文/李 宇 趙 兵 蔣 慧 張 靜 涂裔偉 姚路迅 賈 薇 張 奇*
〔中馭(北京)生物工程有限公司〕
驢奶和牛奶游離氨基酸成分分析研究
文/李 宇 趙 兵 蔣 慧 張 靜 涂裔偉 姚路迅 賈 薇 張 奇*
〔中馭(北京)生物工程有限公司〕
采用氨基酸分析儀對驢奶和牛奶中游離的氨基酸進行分析,比較其中的必需氨基酸和特殊生理功能氨基酸的相對含量。結(jié)果表明,驢奶的游離氨基酸中所含有的必需氨基酸、小兒/早產(chǎn)兒必需氨基酸及特殊生理活性氨基酸等均高于牛奶??梢娫谟坞x氨基酸相對含量方面,驢奶表現(xiàn)出顯著優(yōu)于牛奶的營養(yǎng)價值和保健功效。
驢奶;牛奶;游離氨基酸;氨基酸分析儀
氨基酸是構(gòu)成蛋白質(zhì)的基本單位,賦予蛋白質(zhì)特定的分子結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài),使其的分子具有生化活性,其可分為必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、特殊生理活性氨基酸。
必需氨基酸是指人體自身不能合成或合成速度不能滿足人體需要,需要從食物中攝取的一類氨基酸,成人必需氨基酸包括賴氨酸(Lysine,Lys)、色氨酸(Tryptophane,Trp)、苯丙氨酸(Phenylalanine,Phe)、蛋氨酸(Methionine,Met)、蘇氨酸(Threonine,Thr)、異亮氨酸(Isoleucine,Ile)、亮氨酸(Leucine,Leu)、纈氨酸(Valine,Val),小兒生長發(fā)育必需氨基酸除上述氨基酸外還包括組氨酸(Histidine,His),早產(chǎn)兒必需氨基酸還包括精氨酸(Arginine,Arg)、胱氨酸(Cystine,Cys)、酪氨酸(Tyrosine,Tyr)和?;撬幔═aurine,Tau)。
除上述必需氨基酸和人體能夠自身合成的10 種常規(guī)氨基酸外,研究人員對諸多非常規(guī)氨基酸進行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)許多非常規(guī)氨基酸具有極強的生理活性,如磷脂酰絲氨酸(Phosphatidylserine,P-Ser)、肌氨酸(Sarcosine,Sar)、β-丙氨酸(beta-Alanine,β-Ala)、瓜氨酸(Citrulline,Cit)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、鳥氨酸(Ornithine,Orn)等。
常規(guī)的18 種氨基酸在人體生理活動過程中除參與蛋白合成、脂肪和糖代謝、氮平衡、維生素輔酶合成等功能外,其中的必需氨基酸和特殊生理活性氨基酸還具有營養(yǎng)補充、機體發(fā)育、疾病治療、提升免疫力、調(diào)節(jié)機體平衡、解毒、抗衰老、抗氧化、緩解機體疲勞等重要功能,詳見表1~3。
據(jù)報道,驢奶是最接近人乳的天然乳[1],其營養(yǎng)價值高,遠優(yōu)于牛奶與羊奶?!侗静菥V目》中對驢奶的描述為:“氣味甘,冷利,無毒,熱頻飲之可治氣郁,解小兒熱毒,不生痘疹”[2]。國外有研究表明,驢奶具有抗氧化,增強人體免疫力的功能[3~4]。
本文對新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)喀什地區(qū)的驢奶中游離氨基酸組分進行分析,與牛奶相比,發(fā)現(xiàn)驢奶的游離氨基酸中必需氨基酸和特殊生理活性氨基酸的含量均顯著高于牛奶??梢娫诎被岷亢捅壤希H奶的營養(yǎng)價值和保健功效均顯著優(yōu)于牛奶。
新鮮驢奶采自新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)喀什地區(qū),牛奶為商品化市售純牛奶,混合氨基酸標準工作液購于北京普鵬科技有限公司,其它試劑均為國產(chǎn)分析純。
取9 mL新鮮驢奶和牛奶,分別加入1 mL三氯乙酸,充分振蕩混勻后靜置10 min,12 000 r/min離心,收集上清液,4 ℃保存?zhèn)溆?。每個樣品3 個重復。
將上述制備好的樣品進行1 000倍稀釋后以全自動氨基酸分析儀(L-8800型,日本日立)進行分析測定,色譜柱為4.6 mm×60 mm,色譜條件:柱溫為62 ℃,泵流速為0.4 mL/min,進樣體積為50 μL,檢測器為35 ℃,檢測波長為440 nm?;旌习被針藴使ぷ饕阂韵嗤w積注入氨基酸分析儀,以外標法通過峰面積計算樣品測定液中氨基酸的濃度。
用SPSS 17.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析,結(jié)果以平均值±標準差表示,方差齊性檢驗。采用單因素方差分析(ANOVA),組間兩兩比較(LSD),檢驗水準P=0.05,以P<0.05為差異顯著,P <0.01為差異極顯著。
采用氨基酸分析儀對驢奶和牛奶中游離氨基酸進行檢測,并對必需氨基酸進行比較(表1),發(fā)現(xiàn)驢奶的游離氨基酸中,8 種必需氨基酸的含量均高于牛奶,差異均極顯著(P<0.01),其中驢奶中游離的Thr和Phe比牛奶高20 倍以上;此外,驢奶中含有人體所必需的Trp,而在本研究選用的牛奶中未檢測出該氨基酸。
小兒或早產(chǎn)兒除成人所必需的氨基酸外,還需補充Tau、Tyr、His、Arg和Cys等氨基酸,通過對牛奶與驢奶中游離氨基酸含量進行分析(表2),發(fā)現(xiàn)驢奶中均含這5 種游離氨基酸,其中Cys含量高于牛奶,但不具備顯著性差異,其它4 種氨基酸的相對含量均高于牛奶,且差異均極顯著(P<0.01),其中重要的His在驢奶中的相對含量高于牛奶20 倍以上。
表1 8 種必需氨基酸含量檢測結(jié)果(n=3)
表2 小兒與早產(chǎn)兒生長發(fā)育所必須的氨基酸含量檢測結(jié)果(n=3)
表3 具有生理活性的氨基酸含量檢測結(jié)果(n=3)
鮮乳中除了常規(guī)的18 種氨基酸外,還含有一些非常規(guī)的特殊氨基酸,其中部分氨基酸具有十分重要的生理活性,對驢奶和牛奶的游離氨基酸進行分析(表3),發(fā)現(xiàn)驢奶和牛奶游離氨基酸中均含有生理活性氨基酸。具備顯著生理功能的氨基酸在驢奶中的相對含量均高于牛奶,其中肌氨酸(Sar)表現(xiàn)為顯著性差異(P<0.05),其它氨基酸表現(xiàn)出極顯著差異(P<0.01),如具備提高免疫力、抗氧化、降低血壓、抵抗焦慮等功能的GABA,在驢奶中的游離含量為牛奶的13 倍以上,此外提升免疫力的Cit,在驢奶中的游離含量為牛奶的26 倍。
本文對驢奶和牛奶的游離氨基酸中的必需氨基酸、特殊生理活性氨基酸進行比較分析研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)驢奶游離氨基酸中的必需氨基酸和特殊生理活性氨基酸的含量均高于牛奶。由此可見,在游離氨基酸相對含量方面,驢奶的營養(yǎng)價值及保健功效均高于牛奶,更適合用于營養(yǎng)補充及疾病的補充治療,具有極高的應(yīng)用和推廣價值。
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Analysis of Amino Acids in Milk of Donkey
LI Yu,ZHAO Bing,JIANG Hui,ZHANG Jing,TU Yi-wei,YAO Lu-xun,JIA Wei,ZHANG Qi*
〔 Zhong Yu(Beijing)Biological Engineering Co.,Ltd 〕
An amino acid analyzer was used to analyze the free amino acids in the milk of donkey and milk,comparing the relative contents of essential amino acids and special physiological functions of amino acid. The results showed that the essential amino,children / premature infants essential amino acids and specif i c physiological active amino acids in the free amino acids of donkey milk were higher than that of milk,in terms of the relative contents of free amino acid,donkey milk showed signif i cantly better nutritional and health benef i ts than milk.
donkey milk;milk;amino acid;amino acid analyzer
國家高新技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計劃(863 計劃)(2014AA022209)]
李宇(1993-),學士,助理工程師,從事臨床營養(yǎng)研究。
★通信作者:張奇(1979-),博士,副教授,從事臨床營養(yǎng)、功能食品和藥物開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域研究。
2017-07-25)