任平
浙東中部三門灣畔,有一個叫三門的地方。千百年來,這里的人們耕海牧漁,耕讀傳家,特別尊重自然、感恩天賦、家族聚居、重視人倫,傳承了一批如三門祭冬、上鮑布袋木偶戲、高枧古亭抬閣、海游六獸等人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。
目前,三門正積極推進“文創(chuàng)+”,放大“三門祭冬”的體驗效應(yīng)。結(jié)合美麗鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè),將“二十四節(jié)氣”體驗文化一一對應(yīng)到24個古村落,打造中國“二十四節(jié)氣”人類非遺文化博覽園。
而作為三門祭冬的主要傳承地,亭旁鎮(zhèn)正在將三門平調(diào)、上鮑布袋木偶戲、楊家板龍等非遺項目,與亭旁起義紀(jì)念館等旅游景點、城隍廟、包家宗祠等歷史文化遺存融合,深入挖掘民俗文化,打造非遺特色小鎮(zhèn)。
三門祭冬
三門祭冬以亭旁鎮(zhèn)楊家村祭冬規(guī)模最大、程式最完整、傳承最完好。2014年12月,三門祭冬被列入國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性項目名錄。2016年11月30日,包括三門祭冬等在內(nèi)的“二十四節(jié)氣”,列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄。
三門祭冬由祭天、拜祖、祝壽、老人宴等儀式及與之伴生的民俗文化、飲食文化組成。為了冬至這一天的活動,楊氏族人每年都會提前半個月開始張羅。甄選祭冬儀式祭者是首要,且有一套嚴(yán)格的禮俗制度。主祭1人,陪祭4人,讀祝1人,喝禮1人,以及執(zhí)事、童男童女若干人。準(zhǔn)備的祭品也很講究,擺在最前面的是五祀,接著是大盤、小碟、大碗,最后是酒、湯等。擺盤里有十葷十素、各種糕點、水果糖果、雞蛋干果等,極盡豐盛,展示的是一年的好收成。此外,祭品的制作和擺放也是一門藝術(shù),其文化內(nèi)涵已經(jīng)延伸到祭祀活動之外。
冬至前一天,參加儀式的村民一大早便要前往大龍嶺的高山龍?zhí)?,舉行取水儀式。只有符合要求的人才有資格代表村民取水。大龍嶺離楊氏家廟1個多小時的腳程,來回要用去3個小時左右,這段取水的路也是展示虔誠之路,因此,不能借助任何交通工具。取來的龍?zhí)端话愣紩b在一個青花瓷壇里,送回楊氏家廟,以備翌日祭祀者凈手、灑水之用。龍?zhí)端疄殚L流水,寓意為族氏源遠流長、子孫綿延不斷。
冬至當(dāng)天,三門縣內(nèi)外20幾個村的楊姓族人會陸續(xù)從四面八方趕來。凌晨3點開始,楊家村街巷中就會傳出陣陣鑼聲,提醒村民儀式即將開始。
祭天和拜祖是兩個分量較重的儀式,祭天主要由主祭朝東、南、西、北對天叩拜,然后三拜九叩,讀祝感恩。拜祖時,族人起立,鳴炮奏樂。主祭者等三拜九叩,三獻,讀祝。禮畢,族人按次序拜祖。之后就是邀請戲班至中堂像前拜請三獻讀祝,禮畢,由主祭者接過蟠桃獻于祖像前,開演祝壽戲。戲班子在家廟連演5天5夜的大戲,整個祭冬宣告完畢。
上鮑木偶戲
上鮑木偶戲系布袋木偶,又稱獨腳戲,只有木偶頭部,沒有下身。
一般由二人操縱表演。在一張八仙桌上放篾箱,豎插扁擔(dān),小舞臺掛其上。主藝人坐箱子上,右腳踏大鑼、小鈸,右手打小鼓、小鑼,左手食指套木偶頭部、大拇指和另三指分別套布袋袖子,為木偶左、右手,能靈活表演各種動作。另一人負(fù)責(zé)吹嗩吶,拉胡琴配樂。曲調(diào)多以越劇流水調(diào)、民間亂彈或自由小調(diào)為主,輔以高腔,是一種邊演邊唱的民間戲曲藝術(shù)。
木偶表演動作豐富,尤其手的動作,可細(xì)膩地表演出人物的各種情態(tài)。主要表現(xiàn)帝王將相、才子佳人等故事。
目前,布袋木偶在三門縣亭旁上鮑村得以完整保留。這種“虛擬”表演戲早于人演的舞臺劇,是研究甬、紹、臺方言在民間戲曲中運用的活例證,具有豐富、獨特的民族造型藝術(shù)和服飾文化價值。
高枧古亭抬閣與海游六獸
高枧古亭抬閣展示民間美術(shù)、雕刻、手工技藝和民間音樂、舞蹈、戲曲等,傳統(tǒng)古亭抬閣加上六獸、采茶、蓮花落、三十六行、高蹺等參與元宵節(jié)等重大節(jié)慶出迎活動,動靜結(jié)合,虛實交融。
高枧古亭抬閣工藝精美,內(nèi)涵豐富。制作的古亭選用上好的樟木、楠木等優(yōu)質(zhì)木料,邀請雕刻名匠,歷時多年,精雕細(xì)琢,有“千工亭”之稱。制作的抬閣工藝精巧,表現(xiàn)一個戲劇場面,非常生動。一般參與出迎活動人數(shù)多達1000余人,場面壯觀。
海游六獸起始于唐朝,盛于清末民國初。每逢元宵佳節(jié)太尉廟五位靖德候王出巡,都有六獸陪同出游。六獸中獅子乃獸中王,白象代表吉祥,麒麟代表子孫興旺,鹿代表和睦如意,犀牛代表萬事一統(tǒng),三不象代表五谷豐登、六畜興旺。
六獸出巡展演,必先到太尉廟朝拜集中,出迎開始時先放三連沖,起樂列隊,由全副鸞駕開道,彩旗列隊,獅子開路,白象先導(dǎo),其后順序是獨角犀牛、麒麟、鹿、三不象、古亭等。六獸開道樂隊伴奏是十三記鑼,古亭伴奏曲調(diào)是三、五、七曲牌。樂隊伴奏自始至終,出巡線路從太尉廟出發(fā),在城關(guān)繞一周后回轉(zhuǎn)太尉廟結(jié)束。
目前六獸制作傳承人尚在,每逢元宵佳節(jié)出巡,是三門民間藝術(shù)主要展演項目。
花橋龍燈與三門石窗
花橋龍燈始于南宋建炎年間,文化內(nèi)涵豐富,制作技藝精巧。由紅龍、黃龍、青龍、綠龍、紫龍五龍組成同時出迎。
整個龍燈集文學(xué)、繪畫、雕刻、剪紙、刺繡、音樂、舞蹈于一體,做工細(xì)膩講究。龍身板座都有4盞各種造型彩燈,傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)置蠟燭(現(xiàn)用彩燈),彩燈上制作根據(jù)各人的喜好與風(fēng)格,或剪紙、或彩繪,圖案有花鳥蟲魚、飛禽走獸、帝王將相、才子佳人等,形象生動、色彩艷麗。
花橋龍燈每條少則50多米,多至100余米,龍頭、龍尾由村里能人集體制作,龍身則各家各戶自制,迎龍時有專門禮儀,鼓樂喧天,鞭炮齊鳴,火銃、獅子開道,大纛、旌旗先行,迎龍活動猶為神圣莊重,以文化內(nèi)涵豐富、制作工藝精美、龍燈威武大氣而名聞遐邇。
2007年花橋龍燈被列入浙江省第二批非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄,2009年建立了花橋龍燈傳承基地,使得這一古老的民間藝術(shù)重放光彩。
三門石窗取材于蛇蟠島上的蛇蟠石,蛇蟠石呈粉紅色,紋路細(xì)膩,質(zhì)地軟硬適中,宜于雕琢。自南宋開始,三門的石雕窗與木雕窗、磚雕窗同時用于民居及園林建筑,并逐漸形成規(guī)模。
三門石窗造型多樣、雕琢精致、圖案豐富、寓意深邃。有圓形、菱形、扇形等,一般采用浮雕、圓雕、透雕等手法雕琢而成,圖案多為花鳥蟲魚、飛禽走獸、吉祥如意、福祿壽禧等,也有不少民間傳說和神話故事。石窗寓意相當(dāng)深遠,高雅與俚俗同在,儒、道、釋三家共存,顯示了中國文化特有的包容性,體現(xiàn)了三門灣民俗文化的深厚底蘊。
林林總總的其他非遺
楊家板龍始于明隆慶初年,至今已有400余年歷史。
每年的元宵節(jié),亭旁鎮(zhèn)楊家村都要舉行迎龍活動。板龍出迎時,需要600至800名壯漢共同托舉,并伴有頭牌、鼓亭、抬閣、龍筅、儀仗和鼓樂等,聲勢浩大、吉祥喜慶。板龍所經(jīng)之處,沿途群眾鳴放禮炮、設(shè)案相迎。
楊家板龍在當(dāng)?shù)鼐哂袕V泛的影響,在國內(nèi)也有較高的聲譽。2004年楊家板龍以414米的長度獲《大世界吉尼斯之最》證書。
舞蹈“纏足苦”是1928年亭旁區(qū)的“文明戲”。該舞蹈反映了封建社會婦女受壓迫、求解放的歷史。整個舞蹈由9至12人演出,用民族樂器伴奏,用腳后跟踩地為基本舞步,以表現(xiàn)婦女纏足后行路的艱難和痛苦,動作簡潔明了,用亭旁方言演唱,唱詞在流傳過程逐步增入了怒斥和控訴的內(nèi)容,增強感染力。
“三門平調(diào)”是我國的古老劇種之一,由古代四大聲腔之一的“弋陽腔”演變而來,受到昆劇的直接影響,在明朝中葉(1506年前后)基本形成。隨著歲月的演變,不斷吸收三門當(dāng)?shù)氐纳礁?、小調(diào)及民間樂曲,形成獨特藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。其表演包括唱功、做功和吹打三大類,在曲調(diào)、表演形式等諸方面都具有濃郁的地方特色。
此外,三門還有討小海、小坑村獅子拳、舞蹈“小蜜蜂”等非遺項目,得益于2007年浙江省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)普查,這些項目被重新挖掘、整理、恢復(fù)。
Sanmen: Depository of Cultural Heritages
By Ren Ping
Sanmen is a county in the middle of the long coastline of eastern Zhejiang. The countys traditional lifestyle emphasizes fishing and farming and education. The local culture respects nature and holds ceremonies to express gratitude toward the gifts of nature. Family is a key factor in local value. Historical buildings as well as events and activities held in Sanmen at regular intervals showcase this lifestyle. Many of these local traditions have been designated as intangible cultural heritages.
One of the most ceremonious events in Sanmen is Winter Sacrifice. The sacrifice is held across the county. The best preserved ceremony is one held in Yang Family Village, Tingpang Town. In December 2014, Sanmen Winter Sacrifice was inscribed as a national intangible cultural heritage. In November 2016, the 24 solar terms, a system considered to be Chinas fifth great invention, were added to the worlds intangible cultural heritage list. The Sanmen Winter Sacrifice is a part of the Chinese system recognized by the UNESCO.
The winter sacrifice in Sanmen is actually composed of a series of events such as a ceremony in honor of heaven, a rite for ancestors, a celebration for longevity, and a banquet to entertain elderly citizens. The village runs a system to make all the arrangement for the big ceremony. The ceremony is held on Dongzhi (Winter Solstice) which occurs around December 22 according to the Gregorian calendar. The clan starts preparations 15 days before the big day. The Master of Ceremony and his assistants and other helpers at the ceremony are appointed and sacrifices are prepared. One day before the big ceremony, a water-fetching trip must be taken. Only qualified villagers can take part in this journey to the Dragon Pool in the high mountains. The two-way journey takes about 3 hours. All the water fetchers walk. The water is carried in a porcelain jar, which is placed at the ancestral temple. On Winter Solstice, the people of the Yang clan from all over the county and beyond gather at the village. The village gets up at three oclock in the morning.
The heaven-worshipping sacrifice and ancestor-worshipping ceremony are the big major part of the winter ceremony. The master of ceremony kneels and kowtows in four directions to express gratitude. Another series of kowtows follow and a speech is read. The ancestral ceremony is equally solemn: clan members come in order and kowtow and there are a lot of music and firecrackers. Sacrifices are presented and placed in front of the portrait of the common ancestor. Then opera plays are staged at the clan temple for five days and five nights to wish people good health and longevity.
There are many other intangible cultural heritages across Sanmen. The hand puppet is well preserved at Shangbao Village. Experts note that the vivid phrases and expressions used in the plays are from dialects of Ningbo, Shaoxing and Taizhou. The puppets feature delightful colors and costumes, which are subjects for cultural studies.
Taige March is a high-profile event well preserved in Guting, Gaojian. In such a march, people carry on their shoulders well-made miniaturized sculptures presenting ancient legends, historical figures as seen in local opera plays. These sculptures are masterpieces of finest wood sculpted by best craftsmen. It usually takes a few years to make a miniaturized sculpture. Usually, more than 1,000 people march in a long procession. Also in the long march are music bands, people dressed to look like masters of thirty-six professions, and artists walking on stilts, and those dressed up in the shapes of ancient animals.
Dragon Show in Yang Family Village is another big cultural phenomenon in Sanmen. The dragon show takes place on Lantern Festival, which falls on the fifteenth day of the first month on the lunar calendar. It takes 600-800 men to carry the dragon, accompanied by musical bands and percussion bands and other shows. It goes through villages, welcomed by deafening firecrackers and roadside tables heaped with sacrifices. In the 2004 show, the dragon measured 414 meters in length, which created a record.
Pingdiao Opera, a local opera genre, is one of the ancient opera genres of the country. It started around 1506 in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. The stone windows are another big feature of the local lifestyle. These stone windows present various patterns and are unique in China.