朱珠,韓翔,董強
動脈夾層指由于血管內(nèi)膜撕裂或滋養(yǎng)血管破裂引起的壁內(nèi)血腫,可位于內(nèi)膜或外膜下,前者可繼發(fā)血管狹窄閉塞,后者則易導(dǎo)致管腔擴張[1]。顱頸動脈夾層是導(dǎo)致中青年缺血性卒中和蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)的重要病因,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),顱內(nèi)動脈夾層(intracranial artery dissection,IAD)在歐洲人群中的發(fā)生率不足頸部動脈夾層(cervical artery dissection,CAD)的10%[2],但在以東亞人群為對象的研究中IAD的比例則高達67%~90%[3-4]。由于臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,動脈夾層的診斷主要依賴影像學(xué)檢查,但與頸部血管相比,顱內(nèi)動脈管徑細(xì)、走行迂曲,因此診斷更具挑戰(zhàn)性[3]。數(shù)字減影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)盡管被奉為診斷顱內(nèi)血管病變的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但由于并不能觀察到管壁自身的情況,因此對表現(xiàn)為管腔正常或非特異狹窄、閉塞的動脈夾層診斷價值有限[5]?;诖耍瑢W(xué)者們推薦應(yīng)用管壁聯(lián)合管腔成像技術(shù)對動脈夾層進行診斷,并指出確診IAD需要壁內(nèi)血腫證據(jù)或影像學(xué)動態(tài)變化特點[3,6]。本文將對磁共振管壁成像(vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging,VW-MRI)在IAD中的應(yīng)用進行簡要綜述。
顱內(nèi)血管的諸多病變起源于血管壁,而管腔異常則是繼發(fā)性改變,因此諸如計算機斷層掃描血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA),磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)或DSA等管腔成像對顱內(nèi)血管病的診斷存在兩方面不足:其一,對于非特異性的管腔改變?nèi)绐M窄或閉塞難以確定病因[7];其二,某些疾病早期未引起管腔改變時很難發(fā)現(xiàn)異常[8]。VM-MRI則可彌補以上不足,與管腔成像互為補充,提高
顱內(nèi)血管疾病的準(zhǔn)確診斷率。1995年,有研究者首次應(yīng)用VM-MRI比較了顱內(nèi)段頸內(nèi)動脈及椎動脈管壁強化程度與研究人群年齡的關(guān)系,并發(fā)現(xiàn)管壁的強化程度隨著年齡的增長而增加,提示這種強化與顱內(nèi)血管粥樣硬化有關(guān)[9];13年后,Kuker等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)了顱內(nèi)血管壁增厚及強化與血管炎的關(guān)系。近年來VM-MRI技術(shù)正越來越廣泛的應(yīng)用于科學(xué)研究和臨床實踐中。
與頸部血管相比,顱內(nèi)血管細(xì)小且迂曲,如大腦中動脈(middle cerebral artery,MCA)直徑約3~5 mm,管壁厚度僅有0.5~0.7 mm,為清晰顯示管壁結(jié)構(gòu),目前顱內(nèi)血管顯像所應(yīng)用的幾乎均為高分辨率磁共振(high resolution magnetic resonance imaging,H R-M R I)。顱內(nèi)血管周圍多由腦脊液(cerebral spinal fluid,CSF)圍繞,有研究報道,腔內(nèi)血流聯(lián)合腔外CSF信號抑制能更清晰地顯示管壁增厚情況,并有助于對潛在病因進行鑒別[11-15],但需要注意因抑制CSF信號導(dǎo)致的管壁信噪比損失。三維VM-MRI的發(fā)展顯著改善了空間分辨率和(或)信噪比,增加了成像范圍,并可通過多平面重建獲得血管全貌信息;且因圖像采集所需時間更短,降低了運動偽影對圖像質(zhì)量的影響;而增強技術(shù)的應(yīng)用則使得更精確的病因鑒別成為可能[16]。Mossa-Basha等[8]的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),如果能夠較理想地抑制血液和CSF信號,則分辨率約為0.4~0.5 mm3體素的VM-MRI可以準(zhǔn)確顯示三級分支血管的情況。
2.1 診斷 IAD以椎動脈硬膜內(nèi)段最常見[3],典型影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)包括壁內(nèi)血腫、內(nèi)膜瓣、雙腔征及管腔狹窄伴擴張等,它們的發(fā)生率在不同研究中差異較大。在一項研究中,在臨床癥狀與CTA檢查懷疑IAD的患者中,90%以上在MRI成像中可見內(nèi)膜瓣,而50%以上可發(fā)現(xiàn)壁內(nèi)血腫[17],壁內(nèi)血腫在VW-MRI中的典型表現(xiàn)為邊緣銳利的“新月形”管壁增厚伴夾層血管的外徑增大及真腔狹窄或閉塞。另有報道在SAH患者中,管腔擴張伴狹窄最為常見,并且在這部分患者中,節(jié)段性管腔狹窄或閉塞即高度提示IAD的診斷;相反,在無SAH的患者中,單純的管腔狹窄或閉塞則并不具有特異性[18-21]。相似的,非分叉部位的管腔擴張伴狹窄是動脈夾層的特征性表現(xiàn),但單純的管腔擴張并不足以診斷動脈夾層。HR-MRI作為一種組織對比度和空間分辨率均較為理想的多參數(shù)成像序列,不僅可以獲取管腔形態(tài)信息,更重要的是通過管壁成像可直接觀察到動脈夾層所致的特征性壁內(nèi)血腫、內(nèi)膜瓣及雙腔征[22-23],因而被推薦作為診斷動脈夾層的首選方法[3]。利用黑血序列抑制管腔內(nèi)血流,可清晰顯示血管壁內(nèi)膜結(jié)構(gòu),對發(fā)現(xiàn)動脈夾層的特異性征象如內(nèi)膜瓣、雙腔征等十分重要[22,24-25]。Sakurai等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)T1加權(quán)體積各向同性快速自旋回波捕獲(volumetric isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition,VISTA)序列與其他方法比較能更清晰的顯示假腔結(jié)構(gòu)。雙翻轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(double inversion recovery,DIR)黑血成像序列的應(yīng)用還可將壁內(nèi)血腫與腔內(nèi)血栓進行鑒別[26]。Han等[17]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HR-MRI對診斷狹窄閉塞型顱內(nèi)椎動脈夾層的敏感性和特異性均較高,且觀察者間診斷吻合度良好。我國學(xué)者應(yīng)用非增強血管與斑塊內(nèi)出血同步(simultaneous noncontrast angiography and intraplaque hemorrhage,SNAP)磁共振成像在一次掃描中即可同時獲取管腔與管壁形態(tài)信息,使成像時間縮短了50%,且對壁內(nèi)血腫的敏感性達79.2%[27]。另外,短期(3個月)內(nèi)血管形態(tài)恢復(fù)也是診斷顱內(nèi)動脈夾層的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)作為一種無創(chuàng)、無放射性的檢查手段更適合對患者進行隨訪,以明確診斷及判斷治療效果。
2.2 鑒別診斷
2.2.1 動脈粥樣硬化 顱內(nèi)動脈粥樣硬化在亞洲人群中十分常見,常引起顱內(nèi)動脈狹窄或閉塞,當(dāng)繼發(fā)斑塊內(nèi)出血時,與動脈夾層所致的壁內(nèi)血腫鑒別較為困難。但動脈粥樣硬化多不伴有血管外徑擴張,而這卻恰是動脈夾層的重要特征之一,采用基線平行解剖掃描(basiparallel anatomic scanning,BPAS)MRI可清晰呈現(xiàn)血管外膜,從而有助于對二者進行鑒別[28-29]。另有研究者通過定量分析發(fā)現(xiàn)動脈夾層與粥樣硬化所致MCA狹窄的重構(gòu)指數(shù)存在差異,因而提出該方法有望為MCA狹窄的病因診斷提供依據(jù)[4]。
2.2.2 椎動脈發(fā)育不良(vertebral artery hypoplasia,VAH) VAH是先天性的椎動脈細(xì)小,人群中的發(fā)生率約25%[30]。由于多數(shù)患者并無后循環(huán)缺血癥狀,該病既往被認(rèn)為呈良性病程[31],而近年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)VAH可能與后循環(huán)缺血有關(guān)[31-33]。VAH典型的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)為管腔狹窄,并不具有特異性;而管壁厚度正?;蜉^優(yōu)勢側(cè)薄弱,與動脈夾層壁內(nèi)血腫所致的管壁增厚恰好相反。因此VW-MRI對二者的鑒別至關(guān)重要。需要指出的是,VAH可能是動脈夾層的易感因素之一[34],提示對于后循環(huán)卒中尤其是伴有異常形態(tài)VAH的患者,需要進行管壁成像以明確卒中病因?qū)W診斷。
HR-MRI可提供動脈夾層的詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)信息,如內(nèi)膜瓣,假腔出入口,壁內(nèi)血腫體積、長度、延伸方向及分支血管的繼發(fā)改變等[35]。Swartz等[22]研究了不同原因血管病變的管壁成像特點,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在動脈夾層中受累血管呈現(xiàn)不規(guī)則偏心強化,由此提出動脈夾層的發(fā)生可能與血管壁的炎癥相關(guān);Arai等[36]則分析了5例動脈夾層患者VW-MRI的特點,發(fā)現(xiàn)4例存在病變部位的血管壁增強而1例表現(xiàn)為壁內(nèi)血腫近端及遠(yuǎn)端管壁增強,推測炎癥可能是動脈夾層的誘因亦或是動脈夾層發(fā)生后的修復(fù)反應(yīng)。另有研究者指出,動脈夾層呈現(xiàn)的管壁增強可能源自假腔的慢血流或動脈滋養(yǎng)血管[37]??梢姡琕WMRI有望為動脈夾層潛在病因的尋找和病理生理機制的闡釋提供依據(jù)。
夾層的壁內(nèi)血腫信號因發(fā)病時間不同而異,典型的偏心高信號壁內(nèi)血腫(高鐵血紅蛋白)見于發(fā)病后數(shù)天(T1加權(quán)3~4 d,T2加權(quán)7~8 d)至60 d[22-23,38]。Gao等[39]針對MCA夾層的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),壁內(nèi)血腫發(fā)生后2~340 d的信號強度變化與預(yù)期值吻合,指出通過定量分析MRI中的信號變化可估測夾層發(fā)病時間。另有研究證實,急性期與慢性期IAD在病變形態(tài)、強化特征及MRI定量分析參數(shù)方面均存在不同[40],提示MRI可能有助于對動脈夾層進行分期。
HR-MRI管壁成像可直接觀察到動脈夾層的特征性壁內(nèi)血腫,因而可有效彌補管腔成像的不足,提高動脈夾層的診斷率。然而不可否認(rèn),它仍然具有局限性:首先,管壁成像的定位仍然依賴MRA檢查,可導(dǎo)致檢查時間延長,且在整個序列采集過程中需要有經(jīng)驗的技術(shù)人員或影像學(xué)醫(yī)師監(jiān)督,以保證病變血管的正確覆蓋[22];其次,由于顱內(nèi)血管與周圍CSF信號在T1加權(quán)像中相似,致使血管外徑的清晰度相對不足[41];最后,多數(shù)關(guān)于顱內(nèi)血管影像學(xué)診斷的研究難以得到病理證實,因而診斷大多參考顱外血管的管壁成像結(jié)論。
如前文所述,動脈夾層壁內(nèi)血腫的典型信號改變多見于疾病亞急性期,因而急性期(發(fā)病24 h內(nèi))動脈夾層的診斷始終是個難題。Kato等[42]利用定量非對稱回波的最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分離序列(iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation quantitation sequence,IDEALIQ)技術(shù)建立R2*圖,發(fā)現(xiàn)它對急性壁內(nèi)血腫的診斷準(zhǔn)確性達88.9%,顯著高于T2*WI及T1-CUBE序列,并能有效降低顱底骨質(zhì)及血管壁鈣化的干擾作用。但是由于空間分辨率有限,它對內(nèi)膜瓣與雙腔征的診斷效能尚需更多研究證實。此外,通過注射不同類型的對比劑以顯示特定組織與細(xì)胞的分子MRI已在主動脈與心臟疾病研究領(lǐng)域報道[43],相信在不久的將來也會應(yīng)用于動脈夾層的診斷中,以提高該病的早期診斷率,改善患者的預(yù)后。
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