⊙ By Alice & Rob

考試月,你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?

⊙ By Alice & Rob

這是一個(gè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)節(jié)目，兩位主持人在對(duì)話過(guò)程中會(huì)對(duì)一些重點(diǎn)詞匯用較為簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋，通過(guò)這種方式幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者順利聽(tīng)懂節(jié)目?jī)?nèi)容——大家不妨留意文中的橙色生詞，看看主持人是怎么用英語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋它們的。

Alice: So, it’s nearly exam time again. And the subject of today’s show is how to prepare well for an exam.

Rob: I’ve got some great tips, actually, Alice.

Alice: Oh, have you really? Can you remind me what grades you got at school?

Rob: Well, oh…

Alice: Oh, right, so you didn’t get very good grades.

Rob: I probably should’ve started revising earlier. But my learning strategies were very good.

Alice: Oh, really? Well, when you revise for an exam you study information you learned before. Now, according to current scientific research, some study methods popular withstudents aren’t actually very effective.

Rob: Don’t tell me—putting your textbook under your pillow at night doesn’t work.

Alice: Did you try doing that, Rob?

Rob: Yes, I did, but without much success. Maybe I was using the wrong kind of pillow?

Alice: Well, let’s talk about more conventional methods than the book-under-the-pillow one. These include summarizing[概括], highlighting[突出]or underlining text to help you remember it. I do love a pack of highlighting pens, though.

Rob: Oh, yes, me too. And actually highlighting text was one of my top tips. But I used to get so absorbed with the highlighting I’m not sure I was actually learning anything useful. My notebooks were works of art, though!

Alice: Yes, and that’s the point made by John Dunlosky, Professor of Psychology at Kent State University in the U.S., who says that you need to do more than just highlight information. You need to test yourself on it. Let’s hear from him now.

John: Students who can basically test themselves or try to retrieve[找回]material from their memory are going to learn that material in the long run a lot better. So, for instance, maybe you start by reading a textbook using your favourite highlighter and favourite colours, but then you go back and make flashcards of all the critical[關(guān)鍵性的]concepts. And instead of just rereading those, you basically try to test yourselves on them.

Rob: Professor John Dunlosky there. So he says trying to memorise the material isn’t enough. You need to do something with it, for example, making flashcards of critical—or important—concepts and then testing yourself on them.

Alice: By repeatedly testing yourself on something, you strengthen the pathways between neurons[神經(jīng)元]—or nerve cells—in the brain. And the more often you do this, the easier it becomes to retrieve information.

Rob: And retrieve means to get something back.

Alice: That’s right. When you repeatedly test yourself over a longer period of time—for example, over months or weeks—this is called distributed practice[分散學(xué)習(xí)]. And psychologists believe this is a very effective way to learn.

Rob: It sounds like hard work, though, doesn’t it? I prefer the cramming method[填鴨式], which means to try and learn lots of information in a short period of time—for example, the night before the exam.

Alice: I don’t know, Rob. We don’t cram to learn other things, like music, or dancing, or football, or language learning. It’s far more effective to join a conversation[對(duì)話]class and practise speaking every week than to practise for hours in front of the mirror the night before your oral[口語(yǔ)的]exam.

Rob: That’s a good point. In fact, I used to sing irregular[不規(guī)則的]French verbs to myself every day in the shower[淋浴間]for weeks before my French exam, and that helped me remember them more easily.

Alice: Excellent! Making different types of associations with what you’re trying to learn—for example, musical associations—is meant to be effective. Let’s listen now to Professor Dunlosky talking about visual associations.

John: I would encourage students as they’re reading to try to elaborate[詳述]mentally, using images[圖像]as they’re reading, to kind of develop a more vivid picture of what they’re reading. Again, that’ll help quite a bit for some kinds of studies—maybe history and so forth—and a little bit less so for more conceptual[概念的]studies.

Rob: And if you elaborate on something, it means you add more information—in this case, mental pictures.

Alice: So, creating mental pictures is useful for some subjects, like history or languages. But conceptual subjects (ones based on abstract ideas rather than things), like maths, for example, it might not be so easy to associate ideas with pictures.

Rob: Now what about Albert Einstein? People say he was a very visual thinker.

Alice: Well, you’ve got me there, Rob. Well, that’s the end of today. Remember to join us again soon!

Rob: Bye bye.

Alice: Bye bye.