By+Costica+Bradatan
電影《羅生門》講述了在一宗命案中涉案人員各說各話使得真相撲朔迷離的故事,從而質(zhì)疑了人類是否真正有了解真相的能力。這一主題其實并不新穎,早已有哲學(xué)家表達(dá)過類似觀點(diǎn),但是在打動人心、啟發(fā)思考等方面,似乎哲學(xué)要落后電影許多。上帝已死,真理不復(fù)存在,人類自此迷茫困惑、孤立無援,但有一件事或許可以令我們感到安慰:我們?nèi)缃衲軌蛞愿嗟囊暯侨タ创c世界。
Picture this: a man—a samurai1—is killed in a grove. One by one, all those involved are brought before a court. The woodcutter talks of the horror that seized him when he stumbled upon2 the body. The priest testifies that he had seen the man earlier and identifies a likely attacker. Then the attacker, Tajōmaru, is brought in. He claims he tied up the samurai, seduced his wife right in front of him, and afterwards killed the samurai in a swordfight. Some readers might recognise the plot outline. The film is Akira Kurosawas masterpiece Rash?mon(1950), which treats viewers to a unique feast: thinking on screen, philosophising not through any structured argumentation, nor in abstruse language,3 but via exquisite storytelling, compelling imagery and innovative cinematography. Its then the turn of the samurais wife to give testimony. In her story, she is raped by Tajōmaru, who leaves without killing her husband. After the rape, she unties her husband, but then passes out, only to awake to find her husband dead next to her, having committed suicide.
The philosophical puzzle at the core of Kurosawas film is clear already: what if we cant really know and tell whats going on? If whatever account we produce about the world around us is a world unto itself, and each persons account is wildly different from any others, with no way of knowing whose one is actually the case?
Even more compellingly, we then hear, via a medium, the version of the dead samurai himself: after Tajōmaru sleeps with his wife, the brigand begs her to go away with him,4 which she accepts on the condition that he kills her husband. But Tajōmaru suddenly takes her husbands side. Somehow the lady manages to escape, the brigand frees the samurai and leaves, and the latter commits suicide.
Kurosawas characters look at the same world, yet for moral or cognitive reasons their accounts of what they see are worlds in themselves, making it impossible to know what the actual world is like. The films ultimate message is that we are fundamentally unable to “tell the truth”.
What we hear next is yet another version, the woodcutters. He had witnessed the whole thing, but didnt tell the court. He gives his account after the trial, under the Rash?mon gate: after Tajōmaru sleeps with the lady, he begs her to marry him. Unmoved, she frees her husband and challenges him to fight the brigand. The samurai engages Tajōmaru in a swordfight, in which he is killed.endprint
This is the latest version, but we cant say its the true one. Had there been more people involved, we would have heard even more accounts, each more different than the last. Philosophically, this is nothing new: from Friedrich Nietzsches deconstruction of truth in terms of the “will to power” to Richard Rortys notion that truth is “made rather than found” to our own ages “social construction” of everything, weve got accustomed to a world that seems to have dispensed itself of the need to know where the truth lies.5 Disturbing as its message might be at a human level, Kurosawas film joins a conversation that has been going on for a while now in Western philosophy.
In his films, Kurosawa does exactly what any good filmmaker should do: provoke viewers into transcending what they see on screen, engage with big questions about the human condition, pursue philosophical ends through cinematic means. Regardless of whether films satisfy some technical definition of philosophy, the fact remains that they can have on us the same effect that the great, perennial6 works of philosophy do: shake and awaken us, breathe new life into our minds, open us up to new ways of seeing ourselves and the world around us.
Most important, however, given philosophersunhealthy obsession with rationality, filmmakers can teach them what it means to be human: about how shifty, complex and ultimately irrational we can be. We are driven by emotions and passions as much as we are by reason; we employ mythical imagination just as much as argumentative thinking. From film, philosophy can learn many a useful thing—human warmth, social urgency and a way of speaking directly to the human heart—things that dont abound in philosophical texts.
Kurosawas Rash?mon does exactly that. Not only does the film flesh out the old notion that truth is man-made, but it dramatises and intensifies it in a way that philosophy alone is unable to. Through narrative, filming style, performance, mise-en-scène and such like, we get a sense of what the inability to grasp the real feels like: the conflicting stories are told in flashback,7 which raises the crucial issue of truths relationship to memory and forgetting. The remembering and retelling is done during a relentless downpour, as though everything in this world—reality, truth, ourselves—has become liquid. In the court, we never see the judges faces, only those of the people brought in to give their wildly conflicting testimonies: they are talking to us—we are the judges, we have to take everything in; then there are shots directly into the Sun, which creates a lingering sense of blindness and disorientation8. All this only deepens the overwhelming impression that what we witness—an ending to our ability to tell the truth—is a tragedy of cosmic9 proportions.endprint
Of course, all this is “only a movie”. In addition, its been so much fun toying around with the notion that truth is a human fabrication10, that everything can be endlessly constructed and deconstructed. However, when were pushed to accept lies not as lies but as “alternative facts”, we know that the frame of reference is no longer Rorty or Nietzsche, but George Orwells11 1984. And its not a fiction we read, its one we start to inhabit.
We should have at least seen it coming. After all, Rash?mon gave us plenty of warning.
想象一下這幅畫面:一個男人—— 一位武士——在叢林里被殺害。一個接著一個,所有與案件有關(guān)的人都被帶到了糾察使署堂前。樵夫說起自己撞見尸體時如何膽戰(zhàn)心驚。行腳僧作證自己之前見到了武士并且指認(rèn)了一個嫌犯。隨后,兇手多襄丸出堂受審。他宣稱自己綁住了武士,在武士面前勾引了他的妻子,隨后在決斗中殺死了武士。
有些讀者可能認(rèn)得這個情節(jié)梗概。這部電影是黑澤明1950年的代表作《羅生門》,這一作品為觀眾帶來了獨(dú)特的體驗:它借銀屏啟迪思考,而且并非通過條理清楚的論證或是晦澀難懂的語言,而是通過精致巧妙的敘事、引人入勝的畫面和獨(dú)具匠心的攝影來探討哲學(xué)問題。
接著就輪到武士的妻子作證了。在她的證詞中,她被多襄丸侮辱了,之后他只是離開而并沒有殺害她的丈夫。強(qiáng)奸發(fā)生后,她解開了丈夫的繩子,但卻暈了過去,醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)丈夫在她身邊自殺身亡。
黑澤明這部電影中核心的哲學(xué)難題已經(jīng)十分清楚了:要是我們無法真正知曉并說出實際發(fā)生了什么,該怎么辦?如果我們對于周遭世界作出的任何敘述本身就是一個獨(dú)立的世界,每個人的敘述都和另一個人的大不相同,那么究竟誰的說法才是真實的就無從知曉,那又該怎么辦?
更有趣的是,我們接下來通過靈媒聽到了死者的說法:在多襄丸占有了他的妻子后,這個強(qiáng)盜乞求她能和他遠(yuǎn)走高飛,妻子答應(yīng)了,但條件是他必須殺死她的丈夫。但多襄丸突然站到了她丈夫一邊。這個女人后來設(shè)法逃脫了,多襄丸放了武士后就走了,而武士毅然自盡。
黑澤明的角色們看見的是同一個世界,然而出于道德或是認(rèn)知方面的原因,他們對于自己所見所聞的敘述卻是各自獨(dú)立的世界,使得我們無從知曉真實世界究竟如何。電影所傳達(dá)的最重要的信息就是我們從根本上無法“說出真相”。
我們接著聽到的又是另一個版本——樵夫的版本。他目睹了整件事情的經(jīng)過,但沒有上報官府。審判結(jié)束后,在羅生門下,他給出了他的敘述:多襄丸強(qiáng)暴了武士的妻子后,他乞求她嫁給他。妻子不為所動,她解開了丈夫的繩子,要他同強(qiáng)盜決斗。武士和多襄丸大戰(zhàn)一場,最終武士被殺死。
這是最新的版本,但我們不能說這就是真實的版本。如果有更多人涉案,那么我們就會聽到更多的版本,每種都和前一種不一樣。從哲學(xué)上講,這并不新鮮:從弗里德里?!つ岵梢浴皺?quán)力意志”對真理的解構(gòu),到理查德·羅蒂提出觀點(diǎn)說真理是“創(chuàng)造出來的而不是被發(fā)現(xiàn)的”,再到當(dāng)今時代我們對一切事物的“社會構(gòu)建”,我們已經(jīng)對這個似乎不再需要知道真理存在于何處的世界習(xí)以為常。盡管從人類層面而言電影所傳達(dá)的信息令人不安,但事實上這部電影所參與的哲學(xué)對話在西方哲學(xué)中已經(jīng)頗有時日了。
在他的電影中,黑澤明恰恰做到了任何一個優(yōu)秀電影人該做的事:啟發(fā)觀眾進(jìn)行銀幕之外的深刻思考,探討人類境況的大問題,通過電影的方式追求哲學(xué)目的。無論電影是否滿足某些哲學(xué)的技術(shù)性定義,事實就是它們可以產(chǎn)生和那些永垂不朽的偉大哲學(xué)作品一樣的效果:震撼并喚醒我們,為我們的頭腦注入新生命,開啟我們看待自身與周遭世界的新視角。
然而,最為重要的是,考慮到哲學(xué)家對于理性近乎病態(tài)的偏執(zhí),電影人可以教會他們?nèi)司烤故窃鯓拥模何覀兛梢远嗝葱目诓灰?、?fù)雜多變、缺乏理性。我們受理性驅(qū)使,也同樣受情緒和激情驅(qū)使;我們既有說理論辯的思維,也有創(chuàng)造神話的想象力。哲學(xué)可以從電影中學(xué)到許多有用的東西——人性的溫暖、社會的緊迫性和直抵人心的聲音——這些在哲學(xué)文本中并不常見。
黑澤明的《羅生門》就做到了這一點(diǎn)。電影不僅讓“真理是人造的”這樣一個并不新鮮的觀點(diǎn)變得有血有肉,并且使其充滿戲劇色彩與力量,而這單靠哲學(xué)是無法做到的。通過敘事、拍攝風(fēng)格、表演、場面調(diào)度等等,我們體會到無法了解真相的感覺:自相矛盾的故事以倒敘的方式道來,提出了真相與記憶和遺忘有著何等關(guān)系這一關(guān)鍵問題?;貞浥c重述在一場持續(xù)不斷的瓢潑大雨中完成,似乎世間萬物——現(xiàn)實、真相、我們自身——都化為液體。在府衙,我們從未見到判官的臉,我們見到的只有那些出庭受審、各執(zhí)一詞的人的臉:他們在對我們說話——我們就是判官,我們必須接受一切;隨后,鏡頭直接轉(zhuǎn)向太陽,因此產(chǎn)生的失明與眩暈感揮之不去。這一切讓我們更加相信我們所目睹的——我們無力說出真相——是一出天大的悲劇。
當(dāng)然,這一切“僅僅是部電影”。此外,漫不經(jīng)心地考慮“真理是人類捏造的”或是“萬物可以被無限構(gòu)建與解構(gòu)”之類的觀點(diǎn)一直很有趣。但是,當(dāng)我們不得不接受謊言并非謊言而是“另一種現(xiàn)實”時,我們就會知道我們參照的不再是羅蒂或者尼采,而是喬治·奧威爾的《1984》。這不是一本我們閱讀的虛構(gòu)小說,而是一個我們開始生活在其中的世界。endprint
我們至少已經(jīng)看到這個世界的來臨。畢竟,《羅生門》給了我們不少警示。
1. samurai: //(日本舊時的)武士。
2. stumble upon: 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)。
3. Akira Kurosawa: 黑澤明,日本電影導(dǎo)演、編劇、制片人,1990年獲奧斯卡金像獎終身成就獎;philosophise: 用哲學(xué)家的思維研究,(對自然及人生的意義等)鄭重地思考或談?wù)?;abstruse: 深奧的。
4. medium: 靈媒,影片中為一名巫女;brigand: 強(qiáng)盜,土匪。
5. Friedrich Nietzsche: 弗里德里希·威廉·尼采(1844—1900),德國著名哲學(xué)家,被認(rèn)為是西方現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)的開創(chuàng)者,尤其對存在主義與后現(xiàn)代主義哲學(xué)的發(fā)展影響極大,代表作有《悲劇的誕生》、《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》、《偶像的黃昏》等;will to power: “權(quán)力意志”,是一切事物的本質(zhì),它在量上是不變的、絕對的、永恒的,但也不是僵死不動的,在永恒的運(yùn)動變化中,事事物物被創(chuàng)造出來,又被消滅,世界就這樣不斷推陳出新,幻化不已。尼采認(rèn)為,人的本質(zhì)就是權(quán)力意志,這是一種高級的生命意志,人生的本質(zhì)就在于不斷地表現(xiàn)自己、創(chuàng)造自己、擴(kuò)張自己,用一句話來概括,就是發(fā)揮自己的權(quán)力;Richard Rorty: 理查德·羅蒂(1931—2007),當(dāng)代美國哲學(xué)家、思想家,也是美國新實用主義哲學(xué)的主要代表之一,著有《哲學(xué)與自然之鏡》;dispense of: 摒棄,免除。
6. perennial: // 常在的,亙古不變的。
7. mise-en-scène: 法語“場面調(diào)度”,即placing on stage,原指在戲劇舞臺上處理演員表演活動位置的一種技巧,后被引用到電影藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中,指對演員調(diào)度和攝影機(jī)調(diào)度的統(tǒng)一處理;flashback:(小說、戲劇等的)倒敘,(電影、電視等的)閃回,是指根據(jù)表達(dá)需要,把事件的結(jié)局或某個最重要、最突出的片段提到作品前面,然后再從事件的開頭按事情的發(fā)展順序進(jìn)行敘述。
8. disorientation: 迷失方向。
9. cosmic: 特大的,無限的。
10. fabrication: 捏造,虛構(gòu)。
11. George Orwell: 喬治·奧威爾(1903—1950),英國小說家、記者和社會評論家,其作品多以揭示社會不公、反對極權(quán)、提倡社會民主主義為主題,代表作為政治諷刺小說《動物莊園》和《1984》。endprint