計玉飛
(合肥市第三中學(xué),安徽 合肥)
全國高考英語作文評分最高檔的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:“使用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯;語法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有少量錯誤,但為盡量使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級詞匯所致;準(zhǔn)確地使用了語句間的連接成分,使文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰?!睂懽鲿r,如果學(xué)生只是把要點(diǎn)交代清楚,全部使用簡單句,那么寫出來的文章單調(diào),毫無生機(jī)。
著名學(xué)者李賦寧先生在《英語學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)談》一書中指出:“我個人學(xué)英語的第一條經(jīng)驗(yàn)就是學(xué)會造句……詞法固然重要,但句法更為重要,因?yàn)椴徽莆站浞ň蜔o從造句;不會造句,就不能表達(dá)思想。”因而,英語老師在作文教學(xué)中一定要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生遣詞造句的能力。要想寫出漂亮的句子,必須懂得造句的原則。
為了讓文章生動,富有感染力,避免文章乏味,應(yīng)盡量避免同一謂語動詞在句中的過度使用,尤其是口語中頻繁使用的詞匯。使用一些較復(fù)雜或較高級的短語動詞代替常用,讓人有一股清晰的感覺。例如,在寫作中我們可以用這樣的詞匯appreciate,prefer,show interest in,be interested in,be fond of,be attached to,be crazy about,be keen on來代替被過度使用的like或love。
例1.I like popular music while my friend Jack likes Jazz.可以改為I like popular music while my friend Jack is crazy about Jazz.
例2.I sometimes met the beggar on my way to school.可以改為I sometimes came across the beggar on my way to school.
例3.Another Hope Project School is being built in my hometown.可以改為Another Hope Project School is under construction.
英語句式多種多樣,按照結(jié)構(gòu)劃分,有簡單句和復(fù)合句。在英語寫作中,根據(jù)行文的需要,靈活運(yùn)用多種句式如定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型等。這樣使文章顯得精彩亮麗,錯落有致,而且文章讀起來擲地有聲,朗朗上口。
例 1.They were excited.They couldn’t help bursting into tears.可以改為They were so excited that they couldn’t help bursting into tears.
例2.We can guarantee the safety of food only in this way.可以改為Only in this way can we guarantee the safety of food.
例3.We had to work around the clock to complete the task on schedule.可以改為 What we had to do was to work around the clock,trying to complete the task on schedule.此句增加了what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,what相當(dāng)于漢語中“所……”,有很強(qiáng)的概括力。
例 4.In fact,you have the most important role to play in stopping Yellow River erosion.可以改為 In fact,it is you who have the most important role to play in stopping Yellow River erosion.相比之下,強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的使用,凸顯每個人都需要承擔(dān)阻止黃河水土流失這一責(zé)任。
文章中出現(xiàn)大量的簡單句讓人感覺到單一,句與句之間關(guān)系顯得不緊湊;如果過度使用復(fù)合句又顯得冗長,朗讀起來費(fèi)力。適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂梅衷~、獨(dú)立主格、不定式等結(jié)構(gòu)對簡單句和復(fù)合句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,不僅使其成為較高級的表達(dá)形式,而且讀起來言簡意賅,同時會給人一種熟練駕馭語言的印象。
例 1.Though they had been beaten by the opposite team,the players were not discouraged and practised even harder.可以改為Beaten by the opposite team,the players were not discouraged and practised even harder.
例 2.As he hadn’t received an answer,he decided to write another letter to them.可以改為 Not having received an answer,he decided to write another letter to them.
例3.As the last bus had gone,we had to walk home.可以改為 The last bus having gone,we had to walk home.
高考英語作文的評分原則鼓勵學(xué)生“盡量使用較復(fù)雜或較高級詞匯”,并對由此產(chǎn)生的錯誤采取寬容的態(tài)度。因此,老師在作文教學(xué)中要讓學(xué)生明白什么樣的詞匯是高級詞匯,而且要求學(xué)生敢于使用高級詞匯,從而提高學(xué)生的作文檔次和水準(zhǔn)。那么,什么是高級詞匯?通常指較為正式的、文雅的、復(fù)雜的詞匯。高級詞匯的使用能展現(xiàn)學(xué)生豐富的詞匯知識、人文素養(yǎng)和魅力,而且使文章生動活潑,吸引人的眼球,成為文章的亮點(diǎn)。
在寫作中“高級詞匯”使用主要是指大綱上沒有的詞語、考試大綱上的詞匯衍生的派生詞匯或考試大綱上沒有卻在閱讀材料上??吹降脑~匯。
例1.They have many activities to take part in during the summer holidays.可以改為 They have endless activities to take part in during the summer holidays.
例2.The dinning room and the kitchen are excellent.可以改為The dinning room and the kitchen are well-furnished.
有些詞匯雖屬于大綱詞匯,但其用法是中學(xué)中不常見的或不曾有的,若使用得當(dāng),可以收到意想不到的效果。
例如 Hearing it,he felt a bit stressed.可以修改為 Hearing it,he felt kind of stressed.
今天的英語教學(xué)中,很多老師進(jìn)行了大量作文訓(xùn)練,但實(shí)際效果并不佳。許多中學(xué)生在英語寫作中能較好地表述要點(diǎn),然而貧乏的詞匯和單調(diào)的句式影響了文章的生機(jī)。靈活多變的句式和高級詞匯的運(yùn)用可以讓英語短文變得生機(jī)盎然,跌宕起伏,使讀者產(chǎn)生耳目一新之感。