梁奕敏 綜述 王丹茹 審校
兒童瘢痕的綜合治療
梁奕敏 綜述 王丹茹 審校
瘢痕會給患兒帶來容貌和功能損傷,并可能產(chǎn)生一系列并發(fā)癥,包括多毛癥、汗腺分泌障礙、疼痛、瘙癢、感覺遲鈍等,亦可能影響受累部位的發(fā)育。目前,治療瘢痕的方法很多,但尚無針對兒童的特異性治療方法。但是,一些新的治療方法可能使瘢痕患兒得到更好地治療,如瘢痕綜合療法、自體脂肪移植、剝脫性點陣激光等。我們對目前比較前沿的與兒童相關(guān)的瘢痕治療策略進(jìn)行綜述。
瘢痕 兒童 綜合治療
任何深度到達(dá)真皮深層的創(chuàng)傷,如燒傷和其他外傷、炎癥或手術(shù),都可導(dǎo)致瘢痕形成[1]。瘢痕以及伴隨的臨床癥狀,可對患兒身心造成傷害,并影響患兒及其家庭的生活質(zhì)量[2-4]。
由于兒童群體較高的瘢痕患病率及其相關(guān)的生理、心理和社會并發(fā)癥,對于瘢痕的綜合治療有著更為迫切的需求。臨床上,瘢痕的治療目標(biāo)都應(yīng)與患者共同制定,應(yīng)側(cè)重于減輕癥狀、減少合并癥、縮小瘢痕體積,并盡可能地恢復(fù)功能和外觀。我們就目前最新的關(guān)于兒童瘢痕的治療策略進(jìn)行綜述。
對于瘢痕的廣泛研究,使得對這一領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)識越來越深刻,已有多種臨床綜合治療方案獲得了較好的治療效果,并被逐漸用于兒童患者[5-7]。
瘢痕的預(yù)防已得到了臨床足夠的重視,但仍需要貫穿于創(chuàng)傷愈合的所有環(huán)節(jié),如及時和正確的清創(chuàng)、減張縫合、預(yù)防感染和血腫形成、避免日曬以減少炎癥后色素沉著,彈力繃帶的使用等[8]。在創(chuàng)傷的治療和愈合過程中,張力較高的部位,如肩、頸、胸骨柄、踝關(guān)節(jié)等,以及深色皮膚和具有瘢痕家族史的患者更應(yīng)該重視。應(yīng)將瘢痕預(yù)防的理念貫徹到所有的醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)和醫(yī)療行為中去。
針對復(fù)雜的瘢痕,需要多種治療方式多管齊下,可以同時治療或是按序逐步治療,以取得最好的療效[9]。單一專業(yè)或單一學(xué)科可能無法實施所有的治療措施,需要臨床各科協(xié)同治療,多學(xué)科組成的瘢痕治療團(tuán)隊可以產(chǎn)生更高的效率,使復(fù)雜瘢痕的治療獲得更好的效果[10-13]。
瘢痕的治療仍是臨床一大難題,尚無一種安全、可靠、療效完好的治療方法。瘢痕內(nèi)激素注射是治療增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩的重要方法。皮質(zhì)類固醇激素可以抑制繼發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)膠原降解,抑制膠原蛋白生成,并限制傷口的氧合與營養(yǎng)[14]。但激素的副作用和可能存在的對兒童生長發(fā)育的影響,在兒童中的應(yīng)用歷來都較為保守。但目前也有越來越多的文獻(xiàn)顯示了兒童應(yīng)用激素的可靠性。據(jù)報道,約50%~100%的患者對激素注射有反應(yīng),復(fù)發(fā)率為9%~50%[15]。有報道稱,對15例行耳垂瘢痕疙瘩切除的患兒進(jìn)行了術(shù)前、術(shù)中及術(shù)后的病灶內(nèi)曲安奈德注射,作為輔助治療。對堅持治療的患兒進(jìn)行了6個月的隨訪,隨訪中未發(fā)現(xiàn)瘢痕疙瘩復(fù)發(fā)的跡象,在18個月的隨訪中,僅有1例復(fù)發(fā)[16]。激素在治療和預(yù)防兒童瘢痕上作用顯著,長期觀察也未發(fā)現(xiàn)對兒童的生長發(fā)育存在著明顯的不利因素[17]。皮質(zhì)類固醇的最佳治療劑量尚未確定,這是因為病灶內(nèi)瘢痕治療的劑量取決于病變的特征和解剖位置。局部皮膚萎縮和色素減退是激素治療中最常見的副作用,而疼痛也極大妨礙了其在兒科的應(yīng)用。有研究顯示,有近1/3療效顯著的面部瘢痕疙瘩患兒因為疼痛而放棄了治療[18]。目前,臨床上有采用治療前外敷利多卡因乳膏,可以適當(dāng)?shù)販p少不適感[19-20]。曲安奈德混懸液含有苯酒精,會引起新生兒的毒性反應(yīng),尤其是早產(chǎn)兒。雖然局部使用劑量可能是微小的,但多少劑量會導(dǎo)致苯甲醇中毒目前尚不明確,所以這種藥物不建議在新生兒中使用。
五氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)是一種干擾代謝過程的嘧啶類似物,已被證實能夠在體內(nèi)和體外有效抑制膠原的合成[21-22]。用于成人的研究顯示,5-FU治療瘢痕疙瘩和增生性瘢痕效果顯著[24-26]。一項為期44周的雙盲、隨機(jī)試驗比較了病灶內(nèi)注射曲安奈德(40 mg/mL)和5-FU(50 mg/mL)治療瘢痕疙瘩的效果,每4周注射一次,總計12周,兩組都獲得了非常好的療效,且5-FU組改善更明顯[27]。但5-FU治療瘢痕這一方法在兒童中使用的安全性和有效性尚未明確。文獻(xiàn)報道,在兒童瘢痕高發(fā)的手術(shù)部位,如腹股溝部位,術(shù)后聯(lián)合應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素和5-FU,不僅獲得了比單純使用激素更好的療效,也大大減少了激素用量[23]。5-FU的不良反應(yīng)包括疼痛和色素沉著。對于孕婦而言,該藥物是妊娠期D類藥物,且可能對胎兒造成傷害[28]。
對于容積有缺失的瘢痕,自體脂肪移植技術(shù)(AFT)和復(fù)合移植具有強(qiáng)大的治療潛力[29]。在兒科治療領(lǐng)域中,AFT被用于Goldenhar綜合征、面部畸形、Treacher Collins綜合征和半側(cè)面部肢體發(fā)育不良的治療[30]。AFT技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了容量替代的效應(yīng),可以通過加速血管化反應(yīng)和減少熱損傷后的纖維化來介導(dǎo)動態(tài)重建的過程[31-32]。對于兒童瘢痕患者而言,脂肪的存活更好,手術(shù)損傷小,術(shù)后護(hù)理也較為簡單。聯(lián)合AFT和點陣激光或PRP技術(shù)被證明能加強(qiáng)瘢痕治療的效果[33]。
在保守治療無效的情況下,需要手術(shù)治療,尤其是某些功能部位,或是某些特殊部位的瘢痕攣縮,如四肢關(guān)節(jié)、頸部、胸部等,更需要盡早地進(jìn)行手術(shù)松解,以避免進(jìn)一步的攣縮而影響肢體功能和患兒的生長發(fā)育。單純切除瘢痕疙瘩,其復(fù)發(fā)率接近100%[34-36]。因此,瘢痕切除通常與輔助治療聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,以減少復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險[37-38]。一項研究針對11~79歲患者的病理性瘢痕進(jìn)行綜合治療,在切除瘢痕以后,每兩周進(jìn)行皮質(zhì)類固醇注射(共注射5次),每日涂抹類固醇軟膏,共涂抹6個月。隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),瘢痕疙瘩的復(fù)發(fā)率為14.3%,增生性瘢痕的復(fù)發(fā)率為16.7%[39]。
患兒非功能部位的瘢痕修復(fù)手術(shù),一般在瘢痕成熟之后實施更為穩(wěn)妥,建議在瘢痕形成之后至少1年。這已經(jīng)成為瘢痕治療的規(guī)范。因為,手術(shù)本身可能產(chǎn)生新的瘢痕,并且存在較高的復(fù)發(fā)率[34,36]。手術(shù)方法包括松解并延長攣縮皮膚的各類皮瓣法和游離皮片移植。對于瘢痕患兒來說,較大面積的創(chuàng)傷往往優(yōu)先采用皮片移植覆蓋創(chuàng)面。但由于移植皮片較難隨著患兒的生長發(fā)育而呈相應(yīng)比例生長,并且存在皮片攣縮的現(xiàn)象,植皮后期會重新出現(xiàn)受區(qū)攣縮,需要進(jìn)一步手術(shù)修復(fù)。皮瓣法則避免了這一缺點,可以應(yīng)用于后期的手術(shù)修復(fù)。傳統(tǒng)皮瓣法包括了Z成形和W成形,前者是延長瘢痕的軸徑,以緩解張力,減少攣縮,提高活動范圍,后者則通過使線性瘢痕以淡化瘢痕外觀[40]。對于面積較大的瘢痕,局部皮瓣的應(yīng)用受到限制,而皮膚擴(kuò)張術(shù)則可發(fā)揮重要作用。擴(kuò)張的皮膚能夠提供相同的皮膚厚度、顏色和質(zhì)地,并且極大地降低了供區(qū)損傷,避免了植皮帶來的并發(fā)癥,已在兒童大面積瘢痕治療中獲得了廣泛應(yīng)用。但同一皮膚組織的反復(fù)擴(kuò)張以及下肢的擴(kuò)張容易出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥。頭面部的擴(kuò)張治療一般在出生6~9個月以后實施更好,可避免對顱面骨塑形的影響[41]。
隨著激光技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,激光在瘢痕的治療中也獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用,如血管靶向的脈沖染料激光和全層剝脫的CO2激光等。但是,由于激光的作用相對溫和,并且會產(chǎn)生過度的熱損傷,因此在較大面積的創(chuàng)傷性瘢痕中的應(yīng)用受到限制[42-44]。脈沖染料激光是一種基于選擇性光熱作用、以血紅蛋白作為靶目標(biāo)的激光類型,對局部血管的熱損傷較小,可在刺激組織重塑的過程中減少紅斑、疼痛和瘙癢的癥狀[45-50]。激光的治療過程相對較短,風(fēng)險和副作用較小,對于兒童瘢痕的治療是一個有效的手段。點陣激光通過特殊的方式使激光的無數(shù)個點陣光束作用于皮膚組織,每個細(xì)小光斑之間有正常組織作為熱擴(kuò)散區(qū),減少了對皮膚的熱損傷(組織汽化或凝固)。點陣激光治療用于瘢痕治療,其旺盛的組織重塑反應(yīng)可使瘢痕組織衍變?yōu)槠つw的結(jié)構(gòu),使膠原類型的比例也接近于正常皮膚[51-55];另外,由于每個光斑間有正常組織進(jìn)行熱擴(kuò)散,使得點陣激光高效、安全,成為治療痤瘡、手術(shù)瘢痕和創(chuàng)傷瘢痕的首選[56-59]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),剝脫性點陣激光能有效地改善瘢痕,可能對于兒童創(chuàng)傷性瘢痕的治療有著重要意義[48,59-61]。
大量證據(jù)表明,點陣激光治療時,患者耐受性好,且并發(fā)癥少,但是目前尚缺乏其在兒童中應(yīng)用安全性的報道[48,61-66]。激光治療過程中可能產(chǎn)生明顯的不適感,針對性地方法包括局部外敷麻藥、局部皮內(nèi)注射麻藥、局部神經(jīng)阻滯、口服和靜脈注射鎮(zhèn)靜、麻醉等,這些方法都已成功地用于兒童患者的激光治療[67-68]。
糖皮質(zhì)激素的局部應(yīng)用目前已不被推薦,因為該方法缺乏有效性,且存在表皮萎縮的風(fēng)險[44,69]。大量研究都在試圖通過纖維化的瘢痕組織局部給藥,而激光輔助給藥技術(shù)(LAD)利用剝脫性和非剝脫點陣激光引起的臨時屏障受損,來加強(qiáng)局部給藥的滲透和藥物吸收。
雖然目前的文獻(xiàn)中該技術(shù)的使用較為有限,但有幾篇報告顯示了這種方法潛在效用。有報道顯示,在對15個增生性瘢痕患者使用了剝脫性激光治療后,立即局部應(yīng)用曲安奈德(10~20 mg/mL,取決于瘢痕位置和厚度),受試者在 2~3個月間隔內(nèi)接受3至5個療程。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),瘢痕的質(zhì)地得到了顯著改善,而皮膚顏色的改善程度最小[70]。另一項研究針對對4例增生性疤痕患者,以剝脫性點陣激光治療后外用曲安奈德20 mg/mL,應(yīng)用聲壓超聲幫助“推動”去炎舒松分子通過剝脫性的微通道。隨訪顯示,1例病灶在鼻和下頜骨的患者得到了完全治愈,而4次治療后所有的病灶區(qū)域都有明顯的改善。LAD對于兒童瘢痕的治療具有重要意義,在獲得治療有效性的同時,可避免激素注射產(chǎn)生的副作用。
LAD的一個潛在缺點是,許多外用藥物都沒有應(yīng)用于這一治療方法的評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因而可能在局部給藥或激光手術(shù)之后產(chǎn)生副作用。同樣地,在促進(jìn)局部滲透的同時,也會促進(jìn)賦形劑的滲透。在治療的同時還必須注意無菌操作,并考慮到意外的副作用[71]。
對于瘢痕形成和胎兒傷口愈合的病理生理學(xué)的認(rèn)識已獲得了極大地進(jìn)步。研究顯示,瘢痕形成的機(jī)制與表達(dá)CD26分子的En陽性成纖維細(xì)胞密切相關(guān)。西格列汀和維格列汀等口服降糖藥,有可能抑制這一類型成纖維細(xì)胞的活性,為臨床轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用提供了理論基礎(chǔ)[72]。另外,更多的瘢痕治療方案正在逐漸顯現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)大的應(yīng)用價值,有望實現(xiàn)無瘢痕愈合的理想。
兒童皮膚組織發(fā)育未完善,且含水量較高,燙傷后易發(fā)生急性炎癥性水腫,導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷程度比成人嚴(yán)重。同時,兒童好動且不耐疼痛,治療的依從性差,采用完全性的暴露制痂治療易發(fā)生創(chuàng)面感染,從而進(jìn)一步加深創(chuàng)面,延長愈合時間,導(dǎo)致后期瘢痕形成,對患兒身心發(fā)育均存在影響。生長因子具有諸多功能,可通過促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的有絲分裂及糖、蛋白質(zhì)、RNA及DNA的合成,促進(jìn)上皮細(xì)胞增殖,以縮短創(chuàng)面愈合時間。在受傷后早期應(yīng)用生長因子可明顯加快創(chuàng)面的愈合,并對后期的瘢痕形成具有明顯抑制作用。
轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)被認(rèn)為是瘢痕生成的重要因子。TGF-β1、TGF-β2在傷口正常愈合的增生期促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞增殖和膠原蛋白合成,而在瘢痕疙瘩中則過度生成而失去調(diào)控[73]。相反,TGF-β3被認(rèn)為是瘢痕抑制劑[74]。
動物研究顯示,局部應(yīng)用TGF-β1、TGF-β2β拮抗劑可以加速上皮化反應(yīng),抑制瘢痕形成和創(chuàng)面收縮[75-76]。此外,重組TGF-β3已被證明能夠有效減少瘢痕面積,重組TGF-β3對于預(yù)防和治療手術(shù)瘢痕也具有積極的效果[77-78]。
堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(bFGF)是一種重要的細(xì)胞因子,能夠激活巨噬細(xì)胞,在早期傷口愈合中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[79-80]。一項外用bFGF的成人對照研究顯示,bFGF能夠改善瘢痕質(zhì)地,并且加速傷口愈合[81]。目前,bFGF的治療研究已在兒童群體中展開。一項研究表明,接受bFGF注射治療的Ⅱ°燒傷患兒與只接受過紗布安慰劑的對照組在1年后進(jìn)行隨訪,治療組的瘢痕顏色與正常皮膚顏色的匹配度顯著增高。此外,bFGF治療組的10例傷口中未出現(xiàn)增生性瘢痕,而對照組10例傷口中出現(xiàn)了3例增生性瘢痕[82]。
干細(xì)胞在瘢痕治療和組織修復(fù)方面具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞的條件培養(yǎng)基可以減少Ⅰ型膠原水平,并減弱局部炎癥細(xì)胞反應(yīng)[83]。另外,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞可以被重編程為汗腺樣細(xì)胞,為深度燒傷患兒修復(fù)皮膚附件結(jié)構(gòu)提供了可能性[84]。兒童的干細(xì)胞相對于成人,其活力更好,誘導(dǎo)分化的能力也更強(qiáng),應(yīng)加強(qiáng)這方面的研究,以盡早地將其應(yīng)用于臨床兒童瘢痕的防治。
在一項隨機(jī)、多中心、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗中,受試者皆有雙側(cè)中-重度的面頰部痤瘡疤痕,受試者接受單邊自體成纖維細(xì)胞注射治療,對照組接受安慰劑治療,治療后4個月顯示,兩側(cè)的效果具有明顯差異[85]。試驗?zāi)壳斑€在進(jìn)行中,以進(jìn)一步了解自體成纖維細(xì)胞注射治療是否能促進(jìn)瘢痕的軟化,改善瘢痕活動度,以及恢復(fù)瘢痕攣縮部位的功能。
白細(xì)胞介素10(IL-10)在妊娠中期胎兒皮膚內(nèi)高表達(dá),但在胎兒出生后的皮膚內(nèi)無表達(dá)[86]。研究證實,IL-10能抑制巨噬細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞活性,并減少促炎細(xì)胞因子IL-6和IL-8的產(chǎn)生[87-89]。此外,在出生后的組織修復(fù)中,IL-10水平與纖維化過程呈負(fù)相關(guān)[90]。兩項小鼠研究和一項Ⅱ期隨機(jī)對照試驗已經(jīng)證實,在皮膚切口內(nèi)應(yīng)用外源性重組的IL-10可以顯著減少炎癥反應(yīng)、加速傷口愈合、抑制瘢痕形成,表明IL-10可能成為瘢痕治療的新的方向[91]。
目前,臨床上對于瘢痕治療有著眾多的方案,而對于兒童這一特定年齡群體來說,由于缺少對照性實驗研究,治療方案還不成熟,效果和安全性都有待于積極的探索。相關(guān)研究取得了許多重要的成果,相信隨著分子靶向治療和細(xì)胞通路治療的出現(xiàn),兒童瘢痕治療將變得更為有效且安全,瘢痕的預(yù)防和無瘢痕愈合有望得以實現(xiàn)。
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Composite Treatments of Scar in Children
LIANG Yimin,WANG Danru.Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200011,China.Corresponding author:WANG Danru(E-mail:wangdanru@126.com).
【Summary】Symptomatic scars can cause appearance disfigurements and functional damages.Beyond that,scars may be associated with a lot of physical comorbidities including hypertrichosis,dyshidrosis,pain,pruritus,dysesthesias,and functional impairments.Although a plethora of scar treatment exists,specific management guidelines for the pediatric populations do not.New modalities such as composite scar treatment,autologous fat transfer,and ablative fractional laser suggest a promising future for children who developed symptomatic scars.In this paper,state-of-the-art scar treatment strategies relate to the pediatric populations were reviewed.
Scar;Children; Composite treatment
R619+.6
B
1673-0364(2017)05-0263-06
10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2017.05.007
200011 上海市 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第九人民醫(yī)院整復(fù)外科。
王丹茹(E-mail:wangdanru@126.com)。
2017年9月18日;
2017年10月9日)