徐丹丹 陸 煒 鄭章乾 楊 琳 吳冰冰 羅飛宏
PORCN基因嵌合突變致男性局灶性真皮發(fā)育不全1例并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
徐丹丹1)陸 煒1)鄭章乾1)楊 琳1)吳冰冰2)羅飛宏1)
目的 報(bào)道1例PORCN基因嵌合突變致男性局灶性真皮發(fā)育不全(FDH)患兒并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí),為該病的臨床診斷提供參考。方法 總結(jié)患兒的臨床表現(xiàn)、輔助檢查和基因測序結(jié)果。在Pubmed、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫和中國知網(wǎng)中檢索建庫至2017年9月30日?qǐng)?bào)道的PORCN突變致FDH綜合征的病例,歸納該病的臨床表現(xiàn),篩選并總結(jié)存活男性患兒的基因型和臨床表型。結(jié)果 患兒男,12歲2月,因“身材矮小”就診。當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院檢查胰島素樣生長因子1(IGF1)343.8 ng·mL-1,胰島素樣生長因子結(jié)合蛋白3(IGFBP3)4.9 μg·mL-1;垂體MR增強(qiáng)掃描未見異常;B超檢查雙側(cè)睪丸、腎上腺未見異常。身高142cm(-1.4 SD),體重36.1 kg;左側(cè)第4腳趾明顯小于右側(cè);左側(cè)腹部和腿部有沿Blaschko線的色素減退,左側(cè)臀部及陰莖左側(cè)面有淺黃色脂肪膨出;雙足X線正位片示,左足第1、4、5跖骨和左拇趾第1趾骨較細(xì),第4趾骨細(xì)小,左拇趾末節(jié)趾骨短、末端細(xì)尖。性激素6項(xiàng)未見異常。韋氏兒童智力量表測試顯示語言、總分分值偏低。基因檢測顯示PORCN基因c.178Ggt;A嵌合突變,確診為PORCN基因嵌合突變致FDH。共檢索到36篇英文文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了經(jīng)基因檢測確診為PORCN突變導(dǎo)致的FDH綜合征205例,其中男性22例(3例在出生后死亡);臨床表現(xiàn)以皮膚(72.7%)、骨骼系統(tǒng)(66.8%)和顱面部(58.5%)最常見。20例(包括本文1例)存活的PORCN突變導(dǎo)致的FDH綜合征男性患兒中除1例為46,XXY Klinefelter綜合征外,余均為嵌合體或合子后嵌合;均存在皮膚發(fā)育不全,其他臨床表現(xiàn)多樣。結(jié)論 FDH不僅可表現(xiàn)為肢體和皮膚異常,還可導(dǎo)致智力發(fā)育遲滯。PORCN基因突變所致FDH為X連鎖顯性遺傳病,男性雜合患者多為胚胎致死性,存活男性多為嵌合突變且臨床表現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性高,臨床易漏診,對(duì)存在皮膚相似病變懷疑該病者應(yīng)做基因檢測以輔助診斷。
局灶性真皮發(fā)育不全;PORCN; 遺傳特性; 臨床表現(xiàn)
患兒男,12歲2月,因“身材矮小”于2016年9月14日至復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院(我院)就診。
家長訴患兒生后6歲起較同齡人身材矮小,生長緩慢,挑食,無頭痛、視物模糊、胸悶和乏力等,未予治療。2016年8月當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院行垂體MR增強(qiáng)掃描未見明顯異常;B超顯示雙側(cè)睪丸、腎上腺未見明顯異常;胰島素樣生長因子1(IGF1)343.8 ng·mL-1,胰島素樣生長因子結(jié)合蛋白 3(IGFBP3)4.9 μg·mL-1。未有明確診斷遂至我院就診。
患兒系G2P1,足月順產(chǎn),出生體重3.5 kg。父母非近親結(jié)婚,父身高173 cm,母身高156 cm,無家族矮小病史。
體格檢查:身高142 cm(-1.4 SD),體重36.1 kg。左側(cè)第4腳趾明顯小于右側(cè),雙手掌大小和皮膚顏色基本正常。圖1 A~C顯示,左側(cè)腹部和腿部出現(xiàn)沿Blaschko線的色素減退,左側(cè)臀部及陰莖左側(cè)面有淺黃色脂肪膨出?;純盒姆温犜\,口、眼和耳等檢查未見異常,神經(jīng)反射正常。
圖1患兒皮膚和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)
注 A:左側(cè)腹部沿Blaschko線分布的色素缺失;B、C:臀部和陰莖有淺黃色脂肪膨出;D:X線片顯示,左足第1、4、5跖骨和左拇趾第1趾骨較細(xì),第4趾骨細(xì)小,左拇趾末節(jié)趾骨短、末端細(xì)尖卵泡刺激素(FSH)2.16 U·L-1,人絨毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)0.15 U·L-1,黃體生成素(LH)2.54 U·L-1,催乳素(PRL)9.13 nmol·L-1,雄烯二酮(AND)1.64 nmol·L-1,睪酮(TES)99.5 ng·dL-1。
實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:雌二醇(E2)25 pmol·L-1,影像學(xué)檢查:圖2雙足X線正位片示,左足第1、4、5跖骨和左拇趾第1趾骨較細(xì),第4趾骨細(xì)小,左拇趾末節(jié)趾骨短、末端細(xì)尖。
韋氏兒童智力量表(WISC-R)測試結(jié)果總分74,其中語言總分73,操作總分83。
取得患兒父母知情同意后行全外顯子測序(WES)。依據(jù)我院分子診斷中心數(shù)據(jù)分析流程,結(jié)合WuXi Next CODE分析軟件(CSE)分析測序數(shù)據(jù);通過Burrow-Wheeler Aligner (BWA)與NCBI RefSeq進(jìn)行匹配比對(duì);采用ANNOVAR和VEP軟件以及注釋程序注釋變異數(shù)據(jù),包括用NCBI RefSeq和SwissPort進(jìn)行基因注釋,用HGMD、OMIM和ClinVar進(jìn)行疾病相關(guān)注釋,用千人基因組計(jì)劃、EVC6500、ExAC和我院分子診斷中心已建立的內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行突變頻率注釋;用SIFT、Polyphen 2和MutationTaster進(jìn)行突變預(yù)測。通過突變頻率和變異類別的篩選及與疾病的相關(guān)關(guān)系篩選出候選突變。
患兒PORCN基因(NM_203475)3號(hào)外顯子存在1個(gè)雜合突變c.178Ggt;A(p.G60R),為嵌合變異(正常讀序?yàn)?40,突變讀序?yàn)?1,變異嵌合比例18%)。PORCN(MIM:305600)是X連鎖顯性遺傳的局灶性真皮發(fā)育不全(FDH)的致病基因。對(duì)患兒及其父母進(jìn)行Sanger驗(yàn)證,目的條帶送深圳華大基因股份有限公司測序(PORCN基因PCR引物F:TCTTGTTCTCCCTCTCTCTCTC,R:CTGTGTCTCCTCATAGGCAAAT)。反向測序(圖2)可見患兒該位點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)一稍低的突變峰,其父母均未出現(xiàn)該位點(diǎn)的突變峰。
圖2患兒及其父母測序圖譜
根據(jù)基因測序結(jié)果結(jié)合臨床診斷為PORCN基因突變導(dǎo)致的FDH。根據(jù)家長意愿予GnRH抑制過早發(fā)育,以延長其身高增長時(shí)間。隨訪至2017年7月身高146 cm(-1.7 SD),停止用藥,體重36.5 kg,骨齡11.5歲。
以“Focal dermal hypoplasia”、“Goltz sydrome”、“PORCN”為關(guān)鍵詞在Pubmed數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索,以“局灶性真皮發(fā)育不全”、“Goltz綜合征”、“PORCN”為關(guān)鍵詞在萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫和中國知網(wǎng)檢索,檢索時(shí)間從建庫至2017年9月30日。共檢索到FDH和PORCN突變相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)390篇,逐篇篩選后,36篇英文文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了經(jīng)基因檢測確診為PORCN突變導(dǎo)致的FDH 205例,來自北美洲、歐洲和亞洲等,涉及184種突變類型,其中165例、170種突變已包含于LOVD(Leiden Open Variation Database)數(shù)據(jù)庫。205例中男性患兒22例,3例生后死亡。
表1總結(jié)了文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的205例并本文1例PORCN突變導(dǎo)致的FDH的臨床表現(xiàn)。皮膚(72.7%)、骨骼系統(tǒng)(66.8%)和顱面部(58.5%)表現(xiàn)最常見,皮膚異常主要表現(xiàn)為沿Blaschko線分布的皮膚色素沉著過度或減退,骨骼系統(tǒng)的主要表現(xiàn)為并指(趾)、缺指(趾),此外,面部不對(duì)稱、耳朵形態(tài)異常、指甲發(fā)育不全、多部位刺瘤、頭發(fā)塊狀缺失、牙齒異常(少牙畸形、牙釉質(zhì)發(fā)育不全)、唇腭裂、眼睛異常(小眼,無眼,虹膜、脈絡(luò)膜、視網(wǎng)膜缺損)等也在多例患兒中出現(xiàn),腹股溝疝、隱睪、甲狀腺腫瘤、白內(nèi)障等僅在個(gè)別病例出現(xiàn)(未列在表格中)。表2總結(jié)了已報(bào)道的19例存活男性患兒的臨床癥狀和突變類型,可見嵌合突變患兒的臨床癥狀仍以皮膚發(fā)育不全為主(84.2%),并指和指甲發(fā)育不全等也較常見。
表1 206例PORCN突變導(dǎo)致FDH的主要臨床表現(xiàn)[n(%)]
FDH又稱Goltz-Gorlin綜合征,最早于1962年由Goltz和Gorlin等報(bào)道[12,13],主要特征是多發(fā)畸形和發(fā)育不良,主要影響外胚層和內(nèi)胚層來源的組織器官,包括皮膚、骨骼和眼睛等。目前國內(nèi)報(bào)道30余例,國外報(bào)道300余例,本文文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)共檢索到205例基因測序證實(shí)為PORCN基因突變的FDH病例。該病為X連鎖顯性遺傳病,為PORCN基因突變導(dǎo)致。PORCN位于Xp11.23,編碼由461個(gè)氨基酸組成的52 kDa的蛋白。PORCN為PORC蛋白家族的成員,目前推測PORC蛋白是一種O-?;D(zhuǎn)移酶,作用于Wnt通路蛋白的棕櫚?;?,Wnt通路在胚胎過程中組織發(fā)育中起重要作用。PORCN是膜結(jié)合的O-?;D(zhuǎn)移酶,有多個(gè)跨膜區(qū)域跨過內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),并且有1個(gè)連接到膜上的O-酰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶區(qū)[14-16]。此基因編碼的蛋白是涉及WNT蛋白如WNT7A等合成過程中的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)跨膜蛋白。該基因突變?cè)谀行猿橹滤佬裕壳皥?bào)道的病例中男女比例約為1∶9,存活的男性患者常常為合子后體細(xì)胞突變的嵌合。
FDH為多系統(tǒng)疾病,皮膚、骨骼系統(tǒng)、面部、眼睛、口腔等均可受累,最初被報(bào)道時(shí)主要有皮膚、指/趾和眼相關(guān)臨床表現(xiàn)[12,13]隨著患者例數(shù)的增多,多種其他臨床表現(xiàn)也相繼被報(bào)道[1,17-20],該病的診斷需具備至少3種典型的外胚層相關(guān)組織器官改變及1種典型的肢體畸形,PORCN基因檢測有助于確診[3,10]。治療主要以對(duì)癥治療為主,對(duì)可能引起感染的皮膚癥狀進(jìn)行治療,對(duì)可能引起嚴(yán)重胃食管疾病的咽喉、氣管、食管巨大疣樣刺瘤進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,對(duì)影響功能的并指(趾)、缺指(趾)進(jìn)行功能訓(xùn)練及物理治療,對(duì)截?cái)嗝嫒毕莸幕颊哌M(jìn)行假體移植等,并定期隨訪。
PORCN為X連鎖遺傳,女性患兒多為PORCN的雜合或嵌合突變;出現(xiàn)在男性的半合突變多為胚胎致死性,因此存活的男性患兒基本上為嵌合體或合子后嵌合。本文檢索到的205例中男性患兒22例,3例生后死亡。Madan等[21]報(bào)告了1例生后42 d死亡的雜合患兒,Brady等[22]報(bào)告了2例分別在生后10 d死亡的雜合男性患兒。表2總結(jié)了文獻(xiàn)19例并本文1例共20例存活的PORCN突變導(dǎo)致的FDH男性患兒的基因型和臨床表型。除例14為46,XXY Klinefelter綜合征[7]外,其余均為嵌合體或合子后嵌合;PORCN突變類型包括無義突變、移碼突變、錯(cuò)義突變等;可能受嵌合比例或突變類型的影響而臨床表現(xiàn)有所不同,但均存在皮膚發(fā)育不全,符合FDH的診斷。
目前國內(nèi)無PORCN導(dǎo)致男性FDH的報(bào)道,僅有2例PORCN錯(cuò)義突變和移碼突變的女性患兒報(bào)道[23],c.1186cgt;T為已報(bào)道的突變,c.808-811delGGGG為新發(fā)突變。本文報(bào)道國內(nèi)首例男性PORCN突變患兒,該突變位點(diǎn)已收錄于HGMD數(shù)據(jù)庫中,以臀部和陰莖皮膚出現(xiàn)淺黃色斑片、腹部及雙下肢出現(xiàn)皮膚沿Blaschko線分布的線性色素缺失、身材矮小為主要特征,其他癥狀包括左側(cè)第四趾較小,WES顯示該患兒存在嵌合比例約為18%的PORCN突變c.178Ggt;A,為錯(cuò)義突變?;純旱呐R床表現(xiàn)和基因檢查結(jié)果均符合FDH診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。該病尚無有效的治療措施,因此良好的遺傳咨詢及植入前遺傳學(xué)診斷非常重要。母方為PORCN雜合致病患者有50%可能遺傳給下一代,但由于男性雜合子常無法存活,因此其后代為33%正常女性,33%患病女性,33%正常男性;親代若為嵌合患者,則遺傳給子代的比例與嵌合比例及合子情況決定,也可能高達(dá)50%。PORCN突變類型有多種,突變類型不同也導(dǎo)致臨床表現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重程度不一,在LOVD數(shù)據(jù)庫中以無義突變、錯(cuò)義突變及堿基替換為主。
表2 20例男性PORCN突變患兒基因型和臨床表型
注 -:不詳
[1]Wang X, Reid Sutton V, Omar Peraza-Llanes J, et al. Mutations in X-linked PORCN, a putative regulator of Wnt signaling, cause focal dermal hypoplasia. Nat Genet, 2007, 39(7): 836-838
[2]Bornholdt D, Oeffner F, K?nig A, et al. PORCN mutations in focal dermal hypoplasia: coping with lethality. Hum Mutat, 2009, 30(5): E618-628
[3]Maas SM, Lombardi MP, van Essen AJ, et al. Phenotype and genotype in 17 patients with Goltz-Gorlin syndrome. J Med Genet, 2009, 46(10): 716-720
[4]Fernandes PH, Wen S, Sutton VR, et al. PORCN mutations and variants identified in patients with focal dermal hypoplasia through diagnostic gene sequencing. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers, 2010, 14(5): 709-713
[5]Vreeburg M, van Geel M, van den Heuij LG, et al. Focal dermal hypoplasia in a male patient due to mosaicism for a novel PORCN single nucleotide deletion. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2011, 25(5): 592-595
[6]Yoshihashi H, Ohki H, Torii C, et al. Survival of a male mosaic for PORCN mutation with mild focal dermal hypoplasia phenotype. Pediatr Dermatol, 2011, 28(5): 550-554
[7]Alkindi S, Battin M, Aftimos S, et al. Focal dermal hypoplasia due to a novel mutation in a boy with Klinefelter syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol, 2013, 30(4): 476-479
[8]Peters T, Perrier R, Haber RM. Focal dermal hypoplasia: report of a case with myelomeningocele, Arnold-Chiari malformation and hydrocephalus with a review of neurologic manifestations of Goltz syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol, 2014, 31 (2): 220-224
[9]Stevenson DA, Chirpich M, Contreras Y, et al. Goltz syndrome and PORCN mosaicism. Int J Dermatol, 2014, 53(12): 1481-1484
[10]Bostwick B, Fang P, Patel A, et al. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of focal dermal hypoplasia in 18 individuals. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 2016, 172C(1): 9-20
[11]Rao SS, Shenoy RD, Salian S, et al. Focal Dermal Hypoplasia with a De novo Mutation p. E300* of PORCN Gene in a Male Infant. Indian J Dermatol, 2016, 61(6): 700
[12]Goltz RW, Peterson WC, Gorlin RJ, et al. Focal dermal hypoplasia. Arch Dermatol, 1962, 86: 708-717
[13]Goltz RW. Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome. An update. Arch Dermatol, 1992, 128(8): 1108-1111
[14]Grigoryan T, Wend P, Klaus A, et al. Deciphering the function of canonical Wnt signals in development and disease: conditional loss- and gain-of-function mutations of beta-catenin in mice. Genes Dev, 2008, 22(17): 2308-2341
[15]Adaimy L, Chouery E, Megarbane H, et al. Mutation in WNT10A is associated with an autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia: the odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet, 2007, 81(4): 821-828
[16]Grzeschik KH, Bornholdt D, Oeffner F, et al. Deficiency of PORCN, a regulator of Wnt signaling, is associated with focal dermal hypoplasia. Nat Genet, 2007, 39(7): 833-835
[17]Smith A, Hunt TR 3rd. The orthopedic characterization of Goltz syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 2016, 172C(1): 41-43
[18]Bree AF, Grange DK, Hicks MJ, et al. Dermatologic findings of focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome). Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 2016, 172C(1): 44-51
[19]Wright JT, Puranik CP, Farrington F. Oral phenotype and variation in focal dermal hypoplasia. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 2016, 172C(1): 52-58
[20]Gisseman JD, Herce HH. Ophthalmologic manifestations of focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome): A case series of 18 patients. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 2016, 172C(1): 59-63
[21]Madan S, Liu W, Lu JT, et al. A non-mosaic PORCN mutation in a male with severe congenital anomalies overlapping focal dermal hypoplasia. Mol Genet Metab Rep, 2017, 12: 57-61
[22]Brady PD, Van Esch H, Fieremans N, et al. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of PORCN variants in two males with syndromic microphthalmia. Eur J Hum Genet, 2015, 23(4): 551-554
[23]Liang Y, Liu YX, Xu ZG, et al. Two female cases of focal dermal hypoplasia: One new case with a novel variant in PORCN (c. 808_811delGGGG). J Dermatol, 2016, doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.13737
2017-10-12
2017-10-20)
(本文編輯:孫晉楓)
PORCNgenemosaicmutationcausefocaldermalhypoplasia:Acasereportandliteraturereview
XUDan-dan1),LUWei1),ZHENGZhang-qian1),YANGLin1),WUBing-bing2),LUOFei-hong1)
(Children'sHospitalofFudanUniversity,Shanghai, 201102,China; 1)DepartmentofPediatricEndocrinologyandInheritedMetabolicDisease, 2)TheMolecularGeneticDiagnosisCenter,ShanghaiKeyLabofBirthDefect)
LUO Fei-hong, E-mail: luofh@fudan.edu.cn; WU Bing-bing, E-mail: bingbingwu2010@163.com
ObjectiveTo report one case of male focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) caused by mosaic mutation ofPORCNfor clinical diagnosis reference.MethodsThe clinical manifestations, laboratory measurements and gene sequencing results were summarized.PORCNmutations from Pubmed, Wanfang Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up to September 30th, 2017 were searched, the related features along with the clinical and gene mutation spectrums of the survived FDH male cases were summarized.ResultsA 12 years and 2 months old boy with height 142 cm (-1.4 SD) and weight 36.1 kg was referred to our clinic due to short stature. The serum IGF1 level was 323.8 ng·mL-1and IGFBP3 level was 4.9 μg·mL-1.No abnormalities were found in his pituitary and bilateral testes and adrenal gland. However, typical features were found as short left fourth toe, skin hypopigmentation at his left leg and abdomen along Blaschko line, and fat herniation in buttocks and penis. Bipedal X-ray showed that the 1st, 4th, 5th metatarsal of left foot, left great toe and the 4th phalanges were small, the phalanges of left great toe were short with small end. Six steroid sex hormones were within normal range. WISC-R intellectual test demonstrated that language and total scores are marginally low. Mosaic c.178Ggt; A mutation ofPORCNgene was detected by whole exon sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing, then the diagnosis of FDH was made. A total of 205 reported patients confirmed havingPORCNmutations were reported in 36 literatures and only 22 were males(3 cases died soon after birth). The most frequently reported symptoms were skin hypoplasia (72.7%),skeletonabnormalities (66.8%) and craniofacial anomalies (58.5%). The survived male patients were all mosaic or postzygotic mosaic mutations except one 46, XXY Klinefelter syndrome whose clinical manifestations showed great heterogeneity but all with skin hypoplasia.ConclusionThe FDH patient we reported not only presented with limb and skin abnormalities, but also with mental retardation. Male patients could be misdiagnosed by Sanger sequencing because of the failure of detection of mosaic mutation and great heterogeneity of clinical manifestations.WES test could significantly improve the positive rate of diagnosis for those suspected male patients.
Focal dermal hypoplasia;PORCN; Genetic features; Clinical manifestation
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院 上海,201102; 1) 內(nèi)分泌遺傳代謝科;2) 分子診斷中心,上海市出生缺陷防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
羅飛宏,E-mail:luofh@fudan.edu.cn; 吳冰冰,E-mail:bingbingwu2010@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2017.05.011