廖艷 李光勤
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缺血性腦卒中溶栓后出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的研究進(jìn)展
廖艷 李光勤
組織型纖溶酶原激活劑(tissue-type plasminogen activator,t-PA)溶栓治療是急性缺血性腦卒中最有效的治療方法。但t-PA溶栓治療會顯著增加出血性轉(zhuǎn)化(hemorrhagic transformation,HT)的發(fā)生率,嚴(yán)重的出血性轉(zhuǎn)化可導(dǎo)致病情急劇惡化,甚至死亡。美國國立神經(jīng)疾病與卒中研究所在2004年的一項研究表明,腦梗死后3h內(nèi)應(yīng)用尿激酶(urokinase,UK)或t-PA治療后的癥狀性出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的發(fā)生率為11%[1]。急性腦卒中后自發(fā)出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的發(fā)生率為10%~43%,應(yīng)用t-PA或鏈激酶溶栓后出血性轉(zhuǎn)化率提高2~3倍[2-4]。因此,了解溶栓后出血性轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)因素對于臨床治療和預(yù)后判斷很重要。
根據(jù)溶栓后影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)HT可分為出血性腦梗死(hemorrhagic infarct,HI)和腦實質(zhì)血腫(parenchymal hematoma,PH)二類,包括4個亞型:(1)HI10圍繞梗死灶邊沿的小出血點;(2)HI20梗死灶內(nèi)出血點融合,但沒有占位效應(yīng);(3)PH10血腫體積<30%的梗死灶,僅有輕度占位效應(yīng);(4)PH20致密血腫體積>30%的梗死區(qū),有明顯占位效應(yīng),或在梗死灶以外任何部位有出血性損傷[5-6]。在大隊列急性缺血性腦卒中研究觀察中HI的發(fā)生率高于PH[7]。
溶栓治療后出血轉(zhuǎn)化的機(jī)制與閉塞血管再通后高灌注、側(cè)支循環(huán)開放及嚴(yán)重腦梗死造成血管壁的缺血性損傷等因素有關(guān)。血管損害與神經(jīng)血管單位內(nèi)的基質(zhì)蛋白水解有一定的關(guān)系,研究表明基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(Matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-9)在腦缺血再灌注后表達(dá)過度,最新研究表明中性粒細(xì)胞在MMP-9發(fā)生的細(xì)胞過程及缺血性組織損傷起主要作用[8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),t-PA可以誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞MMP的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致出血并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。臨床證據(jù)證實MMP-9在缺血性腦卒中溶栓過程中的有害作用,運用t-PA治療,除了溶解血塊的作用,新的研究表明t-PA也是胞外蛋白酶和腦信號分子,通過與NMDA型谷氨酸鹽受體相互作用,t-PA激活MMP,可降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的完整性和增加神經(jīng)血管細(xì)胞死亡的風(fēng)險,使血腦屏障滲漏,水腫和出血[9-10]。
3.1 臨床相關(guān)因素
3.1.1 腦卒中嚴(yán)重程度及發(fā)生部位
腦梗死的面積與HT發(fā)生率密切相關(guān),且大面積腦梗死時HT發(fā)生率顯著增高[11-13]。在大面積腦梗死時常伴周圍腦組織水腫,壓迫周圍血管,血管壁長時間缺血、缺氧,水腫消退后引起HT的發(fā)生。HT常發(fā)生在灰質(zhì),特別是供血豐富的大腦皮層,常導(dǎo)致大面積腦水腫;相反,由終末段血管閉塞引起的白質(zhì)梗死,發(fā)生HT少見。
3.1.2 收縮壓
既往研究表明,血壓不是溶栓后HT的危險因素。最新研究表明,收縮壓變異是缺血性腦卒中早期溶栓后出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重HT的獨立危險因素[14]。可能是較高的血壓變異引起腦灌注不足,導(dǎo)致血腦屏障通透性損傷及破壞[15-16]。
3.1.3 溶栓時間及溶栓劑劑量
t-PA本身可使纖溶活性增強(qiáng),使血管內(nèi)皮損傷,增加出血風(fēng)險。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),溶栓組腦實質(zhì)出血、癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血的發(fā)生率比安慰劑組高, t-PA與腦實質(zhì)出血時間、t-PA與癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血顯著相關(guān)且延遲溶栓更易誘發(fā)HT的發(fā)生[17]。研究指出t-PA在不同的時間點應(yīng)用對血腦屏障通透性方面可以不同程度地影響HT發(fā)生,可能是血腦屏障缺血后導(dǎo)致t-PA可能更容易到達(dá),使血腦屏障滲透性更高,導(dǎo)致HT更容易發(fā)生[18]。溶栓藥物的用量也會影響到HT的發(fā)生。早期研究顯示rt-PA應(yīng)用劑量超過0.9 mg的患者癥狀性HT的發(fā)生率要高于此劑量以下的患者[19]。
3.1.4 糖尿病及高血糖
一項 t-PA 靜脈溶栓治療急性腦梗死研究顯示當(dāng)血糖>8.4 mmol/L 時溶栓后的出血比例顯著增高。當(dāng)血糖>11.1 mmol/L 時癥狀性腦出血風(fēng)險達(dá) 25%[20],可能原因為高血糖損傷微血管,使紅細(xì)胞及體液外漏[21]。最新研究表明,高血糖顯著增加腦卒中后MMP-3活性,加劇HT發(fā)生,運用MMP-3抑制劑顯著減少了HT發(fā)生,同時可改善功能預(yù)后[22]。
3.2 生化指標(biāo)
3.2.1 球蛋白水平
既往研究表明,在動脈溶栓患者中高水平球蛋白是HT的獨立危險因素??赡艿臋C(jī)制與肝臟急性期產(chǎn)生的炎性細(xì)胞因子(IL-1,IL-6,TNF-α),MMP-9和由肝臟中合成陽性急性期反應(yīng)物有關(guān)[23]。
3.2.2 C-反應(yīng)蛋白
既往研究顯示,大腦中動脈供血區(qū)發(fā)生的缺血性腦卒中患者接受t-PA溶栓治療發(fā)生HT的患者中內(nèi)源性C-反應(yīng)蛋白在t-PA 1 h后達(dá)到峰值,2 h時仍處于C-反應(yīng)蛋白峰值的患者更容易發(fā)生梗死后腦實質(zhì)出血和更高的病死率[24]。
3.2.3 血清鐵超載
研究表明,腦梗死患者接受t-PA靜脈溶栓后溶栓前血清鐵蛋白>79 g/L,鐵超載可引起出血性轉(zhuǎn)化??赡艿臋C(jī)制是游離鐵具有細(xì)胞毒性作用,并可產(chǎn)生代表活性氧的羥基和烷氧基,引起或加重機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[25]。
3.2.4 細(xì)胞纖維連接蛋白
血管纖維連接蛋白(fibronectin,F(xiàn)n)幾乎分布于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,F(xiàn)n 水平高低更準(zhǔn)確反映微血管損傷的程度。研究表明,出血性轉(zhuǎn)化者行t-PA治療前血液Fn水平顯著高于沒有發(fā)生出血性轉(zhuǎn)化者,且出血越嚴(yán)重,F(xiàn)n水平越高[26]。
3.2.5 血漿中PAI-1 和TAFI水平
研究表明,血漿中纖溶酶原激活物抑制因子( plasminogen activator inhibitor,PAI)、凝血酶激活的纖溶抑制物( thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI) 水平的變化對纖溶系統(tǒng)的平衡及出血性轉(zhuǎn)化起重要作用[27-29]。如溶栓前及溶栓后的PAI、TAFI表達(dá)水平低均可增加溶栓后出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的風(fēng)險[30]。
3.3 影像學(xué)指標(biāo)
在CT掃描上大腦中動脈高密度征是溶栓后HT發(fā)生的獨立預(yù)測因子[31]。通過單因素及多因素分析證實溶栓前早期CT有缺血改變是溶栓后HT的獨立危險因素[21]。可能原因為頭顱CT有早期缺血改變反映了腦組織缺血的嚴(yán)重性,造成血管壁完整性破壞、通透性增加,從而導(dǎo)致血栓溶解后的出血。MRI在FLAIR成像腦溝高信號提示與HT相關(guān)[32]?!懊⒄鳌笔侵競?cè)腦室旁大量(>10 條)擴(kuò)張的深部髓質(zhì)靜脈(deep medullary vein,DMV)在 SWI 最大密度投影圖中呈現(xiàn)一列由齊整的線條狀信號缺失組成的毛刷狀結(jié)構(gòu)[33]。研究表明,急性腦梗死溶栓后MRI毛刷征陽性的患者HT發(fā)生率高[34]。
了解溶栓治療缺血性腦卒中后HT的相關(guān)機(jī)制及危險因素有助于臨床對于缺血性腦卒中的治療。近年來包括抑制tPA的活性及改善血腦屏障和新型溶栓劑的研究均可以為未來缺血性腦卒中溶栓提供更好的治療措施。外源轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1(GF-β1)保護(hù)基底膜的完整性,從而減小酶原激活劑誘導(dǎo)的血腦屏障破壞和HT。有研究表明,TWS119降低激活劑誘導(dǎo)的HT和減少血腦屏障破壞,可能是通過Wnt信號/β連環(huán)蛋白信號傳導(dǎo)途徑的活化。這項研究提供了一個潛在的治療策略,可以防止缺血性腦卒中溶栓后HT[35]。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)局部腦缺血后運用二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)治療是一個潛在的神經(jīng)保護(hù),可能是由于增加血腦屏障的完整性和抑制細(xì)胞間粘附分子-1表達(dá),運用DHA組合治療可以增加溶栓的安全性和有效性[36]。研究表明,新型溶栓劑SMTP-7抑制MMP-9的活化,減少基底膜受損及血腦屏障的損害,同時降低神經(jīng)功能缺損程度及病死率[37]。上述研究均為今后HT的防治提供了希望。
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(2016-07-07收稿)
400000 重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院[廖艷 李光勤(通信作者)]
R743.3
A
1007-0478(2017)02-0156-03
10.3969/j.issn.1007-0478.2017.02.022