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      奧巴馬:“不務(wù)正業(yè)”的網(wǎng)絡(luò)大V

      2017-06-06 10:01ByIanBogost
      英語學(xué)習(xí) 2017年5期
      關(guān)鍵詞:不務(wù)正業(yè)白宮奧巴馬

      By+Ian+Bogost

      President Obama has been called the “first socialmedia president.” Its both a true and a misleading characterization. On the one hand, the Obama White House was indeed the first presidency to make use of services like Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram.1 But on the other hand, these services either didnt exist or werent used by a broad public before Barack Obama took office in 2009. The White House brags that Obama was the first to tweet from @POTUS on Twitter, to go live on Facebook, to use a filter on Snapchat.2 But in truth, any president in office during the last eight years probably would have become the first social-media president.

      That doesnt mean that any president would have been good at it, however. John F. Kennedy3 is widely considered the first television president, but he wasnt the first one to appear on TV. Franklin Roosevelt was the first president to appear on television, and Truman was the first,4 in 1947, to make a televised presidential address. But it was Kennedy who mastered the medium, starting with his famous televised debate with Richard Nixon5 in 1960, and continuing with the televised news conferences and interviews that characterized his presidency.

      Like JFK was good at TV, Obama is good at social media. Before his presidency, Obama was already inseparable from his BlackBerry, and as a self-described “nerd” and “geek,”his interest in science and technology helped spur his administration to pursue and manage public communication and engagement with todays digital services and tools.6

      But what if Obama was too good at social media? Maybe America didnt need a social-media president, but a president whose technological savvy7 could apply to legislation and governance as much as public communication.

      Last October, the White House announced a “digital transition”—the process by which the Obama presidency would hand over the reins to its various social-media accounts, their followers kept intact, while also resetting and archiving their former contents in compliance with the Presidential Records Act.8 Normally, such preservation seals materials up in physical repositories, such as those maintained at the National Archives or the various presidential libraries.9 But the Obama White House hoped to “ensure these materials continue to be accessible on the platforms where they were created,” a savvy acknowledgement of the fact that a tweet or an Instagram post doesnt make sense stripped from its context.

      The White House also expressed its commitment to share its social-media content with the American people—both via accessible, downloadable archives, where possible, and also through tools and gadgets that might present the content in new and synthetic ways.10 In service of the latter goal, the White House invited the public to submit “creative ways to archive this content and make it both useful and available for years to come.”

      To sneer at the White Houses efforts in this regard is sure to make me seem like a spoilsport or a killjoy.11 But they also affirm the dark underbelly12 of the social media era. The compression of complex ideas into tweetable sound-bites.13 The victory of sentiment and affect over reason and fact on the Internet. The belief that large information archives can produce knowledge of the present, and of history, by exalting data correlation over all other methods of knowledge production. The tendency to privilege technological discourse over all other topics.

      For all the tweets and Facebook posts and YouTube videos and Pinterest pins and Snapchat snaps the Obama White House produced and disseminated, the main work it did was to further establish the unquestioned utility and righteousness of digital communications technology in the modern era.14 Citizens are dazzled and drawn to an image of Barack Obama staring into a smartphone because such images condone15 and affirm their own fixation with these technologies.

      As Obama leaves office, the digital tools he quietly celebrated have also hollowed out American life.16 Surveillance capitalism has made data extraction, aggregation, resale, and speculation the hidden engine of wealth and progress.17 The ability to create and widely disseminate information as credible and accurate, no matter its relationship to reality. The obsession with immediacy and attention over longevity and conviction. The consolidation18 of media and information, particularly local media, in the hands of a few large companies with limited commitment to civic good. While the first social media presidency was busy tweeting and Snapchatting, supposedly for public engagement, it did precious little to address the impacts of these and other effects of technology on the American public as matters of public policy.

      Ultimately, history will judge the 44th president, online and off. But instead of the “first social media presidency,” I wonder if Obamas legacy wont instead be that of the “cool dad presidency.” What people liked about Obamas relationship to technology is that it was so much like their own. Obama was relatable and with-it.19 He clutched his smartphone as much as anyone. He could make a post go viral and deserve it. But maybe what America needed from 2009 to 2017 wasnt a cool dad to tweet and stream alongside its citizens. Maybe it needed a guardian to watch and safeguard it against its own worst habits.

      奧巴馬總統(tǒng)被稱為“第一位社交媒體總統(tǒng)”。話說的沒錯(cuò),但難免帶有誤導(dǎo)性。一方面奧巴馬政府的的確確是第一屆積極運(yùn)用推特、臉書、Snapchat和Instagram等社交媒體的政府。但從另一個(gè)角度看,奧巴馬2009年上任前,上述社交媒體要么尚未誕生,要么尚未廣泛滲透到人們的生活之中。如今白宮宣揚(yáng)他所創(chuàng)造的若干個(gè)“第一”:他是第一位用@POTUS推特賬號(hào)發(fā)推文、第一位在臉書上直播、第一位使用Snapchat濾鏡功能的美國總統(tǒng)。但事實(shí)上,無論是誰在過去這八年里擔(dān)任美國總統(tǒng),都很可能會(huì)成為第一位社交媒體總統(tǒng)。

      然而,那并不是說任何一位美國總統(tǒng)都能玩轉(zhuǎn)社交媒體。約翰·F. 肯尼迪被公認(rèn)為“第一位電視總統(tǒng)”,但他并不是第一位出現(xiàn)在電視上的美國總統(tǒng),富蘭克林·羅斯福才是,而杜魯門則是首位在1947年發(fā)表電視演說的總統(tǒng)。可是真正將這一媒體運(yùn)用得爐火純青的卻是肯尼迪,從1960年他與理查德·尼克松對(duì)陣的那場(chǎng)著名的電視直播辯論起,直到后來電視播出的各種新聞發(fā)布會(huì)和采訪,都成為了其任期的一大顯著特征。

      就像肯尼迪善于利用電視媒體一樣,奧巴馬充分發(fā)揮了社交媒體的作用。早在當(dāng)總統(tǒng)之前,奧馬巴已經(jīng)離不開他的黑莓手機(jī)了。這位自詡為“電腦迷”和“極客”的總統(tǒng)一直對(duì)科技有著極大的興趣,這促使其政府使用當(dāng)下的數(shù)字服務(wù)和工具與公眾進(jìn)行溝通與互動(dòng)。

      但是,如果說奧巴馬對(duì)社交媒體過分擅長(zhǎng)了會(huì)怎樣呢?也許美國并不需要什么社交媒體總統(tǒng),不僅在大眾傳播上,而且還能在立法和行政上,展示出自己對(duì)科技的遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí),這或許才是符合美國需求的總統(tǒng)。

      去年10月,白宮公布了總統(tǒng)“數(shù)字交接”的文件——奧巴馬政府移交出其管理的多個(gè)社交媒體平臺(tái)賬號(hào),繼續(xù)保留這些賬號(hào)的關(guān)注者,同時(shí)依照《總統(tǒng)記錄法案》重新安置和歸檔之前發(fā)布的所有內(nèi)容。通常情況下,存檔是將材料以物理封存的方式放入資料庫中,就如那些保存在美國國家檔案館或各種各樣的總統(tǒng)圖書館中的檔案。但是,奧巴馬政府則希望“(下屆政府)能確保這些發(fā)布過的內(nèi)容還能繼續(xù)保留在其原先的社交媒體平臺(tái)上”,其明智之處就在于:如果把推文或者Instagram帖從原本的語境里單拿出來,那它本身也就沒有任何意義了。

      白宮還承諾要致力于與美國民眾分享其社交媒體內(nèi)容——在可能的情況下,通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行訪問和下載,而且還可以對(duì)各種軟件和小工具加以利用,爭(zhēng)取以創(chuàng)新的方式完整呈現(xiàn)這些檔案。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)后一個(gè)目標(biāo),白宮呼吁大家集思廣益,提出“創(chuàng)造性的方式將這些內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸檔,使人們未來也能夠訪問和利用這些檔案?!?/p>

      嘲笑白宮的這番努力肯定會(huì)讓我落下“令人掃興”的罵名。但是,上述努力實(shí)際上助長(zhǎng)了社交媒體時(shí)代的不良風(fēng)氣——復(fù)雜的思想被簡(jiǎn)化為適合發(fā)推文的寥寥數(shù)語;在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上煽情和感性戰(zhàn)勝理性和事實(shí);視數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)高于其他任何知識(shí)生產(chǎn)方式,認(rèn)為大型的信息數(shù)據(jù)庫能夠幫助人們認(rèn)識(shí)現(xiàn)在、了解歷史;以及傾向于將科技對(duì)話看得比其他所有話題更重要。

      奧巴馬政府在社交媒體平臺(tái)發(fā)布和傳播的所有內(nèi)容——推文、臉書的帖子、YouTube的視頻、Pinterest和Snapchat的照片,所有這些起到的主要作用無非是進(jìn)一步印證了數(shù)字通信技術(shù)在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中毋庸置疑的實(shí)用性與正當(dāng)性。巴拉克·奧巴馬沉迷于看手機(jī)的樣子吸引著人們的眼球,令人為之傾倒,是因?yàn)檫@些照片讓人們覺得自己對(duì)這些高科技的迷戀無需負(fù)疚,且可以被肯定。

      隨著奧巴馬的離任,這些他默默倡導(dǎo)的數(shù)字化工具也使美國人民的生活變得空虛。監(jiān)控資本主義使數(shù)據(jù)的獲取、聚合、轉(zhuǎn)售和投機(jī)買賣成為創(chuàng)造財(cái)富和進(jìn)步的“隱形”推動(dòng)力。人們急于生產(chǎn)和散播可靠準(zhǔn)確的信息,卻無視信息與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的相關(guān)性;執(zhí)著于即時(shí)性和關(guān)注度,卻不顧信息是否能經(jīng)得住時(shí)間的考驗(yàn),是否具有說服力;媒體,尤其是地方媒體與信息數(shù)據(jù)則被少數(shù)幾個(gè)鮮有公益責(zé)任心的大公司牢牢掌控在手中。當(dāng)我們的第一位社交媒體總統(tǒng)忙著借與民眾互動(dòng)的由頭發(fā)推文和Snapchat照片時(shí),對(duì)于這些現(xiàn)象以及科技給美國民眾帶來的影響和后果,他幾乎無暇將其作為公共政策來對(duì)待。

      對(duì)于第44任美國總統(tǒng),歷史終會(huì)做出評(píng)判,無論線上還是線下。但我想,奧巴馬后世留名或許應(yīng)為“酷爸爸總統(tǒng)”,而非“第一位社交媒體總統(tǒng)”。奧巴馬與科技的親密與旁人無異,人們愛之也無可厚非。奧巴馬時(shí)髦,跟得上潮流,拉近了自己與民眾的距離。和大家一樣,奧巴馬也是資深低頭族。他能發(fā)“爆帖”,而且實(shí)至名歸。然而,2009年到2017年年間,美國需要的也許并不是一個(gè)會(huì)發(fā)推文、隨大流的酷爸爸。也許美國需要的是一個(gè)捍衛(wèi)者,能時(shí)時(shí)警惕和防范社會(huì)自身的陋習(xí)。

      1. White House: 白宮,美國總統(tǒng)官邸與主要辦公場(chǎng)所?!鞍讓m”還常常用來指代總統(tǒng)及其顧問和行政團(tuán)隊(duì)。因此,此處的“the Obama White House”是指奧巴馬及其顧問和行政團(tuán)隊(duì)。此句中提到的推特、臉書、Snapchat(一款閱后即焚照片分享應(yīng)用)和Instagram(一款照片分享應(yīng)用)均是當(dāng)下美國的主流社交媒體。

      2. brag: 自夸;@POTUS: 即@President of the United States,美國總統(tǒng)專屬的推特賬號(hào);go live on Facebook: 臉書的直播功能,用戶可以通過手機(jī)隨時(shí)隨地將周圍發(fā)生的事情向他人直播;filter on Snapchat: Snapchat的濾鏡功能,無需復(fù)雜操作就可以給照片或視頻添加各種特效。

      3. John F. Kennedy: 約翰·F.肯尼迪(1917—1963,美國人通常以其姓名縮寫JFK稱呼他,如下文),1960年當(dāng)選美國第35任總統(tǒng),1963年11月22日在得州達(dá)拉斯市遇刺身亡,被視為美國民主自由派的代表。

      4. Franklin Roosevelt: 富蘭克林·羅斯福(1882—1945),史稱“小羅斯福”,第32任美國總統(tǒng),美國歷史上唯一連任超過兩屆(連任四屆,病逝于第四屆任期中)的總統(tǒng),是美國20世紀(jì)30年代經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的中心人物之一;Truman: 杜魯門(1884—1972),美國民主黨政治家,接替羅斯福成為第33任美國總統(tǒng)。

      5. Richard Nixon: 理查德·尼克松(1913—1994),美國政治家,曾于 1969年至1974年擔(dān)任第37任美國總統(tǒng),后因1974年的水門事件而成為美國歷史上首位在任期內(nèi)辭職的總統(tǒng)。

      6. nerd: 理工科學(xué)科的愛好者,尤指電腦迷(通常表示這種人很乏味);geek:極客,在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代意指那些對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)有狂熱興趣并投入大量時(shí)間鉆研的人;spur: 促進(jìn),激勵(lì)。

      7. savvy: 實(shí)際知識(shí),悟性,智慧。下文還有形容詞用法,意為“有見識(shí)的,聰明的”。

      8. hand over the reins: 交出權(quán)力;intact: 完好無損的,不受損傷的;Presidential Records Act: 《總統(tǒng)記錄法案》,由美國國會(huì)于1978年頒布,規(guī)定如何歸檔和保存所有的總統(tǒng)官方文件。

      9. seal up: 密封?。籶residential library:總統(tǒng)圖書館,是集圖書館、檔案館和博物館于一體的機(jī)構(gòu),既保存總統(tǒng)的檔案文件,又收藏總統(tǒng)接受的贈(zèng)品、個(gè)人物品、圖書和藝術(shù)品等等,由美國國家檔案館管理和維護(hù)。

      10. gadget: 小裝置,小玩意兒;synthetic:綜合性的。

      11. sneer at: 嘲笑,譏諷;spoilsport, killjoy: 均指令人掃興的人。

      12. underbelly: 薄弱部分,弱點(diǎn)。

      13. sound-bite: (廣播或電視上發(fā)言的)簡(jiǎn)要片段,摘要播放。備注:一條推文的字?jǐn)?shù)上限是140字。

      14. Pinterest: 一款圖片分享軟件,采用瀑布流的形式展現(xiàn)圖片內(nèi)容,用戶把自己感興趣的圖片用圖釘(pin)釘在釘板(PinBoard)上;disseminate: 傳播,散布;righteousness: 正當(dāng)。

      15. condone: 寬恕,原諒。

      16. celebrate: 頌揚(yáng),贊美;hollow out:挖空。

      17. surveillance capitalism: 監(jiān)控資本主義,經(jīng)濟(jì)、商業(yè)和科技領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)新概念,指的是企業(yè)利用軟件、電子產(chǎn)品或廣告等渠道獲取盡可能多的用戶數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)用戶行為實(shí)施監(jiān)控和修正,并從中牟利;extraction:提取。

      18. consolidation: 鞏固。

      19. relatable: relate的形容詞形式,在這里指更加人性化,容易接

      近;with-it: 時(shí)髦的,新潮的。

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