spermidine) 等的外源施加,能使植物提高其耐鹽性[50]。例如,外施低濃度的脯氨酸和甜菜堿等能使鹽脅迫下的番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)葉中維持較高的K+濃度[51],也可使大麥根中鹽脅迫引起的K+外流減少,提高其耐鹽性[52,53]。玉米遭受鹽脅迫時,外施低濃度的甜菜堿可促進(jìn)玉米的生長,提高葉片的水含量和凈光合產(chǎn)能[54]。

      2.3 活性氧應(yīng)答

      鹽脅迫下,活性氧的過度積累能誘發(fā)膜脂過氧化,破壞細(xì)胞膜系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,新陳代謝紊亂,最終導(dǎo)致植物受害[55,56]??寡趸甘侵参矬w內(nèi)的一套清除活性氧系統(tǒng),主要包括超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、過氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、過氧化氫酶(catalase, CAT)和抗壞血酸過氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)和谷胱甘肽還原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)等[57,58]。玉米體內(nèi)抗氧化系統(tǒng)在逆境下表達(dá)量及活性的增加是提高其抗逆能力的重要因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在鹽脅迫下,玉米體內(nèi)的SOD、POD活性升高[59]。另外,不同鹽濃度脅迫下,玉米SOD活性在大喇叭口期最高,灌漿期最低,而POD活性在大喇叭口期最高,三葉期最低,灌漿期略有升高;CAT活性隨著鹽濃度的增加而顯著升高。綜上,耐鹽品種SOD、POD和CAT活性都高于鹽敏感品種[13]。同時,鹽脅迫還可誘導(dǎo)玉米多胺氧化酶(polyamine oxidase,PAO)活性升高,主要作用于葉片伸長區(qū),促進(jìn)生長[60,61]。另外,有研究表明,水培條件下的玉米用含有1 μmol/L H2O2的營養(yǎng)液預(yù)處理2天后,其耐鹽性得到明顯提高[62]。

      2.4 植物激素調(diào)節(jié)

      植物激素在植物適應(yīng)鹽脅迫中起到積極的調(diào)控作用。在鹽脅迫下,植物體內(nèi)的吲哚乙酸(indoleacetic acid,IAA)、脫落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、細(xì)胞分裂素(cytokinin,CTK)、赤霉素(gibberellic acid,GA)等激素均發(fā)生不同程度的變化,其中ABA是受環(huán)境因素影響較大的一種激素[63]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),逆境條件下很多植物中的ABA水平明顯上升[64,65],而且外源ABA處理使植物呈現(xiàn)的形態(tài)和生理反應(yīng)都類似于這些逆境條件的刺激。Younis等[66]研究認(rèn)為,鹽脅迫下,玉米體內(nèi)ABA的積累可調(diào)節(jié)氣孔關(guān)閉,進(jìn)而減少滲透脅迫造成的水分缺失。趙可夫等[67]研究表明,鹽脅迫下外源ABA降低玉米幼苗細(xì)胞的滲透勢,使幼苗在低水勢鹽漬條件下仍可獲得一定水分,還可使地上部和根部的可溶性糖含量比值增大,地上部和根部的滲透勢差增大,有利于水分從根向地上部運輸。Khodary[68]研究報道,外施0.1 mmol/L ABA能改善鹽脅迫下玉米的生長和發(fā)育。另外,葉面噴施2 mmol/L激動素(kinetin, KT)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)能促進(jìn)必需元素的吸收,提高膜透性,進(jìn)而有效對抗鹽脅迫對玉米生長和產(chǎn)量的不利影響[15,69]。外施一定濃度的油菜素內(nèi)酯(brassinosteroid, BR)也可使受鹽脅迫影響的玉米幼苗恢復(fù)生長[70]。

      3 玉米耐鹽的分子調(diào)控機(jī)制

      植物耐鹽性是由多基因控制、多種生理生化及分子機(jī)制調(diào)控下的綜合表現(xiàn)性狀[29,71,72]。鹽脅迫下,玉米中許多基因表達(dá)和蛋白積累的變化是非常重要的。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鹽脅迫下,許多抗氧化防御基因的表達(dá)量增加。例如,玉米莖中過氧化物酶(CAT)的活性升高,其負(fù)責(zé)編碼的mRNA的表達(dá)量也增加[8],而玉米葉片質(zhì)膜上H+-ATPase活性的抑制,可能是由于鹽脅迫誘導(dǎo)編碼無效的H+-ATPase異構(gòu)體的mRNA過量表達(dá)導(dǎo)致的[73,74]。Rodríguez-Kessler 等[75]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鹽脅迫下,玉米中負(fù)責(zé)多胺和亞精胺合成的Zmodc 和Zmspds2A基因的表達(dá)上調(diào),并且,多胺的代謝途徑可能是玉米葉和根共同耐鹽協(xié)調(diào)的重要關(guān)聯(lián)點[76]。此外,鹽脅迫下玉米中β-expansin蛋白的表達(dá)變化與莖生長受阻程度呈正相關(guān),而β-expansin蛋白的表達(dá)變化是與其編碼基因ZmExpB2、ZmExpB6和ZmExpB8的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平相一致[7]。另外,鹽脅迫促使玉米中一些蛋白積累的改變,這些蛋白主要參與碳、氮代謝和酶活性的調(diào)節(jié)[77]。

      目前,普遍認(rèn)為玉米耐鹽性是由位于不同染色體上多個基因控制的數(shù)量性狀[78,79]。因此,培育轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米可能需要同時轉(zhuǎn)移多個基因,但實際操作比較困難。一些生化代謝的關(guān)鍵酶類和鹽脅迫信號傳導(dǎo)的一些重要基因已被克隆并轉(zhuǎn)入玉米中[50],將大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)膽堿脫氫酶基因betA和6-磷酸山梨醇脫氫酶基因gutD轉(zhuǎn)入玉米,轉(zhuǎn)基因植株耐鹽性均得到明顯提高[80-82]。將甜菜堿醛脫氫酶基因(BADH cDNA)整合入玉米基因,轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米的鹽耐性也得到提高[83-85]。另外,將3個負(fù)責(zé)Na+外排的擬南芥基因AtSOS1、AtSOS2和AtSOS3一起轉(zhuǎn)入玉米中,轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米的抗性愈傷耐鹽性明顯增強(qiáng),且后期轉(zhuǎn)基因植株根系較對照發(fā)達(dá)[86]。將AtNHX1基因轉(zhuǎn)入玉米中,AtNHX1的高表達(dá)使其耐鹽性得到顯著提高[87,88]。Chen等[89]將水稻OsNHX1基因轉(zhuǎn)入玉米中,其轉(zhuǎn)基因植株在200 mmol/L NaCl的耐鹽性明顯優(yōu)于野生型。鹽脅迫下,ZmNHX基因表達(dá)的升高可促使玉米葉片液泡膜上Na+/H+逆向轉(zhuǎn)運體將細(xì)胞質(zhì)中更多Na+區(qū)隔化進(jìn)入液泡,保護(hù)細(xì)胞質(zhì)免受Na+毒害[90]。

      隨著生物技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,一系列與抗逆相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相繼被克隆出來,并應(yīng)用到抗逆基因工程的研究中,主要有AP2/EREPB類、MYB/MYC類、bZIP類、WRKY類、NAC類,通過這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的超表達(dá)可以激活多個下游的功能基因來獲得持久的抗逆性[91]。另外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一些轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子能與受鹽堿、干旱等脅迫調(diào)控基因的啟動子相結(jié)合,這些調(diào)控因子將會是用于調(diào)控基因表達(dá)的研究熱點[92],已引起許多科學(xué)家的關(guān)注。如AP2/EREPB類轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子DREB1A與DRE。DRE是調(diào)控許多對鹽脅迫、干旱和低溫等脅迫誘導(dǎo)基因啟動子的順式作用元件。轉(zhuǎn)DREB1A基因植株中DRE基因過量表達(dá),同時,許多與抗脅迫有關(guān)的基因也得以誘導(dǎo)表達(dá),因而,轉(zhuǎn)基因植株的抗逆能力也相應(yīng)增強(qiáng)[93]。

      4 存在問題與展望

      近年來,許多玉米育種、栽培和生理學(xué)家們對玉米耐鹽性進(jìn)行了多方面的深入研究,并取得一定進(jìn)展。盡管如此,國內(nèi)外存在著玉米種質(zhì)資源較匱乏、遺傳多樣性較低等問題,影響玉米耐鹽種質(zhì)的選育和研究。目前對玉米耐鹽性機(jī)制的研究并不十分清楚,如關(guān)于玉米不同品系間耐鹽差異的調(diào)控因素或關(guān)鍵因子是什么?其調(diào)控的分子機(jī)制如何?仍所知甚少。但隨著玉米耐鹽分子機(jī)制研究的不斷深入,很多鹽脅迫相關(guān)的調(diào)控因子的機(jī)理和作用將會被闡釋,進(jìn)而應(yīng)用到玉米基因工程中,這必將為高效耐鹽玉米的培育和玉米產(chǎn)量的提高奠定堅實的理論基礎(chǔ)。

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