陳泓旭++王浩++彭濤++張慧++吳春明
文章編號:16726561(2016)06082213
摘要:太華變質(zhì)雜巖出露于華北克拉通中部造山帶南緣,整體呈近EW向展布。洛寧地區(qū)的太華變質(zhì)雜巖巖性多樣,保留了至少3個階段的變質(zhì)礦物組合。作為前人研究的補充,報道了該地區(qū)東部含榴斜長角閃片麻巖和長英質(zhì)片麻巖的SIMS鋯石UPb定年結(jié)果,證實該區(qū)太華變質(zhì)雜巖至少保留了3期地質(zhì)事件的年齡。其中兩期巖漿年齡(2.32~2.33 Ga和2.18 Ga)表明,太華變質(zhì)雜巖與華北中部造山帶中—北段各雜巖一樣,共同經(jīng)歷了華北克拉通的地殼再造過程;另一期變質(zhì)年齡(1.94~195 Ga)表明,太華變質(zhì)雜巖的變質(zhì)作用開始時間比該造山帶中—北段大部分雜巖區(qū)早了約01 Ga,變質(zhì)作用延續(xù)時間也長了約01 Ga。這再次說明華北中部造山帶古元古代末的構(gòu)造變質(zhì)事件是一個漫長且復(fù)雜的過程。
關(guān)鍵詞:地質(zhì)年代學(xué);太華變質(zhì)雜巖;斜長角閃片麻巖;長英質(zhì)片麻巖; SIMS鋯石UPb 年齡;構(gòu)造變質(zhì)事件;華北中部造山帶
中圖分類號:P597文獻標(biāo)志碼:A
SIMS UPb Ages of Zircon and Tectonic Significance of Taihua
Metamorphic Complex in the Eastern Luoning, the Southern
Terminal of TransNorth China Orogen
CHEN Hongxu, WANG Hao, PENG Tao, ZHANG Hui, WU Chunming
(College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)
Abstract: Located in the southern terminal of the Palaeoproterozoic TransNorth China Orogen (TNCO), garnetbearing felsic and amphibolitic gneisses in the eastern Luoning terrane within the nearly EWstriking Taihua metamorphic complex, preserve three generations of metamorphic mineral assemblages, i.e., the prograde, peak and retrograde metamorphic stages. The prograde assemblages (M1) comprise of hornblende+plagioclase+quartz inclusions preserved in the garnet porphyroblasts. The metamorphic peak assemblages (M2) are represented by the garnet porphyroblasts as well as the matrix minerals (plagioclase+hornblende+quartz+zircon±biotite±Kfeldspar). The retrograde assemblages (M3) are the finegrained “whiteeye socket” symplectitic assemblages formed between the relict garnet porphyroblasts and the adjacent matrix minerals, consisting of plagioclase+hornblende+quartz. In order to complement our previous research, SIMS UPb dating results of zircons separated from the felsic and amphibolitic gneisses are reported here, which show that (a) the Luoning complex records two magmatic episodes (2322.33 Ga and 2.18 Ga), suggesting that the southernmost terminal of the TNCO is also involved in the crust reworking; and (b) the peak metamorphic event took place at 1.941.95 Ga in the Luoning complex, implying that the Precambrian metamorphism of the Luoning Taihua complex not only occurs earlier (~100 Ma) than, but also lasts longer than that of most of the other metamorphic terranes within the middle and northern TNCO. Combined with the literature data concerning the different discrete terranes within the TNCO, it is therefore certified that the tectonometamorphic event of the Palaeoproterozoic TNCO is a long and complex history.
Key words: geochronology; Taihua metamorphic complex; amphibolitic gneiss; felsic gneiss; SIMS zircon UPb age; tectonometamorphic event; TransNorth China Orogen
0引言
華北克拉通前寒武紀(jì)結(jié)晶基底構(gòu)造單元的劃分以及不同單元之間的拼合機制、拼合時代一直受到國內(nèi)外地質(zhì)學(xué)家的廣泛關(guān)注[112]。結(jié)合巖石組合、變質(zhì)作用壓力(P)溫度(T)時間(t)軌跡、地球化學(xué)以及地質(zhì)年代學(xué)資料,Zhao等將華北克拉通基底劃分為3個基本單元:東部陸塊(Eastern Block)、西部陸塊(Western Block)以及兩者碰撞形成的近南北向華北中部造山帶(TransNorth China Orogen)[1,3]。華北中部造山帶主要由新太古代—古元古代的結(jié)晶基底組成,包括承德、冀北、宣化、懷安、恒山、阜平、五臺、呂梁、贊皇、中條、登封和太華等地區(qū)。
大量地質(zhì)年齡數(shù)據(jù)表明,華北中部造山帶結(jié)晶基底主要形成于2.6 Ga之后[2,1314]。中部造山帶中—北段主要巖石構(gòu)造單元有:①少量代表古老陸殼基底殘余物的2.7~2.8 Ga灰色片麻巖;②248~255 Ga的花崗巖類和TTG片麻巖(英云閃長巖奧長花崗巖花崗閃長巖);③古元古代火山沉積巖系列和片麻巖,包括約2.3 Ga的恒山片麻巖,211~217 Ga的恒山、呂梁和中條片麻巖以及約2.05 Ga的阜平南營片麻巖;④1.92~2.19 Ga的角閃巖相高壓麻粒巖相變質(zhì)基性巖墻;⑤變質(zhì)時代為1.80~189 Ga的變質(zhì)雜巖;⑥175~180 Ga造山后或非造山期的基性巖墻[1525]。出露于華北中部造山帶南緣的太華變質(zhì)雜巖也記錄了相應(yīng)的4期巖漿年齡和1期變質(zhì)年齡[2644], 但其變質(zhì)年齡主要集中在約195 Ga。
太華變質(zhì)雜巖區(qū)與華北中部造山帶中—北段其他雜巖區(qū)類似,也記錄了順時針的含有近等溫降壓(ITD)階段典型的造山帶PT演化軌跡,那么其拼貼和造山過程的持續(xù)時間是多久?為此,本文報道了洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖東部地區(qū)的地質(zhì)年代學(xué)研究成果,為探討華北中部造山帶的變質(zhì)演化過程提供新資料。
1地質(zhì)背景概況
太華變質(zhì)雜巖傳統(tǒng)上被稱為“太華群”[45],出露于華北中部造山帶南緣(圖1),整體呈NW—SE向展布,上覆有未變質(zhì)的熊耳群火山巖[46],主要分布于小秦嶺、崤山、洛寧、嵩縣、熊耳山、魯山和舞鋼等地區(qū)。目前,關(guān)于太華變質(zhì)雜巖變質(zhì)演化和地質(zhì)年代學(xué)方面的研究表明,太華變質(zhì)雜巖記錄了順時針含有近等溫降壓階段PT演化軌跡,普遍記錄了1.80~197 Ga的變質(zhì)年齡[3241]和4期巖漿事件年齡[2737,3944,47]。魯山和陜縣的斜長角閃(片麻)巖的原巖和TTG片麻巖形成于2.72~2.85 Ga[27,29,3637,43]和2.48~2.57 Ga[38]。華山和洛寧的斜長角閃(片麻)巖原巖和TTG片麻巖等主要形成于2.30~2.34 Ga[3033,3941,47]。此外,魯山的鉀質(zhì)花崗巖和二長巖等記錄了2.13~2.19 Ga的巖漿事件[42,44]。
圖中標(biāo)記有各變質(zhì)雜巖區(qū)記錄的1.80 Ga至約1.97 Ga變質(zhì)年齡[33]。變質(zhì)雜巖區(qū)縮寫標(biāo)識:AL為阿拉善;CD為承德;DF為登封;EH為冀東;ES為魯東;FP為阜平;GY為固陽;HA為懷安;HS為恒山;Hs為華山;JN為集寧;LL為呂梁;Ln為洛寧;Ls為魯山;MY為密云;NH為冀北;QL為祁連;SJ為吉南;SL為遼南;TH為太華;WD為烏拉山—大青山;Wg為舞鋼;WL為遼西;WT為五臺;WS為魯南;XH為宣化;Xs為崤山(陜縣);ZH為贊皇;ZT為中條。圖件引自文獻[3]
洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖(圖2)主要巖性包括斜長角閃(片麻)巖、黑云斜長片麻巖、長英質(zhì)片麻巖、TTG片麻巖以及片麻狀花崗巖等,普遍經(jīng)歷了角閃巖相麻粒巖相的變質(zhì)作用[3233,48]。斜長角閃(片麻)巖以“透鏡體”或“夾層狀”產(chǎn)于TTG片麻巖或黑云斜長(角閃)片麻巖之中,局部呈現(xiàn)“布丁狀”。前期工作表明,洛寧斜長角閃巖和泥質(zhì)片麻巖均經(jīng)歷了角閃巖相麻粒巖相的變質(zhì)作用,記錄了順時針含有近等溫降壓階段的PT演化軌跡,并保留了194~197 Ga變質(zhì)年齡和2.30~2.34 Ga的代表斜長角閃巖原巖的巖漿年齡數(shù)據(jù)[3233]。先前研究對象主要局限于洛寧中—西部,東部地區(qū)的樣品采用的是LAICPMS鋯石UPb定年技術(shù)。作為先前研究工作的補充,本文主要對洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖東部地區(qū)的含榴斜長角閃片麻巖和含榴長英質(zhì)片麻巖進行了高分辨率SIMS鋯石UPb定年,識別出洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖記錄的變質(zhì)時代以及多期巖漿事件。
2巖相學(xué)特征
本文對洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖東部地區(qū)的含榴斜長角閃片麻巖(樣品C15和C31)和含榴長英質(zhì)片麻巖(樣品C14)進行了巖相學(xué)研究。含榴斜長角閃片麻巖和含榴長英質(zhì)片麻巖呈斑狀變晶結(jié)構(gòu),具片麻狀構(gòu)造。變斑晶為石榴石,其裂隙發(fā)育,邊部呈港灣狀,發(fā)育“白眼圈”狀反應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
含榴長英質(zhì)片麻巖(樣品C14)主要礦物為石榴石、斜長石、鉀長石、石英、黑云母及角閃石等,保留了3個期次的變質(zhì)礦物組合。進變質(zhì)礦物組合(M1)以石榴石內(nèi)部的細(xì)小包裹體(角閃石Hbl1、斜長石Pl1和石英Qz1)為代表。變質(zhì)峰期礦物組合(M2)為石榴石變斑晶及基質(zhì)礦物斜長石、鉀長石,以及少量黑云母、角閃石、鋯石(Grt2+Hbl2+Pl2+Kfs2+Bt2+Qz2+Zr2)。退變質(zhì)反應(yīng)形成了石榴石的港灣狀邊部,生成的后成合晶礦物(M3)主要為圍繞石榴石邊部分布的斜長石及少量角閃石和石英(Hbl3+Pl3+Qz3)[圖3(a)]。
Amp為角閃巖,Pl為斜長石,Kfs為鉀長石,Grt為石榴石,Bt為黑云母;下標(biāo)數(shù)字為巖石編號
圖3洛寧東部含榴長英質(zhì)片麻巖和斜長角閃片麻巖顯微巖相特征
Fig.3Photomicrographs of Garnetbearing Felsic and
Plagioclaseamphibolite Gneisses in the Eastern Luoning Terrane
含榴斜長角閃片麻巖(樣品C15)中保留了變質(zhì)峰期和退變質(zhì)階段的礦物組合。由于石榴石變斑晶裂隙發(fā)育,在退變質(zhì)階段,石榴石沿裂隙分解程度較高[圖3(b)]。變質(zhì)高峰期礦物組合(M2)由石榴石變斑晶及基質(zhì)礦物角閃石、斜長石、石英、鋯石組成(Grt2+Hbl2+Pl2+Qz2+Zr2)。退變質(zhì)反應(yīng)發(fā)生在石榴石邊部和裂隙處,生成的后成合晶礦物組合(M3)主要為斜長石、角閃石和石英(Hbl3+Pl3+Qz3)。
含榴斜長角閃片麻巖(樣品C31)中保留了3個階段的變質(zhì)礦物組合。進變質(zhì)礦物組合(M1)主要呈細(xì)小包裹體(角閃石Hbl1、斜長石Pl1和石英Qz1)保留于石榴石內(nèi)部。變質(zhì)峰期礦物組合(M2)包括石榴石變斑晶和基質(zhì)礦物角閃石、斜長石、黑云母、石英、鋯石(Grt2+Hbl2+Pl2+Bt2+Qz2+Zr2)。退變質(zhì)礦物組合(M3)主要由石榴石變斑晶分解形成的斜長石和細(xì)粒角閃石及石英組成(Hbl3+Pl3+Qz3),顯示為“白眼圈”狀反應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)[圖3(c)]。Chen等對其變質(zhì)演化PT軌跡進行了研究[33],本文僅補充鋯石年齡數(shù)據(jù)。
3SIMS鋯石UPb定年
3.1分析方法
鋯石分選由廊坊市宇能礦物分選技術(shù)服務(wù)有限公司運用常規(guī)的重選和磁選技術(shù)完成。將鋯石樣品顆粒和鋯石標(biāo)樣Pleovice[49]、Qinghu[50]粘貼在環(huán)氧樹脂靶上,然后拋光使其暴露一半晶面。對鋯石進行透射光和反射光顯微照相以及陰極發(fā)光(CL)圖像分析,以檢查鋯石的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),幫助選擇適宜的測試點位。樣品靶在真空下鍍金以備分析。
元素U、Th、Pb的測定在中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所CAMECA IMS1280二次離子質(zhì)譜儀(SIMS)上進行,詳細(xì)分析方法見文獻[50]。這3件洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖中鋯石的變質(zhì)增生邊略窄,在分析時采用20 μm×30 μm和10 μm×15 μm兩種束斑。鋯石樣品與鋯石標(biāo)樣以3∶1比例交替測定。UThPb同位素比值用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石Plesovice(年齡為337 Ma)[49]校正獲得。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品Qinghu(年齡為159.5 Ma)[50]作為未知樣,以監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)的精確度。普通Pb校正采用實測204Pb值。由于測得的普通Pb含量非常低,假定普通Pb主要來源于制樣過程中帶入的表面Pb污染,以現(xiàn)代地殼的平均Pb同位素組成[51]作為普通Pb同位素組成進行校正。各樣品鋯石UPb同位素分析結(jié)果見表1。
3.2結(jié)果分析
含榴長英質(zhì)片麻巖(樣品C14)的鋯石形態(tài)不規(guī)則,多為短柱狀,長度為100~200 μm,長寬比約為2∶1,少數(shù)達(dá)3∶1[圖4(a)]。對樣品中22顆鋯石進行了25個分析點的UPb同位素測試,從年齡諧和曲線來看,UPb年齡沿諧和曲線分布,按年齡由老到新的順序可分為3組[圖5(a)]。第一組分析點均位于具有核邊結(jié)構(gòu)的、顏色較淺的核部,Th和U含量(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),下同)分別為(122~290)×10-6和(279~1 012)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值為0.29~0.44,顯示巖漿鋯石特征,加權(quán)平均年齡為(2 323±10)Ma,平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)權(quán)重偏差(MSWD)為2.3(分析點為4個)[圖5(b)];第二組分析點主要位于核部,鋯石有部分熔融重結(jié)晶現(xiàn)象,年齡集中在2 133~2 187 Ma之間,上交點年齡為(2 177±15)Ma,MSWD值為0.4(分析點為19個),代表了一期巖漿事件;第三組分析點位于具有核邊結(jié)構(gòu)的鋯石邊部(變質(zhì)增生邊),Th和U含量分別為(8~10)×10-6和(580~790)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值為0.01~002,顯示變質(zhì)鋯石特征[5254],加權(quán)平均年齡為(1 937±11)Ma,MSWD值為0.6(分析點為2個),代表樣品的變質(zhì)年齡。
含榴斜長角閃片麻巖(樣品C15)的鋯石形態(tài)不規(guī)則,多為渾圓狀,少數(shù)呈長柱狀。鋯石粒徑為50~150 μm,少數(shù)大于100 μm。部分鋯石顆粒發(fā)育核邊結(jié)構(gòu)[圖4(b)],核部有微弱的巖漿成因環(huán)帶,邊部為變質(zhì)增生邊。對樣品中21顆鋯石進行了25個分析點的測試,根據(jù)測試年齡結(jié)果可分為兩組[圖5(c)]。第一組發(fā)育韻律環(huán)帶,Th和U含量分別為(104~418)×10-6和(211~659)×10-6(第1個分析點的U含量為1 339×10-6,已被去掉),w(Th)/w(U)值為0.28~0.69,顯示巖漿鋯石特征;樣品發(fā)生Pb丟失,上交點年齡為(2 327±25)Ma,MSWD值為1.9(分析點為18個),代表其原巖年齡。第二組分析點位于變質(zhì)增生邊,Th和U含量分別為(23~81)×10-6和(1 501~2 342)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值為0.01~0.05,顯示變質(zhì)鋯石特征,上交點年齡為(1 951±14)Ma,MSWD值為3.6(分析點為7個),代表樣品的變質(zhì)年齡。
含榴斜長角閃片麻巖(樣品C31)的鋯石形態(tài)不規(guī)則,多數(shù)為渾圓狀,少數(shù)呈短柱狀。鋯石粒徑為50~150 μm。陰極發(fā)光圖像顯示鋯石發(fā)育核邊結(jié)構(gòu),核部發(fā)育較寬緩的巖漿韻律環(huán)帶,邊部發(fā)育顏色較淺的變質(zhì)增生邊[圖4(c)]。對樣品中13顆鋯石進行了22個分析點的測試。從年齡諧和曲線來看,UPb年齡沿諧和曲線分布,按年齡由老到新的順序可分為兩組[圖5(d)]。第一組分析點均位于核部,Th和U含量分別為(31~782)×10-6和(190~1 326)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值為
016~059,由
于鋯石樣品發(fā)生Pb丟失,其不一致曲線上交點年齡為(2 177±22)Ma,MSWD值為0.78(分析點為18個),可能代表一次巖漿事件的年齡;第二組分析點位于邊部,Th和U含量分別為(52~171)×10-6和(307~945)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值為0.16~021,加權(quán)平均年齡為(1 942±10)Ma,MSWD值為0.54(分析點為4個),代表樣品的變質(zhì)年齡[圖5(b)]。
這3件洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖樣品記錄了3組年齡數(shù)據(jù):2.32~2.33 Ga、2.18 Ga、1.94~1.95 Ga。其中,約2.32 Ga可代表片麻巖的原巖年齡,2.18 Ga可推斷出一期巖漿事件,約1.94 Ga指示洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖的變質(zhì)時代。
4討論
洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖中含榴斜長角閃片麻巖和長英質(zhì)片麻巖普遍發(fā)育具有核邊結(jié)構(gòu)的鋯石,其核部發(fā)育巖漿韻律環(huán)帶,并得到兩組年齡數(shù)據(jù)(232~233 Ga和218 Ga)。在同屬于太華變質(zhì)雜巖區(qū)的華山地區(qū),王國棟等對華山斜長角閃(片麻)巖進行鋯石UPb定年,獲得其原巖年齡為228~233 Ga[3941]。Huang等對洛寧鐵爐坪的TTG片麻巖進行鋯石UPb定年,計算出其結(jié)晶年齡為230~232 Ga[30]。蔣宗勝等對洛寧斜長角閃片麻巖的研究恢復(fù)了其原巖年齡(230~2.34 Ga)[3233]。因此,與華山太華變質(zhì)雜巖相似,洛寧斜長角閃片麻巖的原巖年齡和TTG片麻巖的結(jié)晶年齡為2.30~2.34 Ga,表明太華變質(zhì)雜巖記錄了一期2.30~2.34 Ga的巖漿事件。Kroner等對恒山花崗片麻巖進行SHRIMP鋯石定年,也獲得一期2.32~2.36 Ga的巖漿年齡[55]。這也說明太華變質(zhì)雜巖和華北中部造山帶其他區(qū)域一樣,記錄了一期2.30~2.36 Ga的巖漿事件。
對于洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖保存的2.18 Ga巖漿事件,太華變質(zhì)雜巖的部分地區(qū)也有記錄。Huang等對洛寧干樹溝的鉀質(zhì)片麻巖定年得到2.07~2.19 Ga的巖漿年齡,對華山地區(qū)灞源TTG片麻巖的研究計算出2.16 Ga的巖漿年齡[3031]。Zhou等對同屬于太華變質(zhì)雜巖區(qū)的魯山地區(qū)鉀質(zhì)花崗巖和正長巖定年獲得2.13~2.19 Ga的巖漿年齡[42,44]。顯然,太華變質(zhì)雜巖也保留了一期2.07~2.19 Ga的巖漿事件。這也與華北中部造山帶的登封[31]、中條[56]、恒山—五臺—阜平[5760]等地區(qū)記錄的2.1~2.2 Ga巖漿事件一致。
綜上所述,太華變質(zhì)雜巖普遍記錄了4期巖漿事件(2.72~2.85、2.48~2.57、2.30~2.34、2.07~2.20 Ga)。這與華北中部造山帶其他地區(qū)的研究結(jié)果一致,說明太華變質(zhì)雜巖與華北中部造山帶中—北段各雜巖區(qū)共同經(jīng)歷了華北克拉通的多期地殼生長與再造的過程。本文研究的3件洛寧太華變質(zhì)雜巖樣品均記錄了一期1.94~1.95 Ga的變質(zhì)年齡。結(jié)合魯山[3537]、華山[3941]、洛寧[3233]等地區(qū)關(guān)于太華變質(zhì)雜巖的研究,結(jié)果表明太華變質(zhì)雜巖普遍記錄了一期1.80~1.97 Ga的變質(zhì)年齡。結(jié)合本文及Chen等對華北中部造山帶各變質(zhì)雜巖區(qū)變質(zhì)年齡[33]的總結(jié)(圖1),結(jié)果表明華北中部造山帶記錄了一期1.80~1.97 Ga的變質(zhì)年齡。此外,華北中部造山帶中—北段約1.9 Ga的變質(zhì)年齡主要在恒山—五臺—阜平地區(qū)[6163]以及呂梁和冀北部分地區(qū)[8]有所記錄,而太華變質(zhì)雜巖區(qū)均記錄了大于19 Ga的變質(zhì)年齡數(shù)據(jù),可知華北中部造山帶南緣的變質(zhì)作用起始時間比該造山帶中—北段大部分雜巖區(qū)早了約0.1 Ga,延續(xù)時間也長了約0.1 Ga。最近,Qian等對五臺和恒山角閃巖分別進行了SHRIMP鋯石UPb定年,發(fā)現(xiàn)五臺和恒山角閃巖分別記錄了1.95 Ga和1.92 Ga的變質(zhì)年齡[61]。因此,華北中部造山帶可能是一個持續(xù)時間長達(dá)約150 Ma的早元古代俯沖碰撞造山帶。
5結(jié)語
與洛寧中—西部地區(qū)相似,洛寧東部地區(qū)保留了3期變質(zhì)礦物組合,記錄了至少兩期巖漿事件(232~2.33 Ga和2.18 Ga)和一期變質(zhì)事件(1.94~1.95 Ga)。這說明太華變質(zhì)雜巖卷入了華北克拉通東部陸塊與西部陸塊之間的碰撞造山過程,而且比華北中部帶中—北段其他變質(zhì)雜巖區(qū)造山事件開始的時間更早,持續(xù)時間也更長。這再次說明華北中部造山帶古元古代構(gòu)造變質(zhì)事件的確是一個漫長的復(fù)雜構(gòu)造過程。
中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所離子探針中心李獻華、李秋立、劉宇、凌瀟瀟老師在試驗及數(shù)據(jù)分析中給予了幫助,在此一并表示感謝。
參考文獻:
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