沈敏,Katherine Coady, 董晶,John Davis,胡璟,柴運(yùn)宙,高仁君
1. 陶氏化學(xué)(中國)投資有限公司,上海 2012032. 陶氏化學(xué)公司,美國 米德蘭 486743. 陶氏化學(xué)(中國)投資有限公司,北京 100738
化學(xué)品生態(tài)毒性測試魚類模式生物的應(yīng)用與展望
沈敏1,Katherine Coady2, 董晶1,John Davis2,胡璟2,柴運(yùn)宙2,高仁君3,
1. 陶氏化學(xué)(中國)投資有限公司,上海 2012032. 陶氏化學(xué)公司,美國 米德蘭 486743. 陶氏化學(xué)(中國)投資有限公司,北京 100738
水生生物毒性測試廣泛應(yīng)用于評估化學(xué)品的水生態(tài)環(huán)境安全,而魚類生態(tài)毒性數(shù)據(jù)為水生生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理提供基礎(chǔ)。本文總結(jié)了現(xiàn)有的魚類水生毒性測試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及常用的物種。闡述了常用水生魚類模式生物,如斑馬魚Danio rerio、青鳉魚Oryzias latipes、黑頭軟口鰷Pimephales promelas等作為模式魚類的特征及在生態(tài)毒性測試中的應(yīng)用。環(huán)保部7號令推薦稀有鮈鯽Gobiocypris rarus作為中國本土生物在水生毒性測試中使用。目前公開發(fā)表的利用稀有鮈鯽的水生毒性研究多集中在急性毒性方面,對其他類型的研究如法規(guī)毒理相關(guān)的長期慢性毒性有待開展。
模式魚類;稀有鮈鯽;斑馬魚;青鳉魚;黑頭軟口鰷;生態(tài)毒理測試
對選定的生物物種進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究,用于解釋某種具有普遍規(guī)律生命現(xiàn)象的物種稱為模式生物[1]。模式生物的選擇需主要符合以下幾點(diǎn):(1)生理特征能夠代表生物界的某一大類群;(2)容易獲得并易于在實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)和繁殖;(3)世代短、子代多、遺傳背景清楚;(4)容易進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)操作。常見的模式生物有大腸桿菌Escherichia coli、酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae、線蟲Saccharomyces cerevisiae、果蠅Saccharomyces cerevisiae、小鼠Mus musculus、斑馬魚Danio rerio、非洲爪蟾Xenopus laevis等。其中斑馬魚和非洲爪蟾為水生模式動物可用于評估環(huán)境及健康安全。斑馬魚可用于毒理學(xué)、發(fā)育生物學(xué)、毒理病理學(xué)、基因通路等研究,非洲爪蟾用于細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、毒理學(xué)、神經(jīng)學(xué)、發(fā)育生物學(xué)的研究。
水生毒性測試主要用于評估化學(xué)品的水生生態(tài)環(huán)境安全,使用何種水生生物進(jìn)行毒性測試、如何選擇代表性物種、及物種的數(shù)據(jù)如何外推到其他物種是需要考慮的關(guān)鍵問題。水生毒性測試結(jié)果可用于支持GHS(全球化學(xué)品統(tǒng)一分類和標(biāo)簽制度)分類、PNEC(預(yù)測無效應(yīng)濃度)推導(dǎo)及PBT(持久性、生物蓄積性和毒性)等的評估。急性毒性測試通常作為起始的試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目,比如藻類生長抑制試驗(yàn)、溞類急性活動抑制試驗(yàn)及魚類急性毒性試驗(yàn)。慢性試驗(yàn)可以對低濃度化學(xué)物質(zhì)長期的影響進(jìn)行預(yù)測,比如大型溞繁殖試驗(yàn)及各種魚類慢性毒性試驗(yàn)。
魚類作為脊椎動物是生態(tài)毒理學(xué)測試常見的試驗(yàn)材料。Di Giulio和Hinton[2]列舉了測試魚種的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)普遍可用及有足夠背景信息的魚類;(2)敏感度和行為歷史已知;(3)首先考慮土著和有代表性的魚類,(4)容易進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育和養(yǎng)護(hù)。為提高生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估可靠性,獲得有代表性魚類的毒性數(shù)據(jù)非常必要。魚類生態(tài)毒性數(shù)據(jù)是水生生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的基礎(chǔ)。魚類急性毒性試驗(yàn)主要測試化學(xué)品對魚類短期內(nèi)的毒性效應(yīng)(96 h半致死濃度)。魚類胚胎急性毒性測試化學(xué)品對魚類胚胎的短期毒性效應(yīng),是魚類急性毒性測試潛在的替代試驗(yàn)。魚類慢性毒性試驗(yàn)測試化學(xué)物質(zhì)對魚類不同生命階段或整個生命周期的致死和亞致死效應(yīng),亞致死效應(yīng)包括對生長發(fā)育繁殖的毒性效應(yīng)等。表1總結(jié)了生態(tài)毒理魚類毒性測試方法及相關(guān)的測試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3-28]。
表1 魚類生態(tài)毒性測試方法Table 1 Ecotoxicity testing guideline of fish toxicity
目前國際上常用的生態(tài)毒性測試魚類包括斑馬魚、青鳉魚、黑頭軟口鰷等。表2總結(jié)了生態(tài)毒性測試中常用的魚類,包括分類、棲息地、測試主要用途、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)等。這些測試魚種有足夠的背景,敏感度、行為歷史已知,容易實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育和養(yǎng)護(hù)。在代表性方面,斑馬魚為國際常用物種,黑頭軟口鰷為北美常用魚種,而青鳉魚在東亞常用。
2.1 斑馬魚
斑馬魚Danio rerio起源于印度,為小型的熱帶魚類,繁殖快,便于養(yǎng)殖。斑馬魚的基因組及發(fā)育都已被很好的表征。作為所有脊椎動物(包括人類)的模型,斑馬魚作為模式生物的使用正逐漸拓展和深入到生命體的多種系統(tǒng)(例如神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)、心血管系統(tǒng)、生殖系統(tǒng)等)的發(fā)育、功能和疾病研究中[29-30],并已應(yīng)用于小分子化合物的大規(guī)模新藥篩選[31]。斑馬魚產(chǎn)卵周期短,產(chǎn)卵量大,并且可以很容易控制產(chǎn)卵時間,且胚胎在體外發(fā)育,早期胚胎完全透明,易于觀察內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),常用斑馬魚胚胎毒性測試來預(yù)測水生急性毒性。斑馬魚常用于生態(tài)毒理學(xué)測試,如急性毒性試驗(yàn)、慢性毒性試驗(yàn)(包括整個生命周期及內(nèi)分泌篩查測試)。斑馬魚及其轉(zhuǎn)基因品種在環(huán)境監(jiān)測方面也有應(yīng)用,如用于調(diào)查水污染狀況或用于特定污染物的檢測等[32]。
2.2 青鳉魚
青鳉魚Oryzias latipes是起源于亞洲的淡水魚,主要見于日本、韓國和中國東部。其生理學(xué)、胚胎學(xué)和遺傳學(xué)被廣泛研究[33-34]。青鳉魚的胚胎、仔魚和幼魚透明,可用于研究生長發(fā)育情況[35]。青鳉魚的基因組已被很好地表征[36]。青鳉魚的性別可以基因測定,用于研究性別反轉(zhuǎn)、量化表型和基因性別等。青鳉魚常被用于生態(tài)急性毒性和慢性毒性及內(nèi)分泌效應(yīng)方面的研究。
2.3 黑頭軟口鰷
黑頭軟口鰷Pimephales promelas是水生毒理學(xué)領(lǐng)域常用的小型模式魚類,廣泛應(yīng)用于法規(guī)測試和研究中,特別是在北美地區(qū)[37]。從48 h急性致死到部分或全生命周期測試,用黑頭軟口鰷進(jìn)行的毒性測試經(jīng)常用于法規(guī)監(jiān)管項(xiàng)目中,比如高產(chǎn)量化學(xué)品(HPV)篩選評估,復(fù)雜混合物比如廢水的影響,及內(nèi)分泌干擾篩選項(xiàng)目。這個物種也被廣泛用于各類研究中,重點(diǎn)的研究主題包括定量構(gòu)效關(guān)系(QSAR)模型開發(fā)、混合物毒性、化合物效應(yīng)跨物種外推,以及了解實(shí)驗(yàn)室結(jié)果與野外影響的相關(guān)性。黑頭軟口鰷的屬性讓它成為解決生態(tài)毒理學(xué)新挑戰(zhàn)的很好的模型,比如對具有不同作用機(jī)制的化合物識別敏感的生命階段或毒理學(xué)終點(diǎn)、基于生物組織數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測種群水平的效應(yīng)、探索了解基因組學(xué)在研究和法規(guī)中的應(yīng)用等。
2.4 其他
其他魚類如虹鱒Oncorhynchus mykiss、鯉魚Cyprinus carpio、藍(lán)鰓太陽魚Lepomis macrochirus等也是常用淡水魚類,用于測定水生生態(tài)毒性。除淡水魚外,海水魚包括羊鯛Cyprinodon variegatus、刺魚Gasterosteus aculeatus、銀漢魚Menidia beryllina等是海洋環(huán)境常用的測試魚類。
根據(jù)環(huán)境保護(hù)部(MEP)2010年發(fā)布的7號令《新化學(xué)物質(zhì)管理辦法》,新化學(xué)物質(zhì)申報(bào)需在中國境內(nèi)使用中國的供試生物完成生態(tài)毒理學(xué)測試[39]。稀有鮈鯽(Gobiocypris rarus)作為中國本土生物在水生毒性測試中被推薦使用。自2010年7號令實(shí)施以來,稀有鮈鯽的生態(tài)毒理研究及測試報(bào)告數(shù)量大幅增加。但與國際通用魚種相比,稀有鮈鯽尚未被列入OECD導(dǎo)則推薦魚種中。從工業(yè)界的角度看,稀有鮈鯽毒性數(shù)據(jù)要被中國以外的國家廣泛接受還需要繼續(xù)深入研究和驗(yàn)證。而無論是稀有鮈鯽還是其他已存在的不同推薦魚種,對化學(xué)物質(zhì)毒性敏感性的潛在差異可能會導(dǎo)致不同國家或地區(qū)對水生環(huán)境危害的GHS分類不一致,這一點(diǎn)也需要各國化學(xué)品環(huán)境管理機(jī)構(gòu)給予關(guān)注。
通過分析國際及國內(nèi)發(fā)表的稀有鮈鯽研究發(fā)現(xiàn),稀有鮈鯽應(yīng)用于毒理學(xué)的研究呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,毒性終點(diǎn)涉及從基因到個體等不同水平的研究。目前稀有鮈鯽法規(guī)毒理相關(guān)的水生毒性研究多集中在急性毒性方面,但公開發(fā)表的法規(guī)毒理相關(guān)的慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)非常有限。發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)對稀有鮈鯽急性毒性研究的化合物主要集中在重金屬,如Cr、Hg、Cd等重金屬及有機(jī)化合物,如殺蟲劑、殺菌劑等的研究[40-46]。除內(nèi)分泌干擾物外[47-48],對其他類型化合物的慢性毒性公開發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)比較有限。
通過對稀有鮈鯽不同生命階段的毒性效應(yīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同生命周期的敏感性可能不同。毒死蜱對稀有鮈鯽不同生命階段的毒性如下:96 h-LC50胚胎7.59 mg·L-1、仔魚0.395 mg·L-1、幼魚0.0478 mg·L-1和成魚0.0272 mg·L-1[40],說明稀有鮈鯽對毒死蜱的敏感性隨著其發(fā)育而增強(qiáng)。而鎘對胚胎72 h-EC50為0.219 mg·L-1[41]、仔魚96 h-LC50為2.59 mg·L-1[42]、成魚96 h-LC50為12.2 mg·L-1[43],說明稀有鮈鯽的胚胎對鎘更加敏感。
表3總結(jié)了不同化合物對5種魚類包含稀有鮈鯽和國際通用魚種,如斑馬魚、青鳉和虹鱒魚等的急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)(96 h-LC50)。對比分析化學(xué)品對稀有鮈鯽及國際通用魚類毒性發(fā)現(xiàn):稀有鮈鯽對5種殺菌劑的敏感性各不相同[44]; 對于重金屬鉻和對氯苯胺,斑馬魚、稀有鮈鯽和虹鱒魚的急性毒性相似[45-46];對于殺蟲劑毒死蜱,稀有鮈鯽的敏感性高于斑馬魚[40]。
吳本麗(2014)等[43]用胚胎-卵黃囊吸收階段毒性試驗(yàn)方法(OECD 212)分析了稀有鮈鯽對氯化鎘和對氯苯胺的長期毒性。對于環(huán)保部《新化學(xué)物質(zhì)申報(bào)登記指南》中推薦的另外2種慢性毒性測定方法,魚類早期生活階毒性試驗(yàn)(OECD 210)及魚類幼體生長試驗(yàn)(OECD 215)目前未見有關(guān)稀有鮈鯽的公開發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù)。表4比較了2種不同的化合物對不同魚類的慢性毒性。
通過分析國際及國內(nèi)發(fā)表的稀有鮈鯽研究發(fā)現(xiàn),目前其水生毒性的研究多集中在急性毒性方面,對其法規(guī)毒理慢性毒性研究有待繼續(xù)開展。運(yùn)用稀有鮈鯽已有毒性數(shù)據(jù)驗(yàn)證定量構(gòu)效關(guān)系(QSAR)模型或改進(jìn)預(yù)測模型,可以作為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估的篩選手段。對比稀有鮈鯽和國際通用魚類對更多化學(xué)品的敏感性,開展稀有鮈鯽對更多化合物的國際及國內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)室急慢性試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,將會使稀有鮈鯽對化學(xué)品的安全性評價(jià)更具說服力,增加國際間認(rèn)可,為水生GHS分類的一致性及動物福利做出重要貢獻(xiàn)。
表3 化合物對不同魚類的急性毒性(96 h-LC50)比較 (mg·L-1)Table 3 Comparison of acute toxicity (96 h-LC50) of different fish species (mg·L-1)
表4 化合物對不同魚類的慢性毒性比較Table 4 Comparison of chronic toxicity of different fish species
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Application and Outlook of Various Fish Models Used in Chemical Ecotoxicity Test
Shen Min Summer1, Katherine Coady2, Dong Jing1, John Davis2, Hu Jing2, Chai Yunzhou Joe2, Gao Renjun3,*
1. Dow Chemical (China) Investment Limited Company, Shanghai 201203, China2. The Dow Chemical Company, Midland 48674, USA3. Dow Chemical (China) Investment Limited Company, Beijing 100738, China
26 November 2016 accepted 16 December 2016
Aquatic toxicity testing is widely used to assess aquatic hazard of chemicals, and fish aquatic toxicity data is a critical component that contributes to aquatic ecological risk assessments and management decisions. In this paper, existing guidelines for fish toxicity testing and commonly used fish test species are summarized. For commonly used fish species, including zebrafish (Danio rerio), medaka (Oryzias latipas), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), their characteristics as fish model species and their application in ecotoxicity testing are elaborated. The China Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) Decree No. 7 recommends Chinese rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus in aquatic toxicity testing. Published studies have mostly focused on acute toxicity, while regulatory toxicology related chronic toxicity studies need to be evaluated in future.
fish model; Gobiocypris rarus; Danio rerio; Oryzias latipas; Pimephales promelas; ecotoxicity test
沈敏(1982—),女,博士,研究方向?yàn)榄h(huán)境毒理咨詢,E-mail:smshen2@dow.com
*通訊作者(Corresponding author), E-mail: rgao@dow.com
10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20161126004
2016-11-26 錄用日期:2016-12-16
1673-5897(2017)2-034-10
X171.5
A
高仁君(1972—),男,博士,毒理學(xué)家,主要從事產(chǎn)品安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估工作。
沈敏, Katherine Coady, 董晶, 等. 化學(xué)品生態(tài)毒理測試魚類模式生物的應(yīng)用與展望[J]. 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2017, 12(2): 34-43
Shen M S, Coady K, Dong J, et al. Application and outlook of various fish models used in chemical ecotoxicity test [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(2): 34-43 (in Chinese)