雜交水稻恢復(fù)系和雜交組合的耐熱性評(píng)價(jià)*

郭曉藝, 熊 洪, 張 林, 蔣 鵬, 朱永川, 周興兵, 劉 茂, 徐富賢

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雜交水稻恢復(fù)系和雜交組合的耐熱性評(píng)價(jià)*

郭曉藝, 熊 洪, 張 林, 蔣 鵬, 朱永川, 周興兵, 劉 茂, 徐富賢**

(四川省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院水稻高粱研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部西南水稻生物學(xué)與遺傳育種重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/作物生理生態(tài)及栽培四川省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 德陽(yáng) 618000)

為減緩高溫?zé)岷?duì)水稻生產(chǎn)的影響, 從品種出發(fā)探討高溫抗性, 是水稻科研的優(yōu)先領(lǐng)域和重大問(wèn)題。本文參考農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布的高溫行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo), 在水稻開(kāi)花期, 于人工氣候室高溫和常溫處理?xiàng)l件下, 對(duì)本課題組新育成的恢復(fù)系及生產(chǎn)上常用恢復(fù)系成恢727的配組品種(組合)等進(jìn)行了耐高溫特性鑒定, 并將恢復(fù)系和品種(組合)耐熱性分為5個(gè)等級(jí)。篩選鑒定出1個(gè)極耐熱恢復(fù)系R4093、9個(gè)耐熱恢復(fù)系(其中包括豐產(chǎn)性較好的恢復(fù)系, 如R1015、R107等)、4個(gè)極耐熱品種(組合)和25個(gè)耐熱品種(組合), 以及5個(gè)極不耐熱恢復(fù)系、12個(gè)不耐熱品種(組合)和6個(gè)極不耐熱品種(組合)等。其中, 耐高溫對(duì)照N22、恢復(fù)系R103、R132、R642、雜交水稻品種(組合)‘川優(yōu)5727’、‘宜香2115’、‘繁源A×R642’、‘中64香A×黃占’、‘川農(nóng)優(yōu)華占’、‘蓉18A×R1015’、‘渝香6203’和‘川優(yōu)5727’在本試驗(yàn)中的常溫結(jié)實(shí)率和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均高于70%, 雖然被鑒定為中間型材料, 但具有較大的耐高溫潛力。試驗(yàn)還討論了水稻品種的生產(chǎn)布局。結(jié)果表明: 第Ⅰ級(jí)和第Ⅱ級(jí)品種耐高溫性較好, 可布局在高溫易發(fā)區(qū)、高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū); 第Ⅲ類(lèi)品種為中間型, 可布局在高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū); 第Ⅳ類(lèi)和第Ⅴ類(lèi)品種為不耐熱型和極不耐熱型, 可布局在無(wú)高溫區(qū), 以避免高溫對(duì)水稻的傷害。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)父(母)本耐高溫性好, 不一定品種(組合)耐高溫性都好, 而父(母)本耐高溫性不好, 其品種(組合)耐高溫性也不一定不好, 這與父(母)本的耐高溫性及配合力有關(guān)。耐熱配合力好的父(母)本配出的組合多為耐熱型組合, 耐熱配合力差的父(母)本配出的組合多為不耐熱型組合。其中, 恢復(fù)系R105、R642、R104和R727耐高溫配合力較好, 但恢復(fù)系R107、R1015耐高溫配合力相對(duì)較差。不育系贛73A和內(nèi)香6A的耐高溫配合力較好, 而繁源A、606A、608A和中64香A的耐高溫配合力較差。優(yōu)質(zhì)稻中‘金10’耐高溫配合力較好。為了更好更多地育成耐熱性強(qiáng)的雜交稻組合, 篩選耐熱配合力高的親本是關(guān)鍵。

農(nóng)業(yè)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn); 雜交水稻; 恢復(fù)系; 高溫?zé)岷? 耐熱性; 父(母)本; 配合力

水稻()是中國(guó)的主要糧食作物, 在國(guó)家糧食安全戰(zhàn)略中占有主導(dǎo)地位[1]。隨著溫室效應(yīng)和極端異常天氣的頻繁出現(xiàn), 高溫?zé)岷?dǎo)致的水稻減產(chǎn)日益嚴(yán)重。特別是中國(guó)西南稻區(qū)每年規(guī)律性的7月中旬至8月下旬38 ℃以上極端高溫, 給水稻生產(chǎn)造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。高溫?zé)岷Σ粌H會(huì)導(dǎo)致花粉發(fā)育異常, 活力下降, 還會(huì)抑制穎花開(kāi)放和花藥開(kāi)裂程度, 阻礙傳粉和受精, 造成結(jié)實(shí)率下降[2-7]。因此, 高溫?zé)岷σ殉蔀橛绊懳覈?guó)特別是長(zhǎng)江中上游水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的主要限制因素之一。

為了減緩高溫?zé)岷?duì)水稻生產(chǎn)的影響, 從品種出發(fā)探討抗高溫是水稻科研的優(yōu)先領(lǐng)域和重大問(wèn)題。近年來(lái), 國(guó)內(nèi)外水稻工作者已經(jīng)篩選鑒定出一批耐高溫水稻材料及品種。符冠富等[8]對(duì)我國(guó)常用恢復(fù)系和保持系進(jìn)行了耐熱性研究, 結(jié)果表明我國(guó)恢復(fù)系多屬于不耐熱性材料, 而不育系耐熱性明顯高于恢復(fù)系。陳云風(fēng)等[9]通過(guò)采用抗高溫性全逆境鑒定技術(shù), 在抽穗揚(yáng)花期35 ℃全逆溫處理11 d, 以高溫結(jié)實(shí)率為指標(biāo)對(duì)5個(gè)恢復(fù)系進(jìn)行了耐熱性評(píng)價(jià), 篩選出兩個(gè)較強(qiáng)耐熱恢復(fù)系, 并表明秈稻資源中有更大的機(jī)會(huì)獲得強(qiáng)耐熱性的稻種資源。胡聲博等[10]在水稻開(kāi)花期于人工氣候箱38 ℃下處理3 d, 對(duì)100個(gè)雜交水稻品種進(jìn)行了耐熱性鑒定, 以相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率為指標(biāo)篩選劃分了3個(gè)耐熱類(lèi)型, 并表明大部分具有相同母本的組合表現(xiàn)出一致的耐熱性, 說(shuō)明母本對(duì)雜交水稻的耐熱性起主導(dǎo)作用。熊洪等[11]通過(guò)人工氣候箱39 ℃高溫處理1 d和自然條件下分期播種, 以耐熱系數(shù)和高溫結(jié)實(shí)率分別對(duì)四川16個(gè)雜交稻品種進(jìn)行了耐高溫特性研究, 劃分了3個(gè)耐熱類(lèi)型, 并針對(duì)耐熱類(lèi)型對(duì)水稻生產(chǎn)布局提出了建議。張林等[12]在水稻開(kāi)花期于人工氣候箱38 ℃下處理3 d, 以相對(duì)受精率為指標(biāo)對(duì)西南稻區(qū)62個(gè)水稻品種進(jìn)行了耐熱性鑒定, 并根據(jù)耐熱類(lèi)型提出了水稻生產(chǎn)布局建議。萬(wàn)丙良等[1]通過(guò)分期播種和玻璃溫室38 ℃下處理至開(kāi)花結(jié)束, 以高溫結(jié)實(shí)率為指標(biāo)對(duì)恢復(fù)系R1056及其配組雜交稻進(jìn)行了耐熱性鑒定, 發(fā)現(xiàn)恢復(fù)系R1056是一個(gè)耐高溫雜交水稻恢復(fù)系, 其所配雜交組合耐高溫性介于R1056和高溫敏感品種之間。由于國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)上應(yīng)用的品種繁多, 且評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一, 導(dǎo)致相同水稻品種在不同試驗(yàn)條件和評(píng)價(jià)方法時(shí), 耐高溫特性均有很大的差異。為提高試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的可靠性以及對(duì)指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)布局的針對(duì)性與實(shí)用性, 本試驗(yàn)參考農(nóng)業(yè)部頒布的高溫行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 對(duì)本課題組新育成的水稻恢復(fù)系及生產(chǎn)上常用恢復(fù)系成恢727及其配組組合等進(jìn)行了耐高溫特性鑒定, 并分析了其在雜交稻育種中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值和配組導(dǎo)致組合耐熱性變化規(guī)律, 為解決我國(guó)特別是長(zhǎng)江中上游雜交水稻高溫危害奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 供試材料

以95個(gè)水稻雜交組合及恢復(fù)系為試驗(yàn)材料, 其中恢復(fù)系24份, 雜交稻組合70個(gè), 以N22作為耐高溫對(duì)照。供試恢復(fù)系和雜交組合詳見(jiàn)表1。水稻于3月5日播種, 4月13日移栽到塑料盆中, 每盆種2穴, 每品種(系)種植8盆(每個(gè)處理4盆)。

表1 試驗(yàn)所用水稻恢復(fù)系和雜交組合

1.2 試驗(yàn)處理

在四川省瀘縣(29°10￠N, 105°23￠E)采用兩個(gè)人工氣候箱(LT/ACR-2002型, 北京易盛泰和科技有限公司)進(jìn)行處理, 氣候箱濕度控制在80%。一個(gè)人工氣候箱為高溫處理, 最高溫為38 ℃; 另一個(gè)為常溫控制, 最高溫為32 ℃, 以常溫溫度為對(duì)照。兩個(gè)人工氣候室溫度時(shí)段設(shè)置見(jiàn)表2。

供試品種和材料均為中稻, 不同品種和材料的抽穗時(shí)間相差不大, 均在7月中旬至下旬, 正值瀘縣高溫干旱時(shí)期。本試驗(yàn)采用同期播種、同期移栽的方法, 每個(gè)處理重復(fù)4次, 水肥統(tǒng)一常規(guī)管理。在水稻抽穗開(kāi)花期將生長(zhǎng)于室外整齊一致的稻株于早上8:00一半移入高溫人工氣候箱, 一半移入常溫氣候箱, 處理5 d。移入前剪去已經(jīng)開(kāi)的穎花, 并掛牌記錄。處理結(jié)束后將全部盆栽植株放回網(wǎng)室統(tǒng)一淺水管理。

表2 用于水稻栽培的人工氣候室一天的溫度與濕度設(shè)置

1.3 考察項(xiàng)目

成熟期分別取開(kāi)花期高溫處理和對(duì)照處理的掛牌稻穗, 每穴均取3~5穗, 共4穴, 用于考察其飽滿(mǎn)粒數(shù)、秕粒數(shù)和空粒數(shù)。計(jì)算每個(gè)品種的水稻結(jié)實(shí)率和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率。

水稻結(jié)實(shí)率=(飽滿(mǎn)粒數(shù)+秕粒數(shù))/(飽滿(mǎn)粒數(shù)+秕粒數(shù)+空粒數(shù))×100% (1)

相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率=高溫處理結(jié)實(shí)率/對(duì)照處理 結(jié)實(shí)率×100% (2)

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析

采用Statistix 8.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 恢復(fù)系耐熱性評(píng)價(jià)及生產(chǎn)布局

根據(jù)2016年10月農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布的高溫行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(NY/T 2915—2016), 以水稻相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率≥95%作為強(qiáng)耐熱型, 75%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<95%作為耐熱型, 55%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<75%作為中間型, 35%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<55%作為不耐熱型, 相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<35%作為極不耐熱型對(duì)供試恢復(fù)系進(jìn)行分級(jí)(表3)。本試驗(yàn)篩選出1個(gè)極耐熱恢復(fù)系R4093, 其相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率高達(dá)96.18%; 以及9個(gè)耐熱恢復(fù)系, 分別是H4292、H4254、R1015、H6150、H6019、C276、R107、R105、H6137, 相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率變幅在75.13%~89.78%, 均高于對(duì)照N22; 耐高溫對(duì)照N22、恢復(fù)系R103、R132、R642在本試驗(yàn)中的常溫結(jié)實(shí)率和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均高于70%, 雖然被鑒定為中間型材料, 但具有較大的耐高溫潛力。本試驗(yàn)還篩選出3個(gè)不耐熱恢復(fù)系和5個(gè)極不耐熱恢復(fù)系, 通過(guò)高溫結(jié)實(shí)率與對(duì)照結(jié)實(shí)率進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 極不耐熱恢復(fù)系在高溫條件下結(jié)實(shí)率極顯著降低, 只有5.12%~ 27.88%, 且相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率小于35%, 而自然條件下這些恢復(fù)系的結(jié)實(shí)率均大于80%。也就是說(shuō)這些恢復(fù)系于無(wú)高溫地區(qū)種植可獲得較高的產(chǎn)量。而恢復(fù)系C330在高溫與對(duì)照條件下的結(jié)實(shí)率均較低, 只有26.43%和51.27%, 有可能是生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中遇到其他不良因素所致, 需要進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行研究。

表3 雜交水稻恢復(fù)系在開(kāi)花期人工高溫與常溫下的耐熱性表現(xiàn)

耐熱類(lèi)型Heat resistant type分級(jí)Grade恢復(fù)系Restorer line結(jié)實(shí)率Seed setting rate (%)相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率Relative seed setting rate (%)適合種植地區(qū)Suitable areas for planting 常溫處理Normal temperature treatment高溫處理High temperaturetreatment 極不耐熱型Extremely heat sensitive typeⅤ成恢727 Chenghui72789.57±1.7227.88±3.45**31.14±0.03無(wú)高溫區(qū)High temperature free zone R403891.74±0.0428.25±1.05**30.79±0.01 H428282.73±2.2424.18±0.25**29.24±0.03 H402388.20±1.0620.71±1.31**23.47±0.02 H610083.04±2.485.12±0.72**6.16±0.10

*和**代表同一恢復(fù)系(品種)在高溫、常溫處理下差異顯著(≤0.05)和極顯著(≤0.01)。以相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率≥95%作為強(qiáng)耐熱型(Ⅰ級(jí))、75%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<95%為耐熱型(Ⅱ級(jí))、55%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<75%為中間型(Ⅲ級(jí))、35%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<55%作為不耐熱型(Ⅳ級(jí))和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<35%為極不耐熱型(Ⅴ級(jí))對(duì)供試恢復(fù)系進(jìn)行分級(jí)。相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率=高溫處理結(jié)實(shí)率/對(duì)照處理結(jié)實(shí)率×100%。* and ** indicate significant differences between treatments of normal temperature and high temperature of the same restorer line (combination) at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. The grading criteria of heat resistant type (grade) is as the following: the relative seed setting rate ≥ 95% is the extremely heat resistant type (grade Ⅰ); 75% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 95% is the heat resistant type (grade Ⅱ); 55% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 75% is the intermediate type (grade Ⅲ); 35% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 55% is the heat sensitive type (grade Ⅳ); the relative seed setting rate < 35% is the extremely heat sensitive type (grade Ⅴ). Relative seed setting rate = high temperature seed setting rate / normal temperature seed setting rate × 100%.

根據(jù)以上分級(jí)結(jié)果(表3), 第Ⅰ級(jí)和第Ⅱ級(jí)耐高溫性較好, 相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均大于75%, 可布局在高溫易發(fā)區(qū)、高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū)。第Ⅲ類(lèi)為中間型恢復(fù)系, 相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率變輻在57.18%~74.74%, 此類(lèi)恢復(fù)系可布局在高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū)。第Ⅳ類(lèi)和第Ⅴ類(lèi)恢復(fù)系為不耐熱型和極不耐熱型恢復(fù)系, 有8個(gè)恢復(fù)系, 此類(lèi)恢復(fù)系相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率變輻為6.16%~51.56%, 在高溫易發(fā)區(qū)生產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大, 應(yīng)避開(kāi)水稻開(kāi)花期高溫地區(qū)種植, 可布局在無(wú)高溫區(qū)。

2.2 雜交品種(組合)耐熱性評(píng)價(jià)及生產(chǎn)布局

根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布的高溫行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(NY/T 2915— 2016)以及表4可知, 本試驗(yàn)篩選出4個(gè)極耐熱品種, 包括‘金卓香優(yōu)1號(hào)’、‘川種優(yōu)2727’、‘閩紅兩優(yōu)727’和‘旌優(yōu)4627’, 其相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均高于95%, 具有極強(qiáng)的耐熱性。25個(gè)耐熱品種(組合), 相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率變幅在75.14%~94.67%。耐高溫對(duì)照‘N22’、‘川優(yōu)5727’、‘宜香2115’、‘繁源A×R642’、‘中64香A×黃占’、‘川農(nóng)優(yōu)華占’、‘蓉18A×R1015’、‘渝香6203’在本試驗(yàn)中的對(duì)照結(jié)實(shí)率和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均高于70%, 說(shuō)明具有較大耐高溫潛力。本試驗(yàn)還篩選出12個(gè)不耐熱雜交稻組合和6個(gè)極不耐熱雜交稻組合, 應(yīng)布局在無(wú)高溫地區(qū)種植可獲得較高的產(chǎn)量?！?06A×金4’、‘606A×黃荊占’、‘608A×金4’、‘608A×黃荊占’這4個(gè)組合由于高溫結(jié)實(shí)率和對(duì)照結(jié)實(shí)率都較低(3.88%~11.64%, 40.65%~ 52.81%), 有可能是生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中遇到其他不良因素所致, 需要進(jìn)一步研究。由于耐熱與敏感型材料劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只是一個(gè)相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 且試驗(yàn)條件不同, 鑒定結(jié)果也不同, 因此, 上述邊緣材料(組合)很可能變?yōu)闃O耐熱、耐熱、不耐熱或極不耐熱型材料(組合), 在生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用上要特別注意風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

根據(jù)品種(組合)分級(jí)結(jié)果(表4), 第I級(jí)和第Ⅱ級(jí)耐高溫性較好, 相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均大于75%, 可布局在高溫易發(fā)區(qū)、高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū)。第Ⅲ類(lèi)為中間型品種(組合), 相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率變輻在56.39%~74.74%, 此類(lèi)組合可布局在高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū)。第Ⅳ類(lèi)和第Ⅴ類(lèi)組合為不耐熱型和極不耐熱型, 此類(lèi)組合相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率變輻在7.35%~54.11%, 可布局在無(wú)高溫區(qū), 以避免高溫對(duì)水稻的傷害。

表4 雜交水稻品種(組合)在開(kāi)花期人工高溫和常溫下的耐熱性表現(xiàn)

耐熱類(lèi)型Heat resistant type分級(jí)Grade組合Combination結(jié)實(shí)率Seed setting rate (%)相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率Relative seed setting rate (%)適合種植地區(qū)Suitable forplanting areas 常溫處理Normal temperaturetreatment高溫處理High temperaturetreatment 中間型Intermediate typeⅢF優(yōu)498(生產(chǎn)對(duì)照) Fyou498 (production control)93.95±1.2562.58±1.36**66.60±0.02高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū)Light high temperature area and high temperature free zone 瀘優(yōu)727 Luyou72777.01±9.3150.97±4.9966.19±0.02 608A×金10 608A×Jin1079.80±2.8152.50±2.89*65.79±0.06 川香3727 Chuanxiang372791.73±0.7959.51±1.46**64.88±0.01 瀘優(yōu)0627 Luyou062789.08±2.4456.09±0.01**62.96±0.02 繁源A×R105 FanyuanA×R10585.40±0.6953.16±5.14*62.25±0.06 川優(yōu)727 Chuanyou72792.83±1.1655.90±3.87*60.21±0.05 繁源A×R107 FanyuanA×R10772.99±4.0843.45±3.00*59.52±0.00 內(nèi)香6A×R107 Neixiang6A×R10788.17±1.6052.31±2.01**59.33±0.01 608A×嘉宜608A×Jiayi61.91±0.7036.70±1.55*59.28±0.03 川優(yōu)1727 Chuanyou172782.86±1.7748.69±0.79**58.768±0.02 606A×嘉宜606A×Jiayi84.12±3.7949.31±6.0158.61±0.05 608A×黃占608A×Huangzhan75.17±4.9543.88±2.75*58.37±0.08 中64香A×綠絲苗 Zhong64xiangA×Lüsimiao76.82±0.1344.56±12.3558.00±0.16 606A×雄占 606A×Xiongzhan78.30±1.0444.61±4.05*56.98±0.04 繁源A×R1015 FanyuanA×R101587.31±2.8049.23±8.5556.39±0.08 不耐熱型Heat sensitive typeⅣ中青A×金4 ZhongqingA×Jin476.99±1.9641.66±1.57**54.11±0.03無(wú)高溫區(qū)High temperature free zone 606A×金10 606A×Jin1073.56±2.8539.38±2.3753.54±0.05 608A×雄占 608A×Xiongzhan72.13±2.9837.48±0.41*51.97±0.02 608A×綠絲苗 608A×Lüsimiao61.09±2.8831.30±8.4351.24±0.16 川香優(yōu)727 Chuanxiangyou72790.42±0.4242.28±0.92**46.76±0.01 繁源A×R103 FanyuanA×R10386.10±1.6840.12±0.11**46.59±0.01 中64香A×金4 Zhong64xiangA×Jin477.59±2.2635.43±7.8745.67±0.11 臻優(yōu)727 Zhenyou72785.83±3.0538.63±3.42*45.01±0.06 606A×綠絲苗 606A×Lüsimiao80.51±2.5030.48±4.50*37.85±0.07 川作優(yōu)8727 Chuanzuoyou872787.56±3.1432.87±1.44*37.54±0.00 川389A×R107 Chuan389A×R10787.96±1.9532.78±0.40**37.27±0.00 606A×新華占 606A×Xinhuazhan84.33±0.3030.08±4.90*35.67±0.06 極不耐熱型 Extremely heat sensitive typeⅤ608A×金4 608A×Jin445.27±2.6911.64±5.36*25.72±0.10無(wú)高溫區(qū) High temperature free zone 606A×137771.83±1.9118.02±7.82*25.09±0.10 608A×137769.46±1.4813.37±6.82*19.24±0.09 606A×金4 606A×Jin440.65±0.045.63±4.60*13.87±0.11 606A×黃荊占606A×Huangjingzhan49.21±0.633.93±0.51**7.98±0.01 608A×黃荊占 608A×Huangjingzhan52.81±3.273.88±1.55**7.35±0.03

*和**分別代表同一恢復(fù)系(品種)在高溫、常溫處理下差異顯著(≤0.05)和極顯著(≤0.01)。以相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率≥95%作為強(qiáng)耐熱型(Ⅰ級(jí))、75%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<95%為耐熱型(Ⅱ級(jí))、55%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<75%為中間型(Ⅲ級(jí))、35%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<55%作為不耐熱型(Ⅳ級(jí))和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<35%為極不耐熱型(Ⅴ級(jí))對(duì)供試雜交稻組合進(jìn)行分級(jí)。相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率=高溫處理結(jié)實(shí)率/對(duì)照處理結(jié)實(shí)率×100%。* and ** indicate significant differences between treatments of normal temperature and high temperature of the same restorer line (combination) at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. The grading criteria of heat resistant type (grade) is as the following: the relative seed setting rate ≥ 95% is the extremely heat resistant type (grade Ⅰ); 75% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 95% is the heat resistant type (grade Ⅱ); 55% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 75% is the intermediate type (grade Ⅲ); 35% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 55% is the heat sensitive type (grade Ⅳ); the relative seed setting rate < 35% is the extremely heat sensitive type (grade Ⅴ). Relative seed setting rate = high temperature seed setting rate / normal temperature seed setting rate × 100%.

2.3 成恢727配組的21個(gè)審定品種耐高溫性分析

成恢727是由四川省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物研究所利用親本‘成恢177’和‘蜀恢527’雜交選育而成的恢復(fù)系。近年來(lái), 成恢727選配出了許多抗性好、品質(zhì)及產(chǎn)量?jī)?yōu)的組合, 并作為主推品種在生產(chǎn)上被廣泛利用。我們對(duì)其配組的21個(gè)審定品種進(jìn)行了高溫鑒定, 結(jié)果表明(表5), 21個(gè)審定品種篩選出‘金卓香優(yōu)1號(hào)’、‘川種優(yōu)2727’、‘閩紅兩優(yōu)727’、‘旌優(yōu)4627’這4個(gè)極耐熱雜交稻品種和7個(gè)耐熱雜交水稻品種, 共占總數(shù)的52.4%, 這些品種的耐熱性均高于耐高溫對(duì)照‘N22’和生產(chǎn)對(duì)照‘宜香2115’、‘F優(yōu)498’?！▋?yōu)5727’的對(duì)照結(jié)實(shí)率和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均大于70%, 說(shuō)明其具有較高的耐熱潛力, 也說(shuō)明了成恢727雖然耐熱性不好, 但具有較高的耐熱配合力。另外, 這21個(gè)審定品種中也篩選出9個(gè)中間型品種和3個(gè)不耐熱品種。由此說(shuō)明, 以極不耐熱恢復(fù)系作為父本配組的不同雜交稻品種, 其耐熱性有較大差異, 并不都是不耐熱的, 相反還有較大比例極耐熱品種和耐熱品種。因此, 品種的耐熱性并不是完全由父本耐熱性決定的, 父本耐熱配合力及母本的耐熱性與配合力也起到重要作用。

表5 成恢727配組的21個(gè)審定品種耐高溫性分析

*和**分別代表同一恢復(fù)系(品種)在高溫、常溫處理下差異顯著(≤0.05)和極顯著(≤0.01)。以相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率≥95%為強(qiáng)耐熱型(Ⅰ級(jí))、75%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<95%為耐熱型(Ⅱ級(jí))、55%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<75%為中間型(Ⅲ級(jí))、35%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<55%為不耐熱型(Ⅳ級(jí))和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<35%為極不耐熱型(Ⅴ級(jí))對(duì)供試品種進(jìn)行分級(jí)。相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率=高溫處理結(jié)實(shí)率/對(duì)照處理結(jié)實(shí)率×100%。* and ** indicate significant differences between treatments of normal temperature and high temperature at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. The grading criteria of heat resistant type (grade) is as the following: the relative seed setting rate ≥ 95% is the extremely heat resistant type (grade Ⅰ); 75% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 95% is the heat resistant type (grade Ⅱ); 55% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 75% is the intermediate type (grade Ⅲ); 35% ≤ the relative seed setting rate < 55% is the heat sensitive type (grade Ⅳ); the relative seed setting rate < 35% is the extremely heat sensitive type (grade Ⅴ). Relative seed setting rate = high temperature seed setting rate / normal temperature seed setting rate × 100%.

2.4 不同父母本所配雜交組合耐高溫性分析

由表6可知, 以恢復(fù)系R105為父本與川389A、繁源A、贛香A、內(nèi)香6A、贛73A 5個(gè)不育系配組, 除‘繁源A×R105’為中間型組合外, 其余均表現(xiàn)為耐熱雜交稻組合, 耐熱組合占總數(shù)的80%, 說(shuō)明R105具有較好的耐熱性和耐高溫配合力; 以恢復(fù)系R642為父本同樣與贛73A、川389A、繁源A、贛香A配組, 除‘繁源A×R642’被鑒定為中間型雜交組合外, 其余3個(gè)均為耐高溫雜交稻組合, 占總數(shù)的75%, 說(shuō)明R642不僅具有耐高溫潛力, 耐熱配合力也較好。而恢復(fù)系R107為父本與川389A、繁源A、內(nèi)香6A、贛73A 4個(gè)不育系配組, 只有‘贛73A×R107’被鑒定為耐熱型組合, 占總數(shù)的25%, 說(shuō)明雖然R107耐高溫性較好, 但其配合力較差; 同樣, 以恢復(fù)系R1015為父本與不育系贛73A、蓉18A、繁源A配組, 只有‘贛73A×R1015’表現(xiàn)為耐高溫雜交稻組合, 耐高溫組合占總數(shù)的33%, 因此, R1015雖然也屬于耐熱型恢復(fù)系, 但耐高溫配合力較差。以恢復(fù)系R104與不育系內(nèi)香6A、贛73A、繁源A配組, 所配組合均為耐熱型組合, 說(shuō)明R104雖然屬于中間型恢復(fù)系, 但其耐高溫配合力較好。

以不育系繁源A為母本與恢復(fù)系R105、R642、R107、R1015、R104、R103配組, 除‘繁源A×R104’為耐高溫雜交稻組合外, 其他5個(gè)均為中間型或不耐熱組合, 耐熱組合占總數(shù)的17%。因此, 繁源A的耐高溫配合力較差。以?xún)?nèi)香6A為母本的配組結(jié)果可知, 除‘內(nèi)香6A×R107’為中間型組合外, 其他3個(gè)均為耐熱型組合, 耐熱組合占總數(shù)的75%。因此, 內(nèi)香6A的耐高溫配合力較好。由不育系贛73A與恢復(fù)系R105、R642、R107、R1015、R104配組情況看, 所有組合均被鑒定為耐熱型組合, 占總數(shù)的100%, 說(shuō)明贛73A的耐高溫配合力非常好。由于本試驗(yàn)未對(duì)供試組合的保持系進(jìn)行高溫鑒定, 因此, 母本的耐高溫性還需進(jìn)一步研究。

表6 不同父本、母本所配組合耐高溫性分析

*和**代表同一恢復(fù)系(品種)在高溫、常溫處理下差異顯著(≤0.05)和極顯著(≤0.01)。相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率=高溫處理結(jié)實(shí)率/對(duì)照處理結(jié)實(shí)率×100%。* and ** indicate significant differences between treatments of normal temperature and high temperature of the same restorer line (combination) at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. Relative seed setting rate = high temperature seed setting rate / normal temperature seed setting rate × 100%.

2.5 606A、608A等不育系與不同常規(guī)優(yōu)質(zhì)稻配組組合耐高溫性分析

不育系606A和608A分別與9個(gè)常規(guī)優(yōu)質(zhì)稻配組(表7), 配出的18個(gè)組合中僅‘606A×黃占’為耐熱雜交稻組合, 說(shuō)明不育系606A和608A的耐高溫配合力較低。中64香A與4個(gè)優(yōu)質(zhì)稻配組, 只有‘中64香A×金10’是耐熱雜交稻組合, 而‘金10’與4個(gè)不同不育系雜交配組, 其中有2個(gè)組合被鑒定為耐高溫水稻, 另一個(gè)組合對(duì)照結(jié)實(shí)率和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均大于65%, 由此可知, ‘金10’耐高溫配合力較好。

表7 不同不育系與不同常規(guī)優(yōu)質(zhì)稻所配組合耐高溫性分析

*和**代表同一恢復(fù)系(品種)在高溫、常溫處理下差異顯著(≤0.05)和極顯著(≤0.01)。相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率=高溫處理結(jié)實(shí)率/對(duì)照處理結(jié)實(shí)率×100%。* and ** indicate significant differences between treatments of normal temperature and high temperature of the same restorer line (combination) at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. Relative seed setting rate = high temperature seed setting rate / normal temperature seed setting rate × 100%.

3 討論

3.1 雜交水稻耐熱性鑒定分級(jí)方法

由于劃分耐熱與敏感型品種的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是人為的, 同一品種在不同試驗(yàn)條件下的耐熱性都有所不同, 以往的研究并沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)供試水稻材料進(jìn)行耐熱性分級(jí)鑒定。因此, 為了提高試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的可靠性以及對(duì)指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)布局的針對(duì)性與實(shí)用性, 本試驗(yàn)參考農(nóng)業(yè)部頒布的高溫行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(NY/T 2915—2016), 對(duì)供試材料及品種進(jìn)行了耐熱性鑒定分級(jí), 并將高溫行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的高溫處理時(shí)間從3 d延長(zhǎng)到了5 d, 優(yōu)化了試驗(yàn)條件, 以保證供試材料在高溫處理期完全開(kāi)放, 提高了試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。

3.2 水稻父母本與品種(組合)耐高溫關(guān)系

水稻親本與品種(組合)之間的耐高溫關(guān)系, 前人一直都有研究。楊成明等[13]將‘Ⅱ優(yōu)838’與‘Ⅱ優(yōu)718’及其父本進(jìn)行高溫試驗(yàn), 發(fā)現(xiàn)父本對(duì)高溫耐性的貢獻(xiàn)率大于母本。符冠富等[8]研究表明水稻恢復(fù)系多屬于不耐熱性品種, 豐產(chǎn)性較好的恢復(fù)系大多耐高溫能力不強(qiáng)。胡聲博等[10]研究表明大部分具有相同母本的組合表現(xiàn)出一致的耐熱性, 說(shuō)明母本對(duì)雜交水稻的耐熱性起主導(dǎo)作用。呂直文等[14]則研究表明雜交水稻品種(組合)的耐熱性與其親本材料的耐熱性都是相關(guān)的。本試驗(yàn)通過(guò)不同父本與其雜交水稻組合之間在開(kāi)花期人工高溫與常溫條件下的耐熱性分析可知, 父本耐高溫性好, 不一定品種(組合)耐高溫性都好, 這還與父本配合力、母本的耐高溫性及配合力有關(guān)。例如, R105和R107耐高溫性均較好, 而同時(shí)與贛73A、內(nèi)香6A、川389A、繁源A 4個(gè)不育系配組后, 除‘繁源A×R105’為中間型組合外, R105其余3個(gè)組合均為耐高溫組合, 而R107所配組合僅‘贛73A×R107’為耐高溫組合, 其余3個(gè)組合全為中間型組合。因此, 品種(組合)的耐熱性還與父本的配合力以及母本耐熱性及配合力相關(guān)。而父本耐高溫性不好, 不一定品種(組合)耐高溫性都不好。例如成恢727為極不耐熱恢復(fù)系, 但其配合力較好, 配出的品種有一半多為耐熱雜交稻品種, R104也是如此, 自身耐熱性不強(qiáng), 但配合力好, 配出的組合也多為耐熱型組合。母本也是一樣, 耐熱配合力好的母本配出的組合多為耐熱型組合, 如贛73A, 配合力差的母本配出的組合多為不耐熱型組合, 如繁源A。綜上所知, 為了更好更多地育成耐熱性強(qiáng)的雜交稻組合, 篩選耐熱配合力高的親本是關(guān)鍵。

4 結(jié)論

1)參考2016年10月農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布的高溫行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(NY/T 2915—2016), 以相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率≥95%為強(qiáng)耐熱型, 75%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<95%為耐熱型, 55%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<75%為中間型, 35%≤相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<55%為不耐熱型, 相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率<35%為極不耐熱型對(duì)供試恢復(fù)系進(jìn)行分級(jí), 篩選鑒定出1個(gè)極耐熱恢復(fù)系R4093、9個(gè)耐熱恢復(fù)系(其中包括豐產(chǎn)性較好的恢復(fù)系, 如R1015, R107等), 4個(gè)極耐熱品種(組合)和25個(gè)耐熱品種(組合), 以及5個(gè)極不耐熱恢復(fù)系、12個(gè)不耐熱品種(組合)和6個(gè)極不耐熱品種(組合)等。其中, 耐高溫對(duì)照N22、恢復(fù)系R103、R132、R642, 雜交水稻品種(組合)‘川優(yōu)5727’、‘宜香2115’、‘繁源A×R642’、‘中64香A×黃占’、‘川農(nóng)優(yōu)華占’、‘蓉18A×R1015’、‘渝香6203’和‘川優(yōu)5727’在本試驗(yàn)中的常溫結(jié)實(shí)率和相對(duì)結(jié)實(shí)率均高于70%, 雖然被鑒定為中間型材料, 但具有較大的耐高溫潛力。試驗(yàn)還討論了水稻恢復(fù)系和品種的生產(chǎn)布局, 第Ⅰ級(jí)和第Ⅱ級(jí)耐高溫性較好, 可布局在高溫易發(fā)區(qū)、高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū)。第Ⅲ類(lèi)為中間型, 可布局在高溫輕發(fā)區(qū)和無(wú)高溫區(qū)。第Ⅳ類(lèi)和第Ⅴ類(lèi)為不耐熱型和極不耐熱型, 可布局在無(wú)高溫區(qū), 以避免高溫對(duì)水稻的傷害。

2)父(母)本耐高溫性好, 不一定品種(組合)耐高溫性都好, 而父(母)本耐高溫性不好, 其品種(組合)耐高溫性也不一定不好, 這還與父(母)本的耐高溫性及配合力有關(guān)。耐熱配合力好的父(母)本配出的組合多為耐熱型組合, 耐熱配合力差的父(母)本配出的組合多為不耐熱型組合。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明, 恢復(fù)系R105、R642、R104和R727耐高溫配合力較好, 但恢復(fù)系R107、R1015耐高溫配合力相對(duì)較差。不育系贛73A和內(nèi)香6A的耐高溫配合力較好, 而繁源A、606A、608A和中64香A的耐高溫配合力較差。優(yōu)質(zhì)稻中‘金10’耐高溫配合力較好。為了更好更多地育成耐熱性強(qiáng)的雜交稻組合, 篩選耐熱配合力高的親本是關(guān)鍵。

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Evaluation of heat resistance of hybrid rice restorer lines and combinations*

GUO Xiaoyi, XIONG Hong, ZHANG Lin, JIANG Peng, ZHU Yongchuan, ZHOU Xingbing, LIU Mao, XU Fuxian**

(Rice and Sorghum Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture / Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Deyang 618000, China)

In order to reduce the impact of high temperature stress on rice, it is a priority importance in research to explore resistance of rice varieties to high temperature. Reference to industry standard evaluation index for high temperature issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, high temperature resistance characteristics of newly bred restorer lines and commonly used restorer line ‘Chenghui727’ were identified in production at the highest temperature of 38 ℃ and normal temperature treatment in artificially-controlled climatic conditions. Combinations of the restorer lines and varieties were divided into five grades. The heat resistance of different parents and hybrid rice combinations was also analyzed at artificially controlled high temperature and room temperature during flowering period. The results showed that: 1) One extremely heat resistant restorer line R4093, 9 heat resistant restorer lines (including high fertility restorer lines such as R1015, R107, etc.), 4 extremely heat resistant varieties (combinations) and 25 heat resistant varieties (combinations), 5 extremely heat-sensitive restorer lines, 12 heat-sensitive varieties (combination) and 6 extremely heat-sensitive varieties (combination) were screened and identified. Among these, seed setting rate of high temperature resistant control N22, restoration line R103, R132 and R642, hybrid rice varieties (combination) ‘Chuanyou5727’, ‘Yixiang2115’, ‘FanyuanA × R642’, ‘Zhong64xiangA × Huangzhan’, ‘Chuannongyouhuazhan’, ‘Rong18A × R1015’, ‘Yuxiang6203’ and ‘Chuanyou5727’ were more than 70% in this experiment. Although identified as intermediate materials, these lines (varieties) had high potential for high temperature resistance, as further discussed on the production layout of rice varieties. It was concluded that high temperature resistance grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱwere better and could be arranged in high temperature prone areas, light high temperature areas and high temperature free zones. Grade Ⅲ was an intermediate type that could be arranged in light high temperature areas and high temperature free zones. The grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ were heat sensitive and extremely heat sensitive. These lines could be arranged in a high temperature free zone to avoid high temperature damage to rice. 2) It was also found that the varieties (combinations) with high temperature resistant father (mother) were not always high temperature resistant, while those with high temperature sensitive father (mother) were not always high temperature sensitive. It was also related to the heat resistance and combining ability of the parents. The combination of parents with good heat resistance and good combining ability was mostly heat resistant, and the combination of the parents with poor heat resistance and poor combining ability was mostly heat sensitive. The results showed that the restorer lines R105, R642, R104 and R727 had better high temperature combining ability, but the combining ability of the restorer lines R107 and R1015 was relatively poor. The high temperature combining abilities of male sterile line Gan73A and Neixiang6A were better, while the high temperature combining abilities of FanyuanA, 606A, 608A and Zhong64xiangA were poor. The combination ability of conventional high quality rice variety ‘Gold10’ was better. Therefore, in order to breed more heat resistant hybrid rice combinations, screening parents with high heat resistant combining ability was critical.

Agricultural industry standard; Hybrid rice; Restorer line; High temperature stress; Heat resistance; Parents; Combining ability

, E-mail: xu6501@163.com

Jan. 2, 2018;

Apr. 4, 2018

10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180004

S428

A

1671-3990(2018)09-1343-12

徐富賢, 主要研究方向?yàn)樗旧?、生態(tài)及栽培技術(shù)研究。E-mail: xu6501@163.com 郭曉藝, 主要研究方向?yàn)樗灸婢尘徑庠耘嗉夹g(shù)與抗病育種研究。E-mail: guoxiaoyi9@163.com

2018-01-02

2018-04-04

* This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0300400).

* 國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2017YFD0300400)資助

郭曉藝, 熊洪, 張林, 蔣鵬, 朱永川, 周興兵, 劉茂, 徐富賢. 雜交水稻恢復(fù)系和雜交組合的耐熱性評(píng)價(jià)[J]. 中國(guó)生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2018, 26(9): 1343-1354

GUO X Y, XIONG H, ZHANG L, JIANG P, ZHU Y C, ZHOU X B, LIU M, XU F X. Evaluation of heat resistance of hybrid rice restorer lines and combinations[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2018, 26(9): 1343-1354